नागार्जुनकोंडा
nagarjunakoanda aandhr pradesh rajy ke guantoor zile mean sthit ek aitihasik nagar hai. yahaan ka stoop 1926 ee. mean khoja gaya tha. haidarabad se 100 mil (lagabhag 160 ki.mi.) dakshin-poorv ki or yah ek ati prachin nagar hai. yah bauddh dharm ki mahayan shakha ke prasiddh achary nagarjun (doosari shati ee.) ke nam par prasiddh hai. pratham shatabdi mean yahaan satavahan nareshoan ka rajy tha. 'hal' namak satavahan raja ne achary nagarjun ke lie shriparvat shikhar par ek vihar banavaya tha. nagarjunakoanda se prapt abhilekhoan se yah jnat hota hai ki pahali shatabdi ee. mean bharat ka chin aur yoonani jagath tatha lanka se sambandh sthapit tha.[1]
itihas
pratham shati ee. mean tatha usake poorv nagarjunakoanda ka nam 'shriparvat' tha, jisaka varnan mahabharat, vanaparv, tirth yatra ke prasang mean hai-
'shriparvatamasady naditiramupasprisheth'[2]
shrimadbhagavat[3] mean bhi shrishail ya shriparvat ka ullekh hai-
'devagiri rhrrishyamook: shrishailo vaiankato mahendro varidharo viandhy:'.
pratham shati ee. mean yahaan satavahan nareshoan ka rajy tha. 'hal' namak shatavahan raja ne jo prakrit ke prasiddh kavy 'gathasaptami' ke rachayita kahe jate haian, nagarjun ke lie shriparvat shikhar tak ek vihar banava diya tha, yahaan ye rasavidh achary apane jivan ke aantakal mean rahe the. unake yahaan rahane ke karan yah sthan mahayan bauddh dharm ka kendr ban gaya. jisase bharat tatha brihattar bharat mean mahayan ke prachar mean yogadan mila. us samay yahaan ek bauddh mahavidyalay sthapit ho gaya tha. nagarjun ka nam tibbat tatha chini bauddh sahity mean bhi prasiddh hai. kaha jata hai ki tisari ya chauthi shati ee. mean ek any taantrik vidvanh nagarjun bhi yahaan rahe the. satavahanoan (aandhr nareshoan) ke pashchath nagarjunakoanda mean ikshvaku nareshoan ne rajy kiya aur ve aandhr pradesh ki rajadhani amaravati se yahian le ae. us samay nagarjunakoanda ko 'vijayapur' ya 'vijayapuri' kahate the. ikshvaku naresh hindoo matavalanbi hote hue bhi bauddh dharm ke sanrakshak the, yahaan tak ki kee rajaoan ki raniyaan bauddh thian aur is mat ke prachar mean kriyatmak roop se bhag leti thian. sansar ke itihas mean dharmik sahishnuta ka yah apoorv udaharan hai.
nagar ki sundarata
nagarjunakoanda (vijayapur) ikshvakuoan ke shasan kal mean bahut suandar nagar tha. krishnaa nadi ke tat par sthit tatha chaturdik parvat malaoan se parivrit yah nagar prakritik sauandary se samanvit hone ke sath hi durbhedy durg ki bhaanti surakshit bhi tha. vijayapur ke asthan se nau bauddh stoopoan ke khandahar lagabhag chalis varsh poorv utkhanit kie ge the, jo is nagar ke prachin gaurav tatha aishvary ke sakshi haian. athavian shati mean bauddh dharm ko, any karanoan ke atirikt mahamanishi shankarachary ke prachin hindoo dharm ke punarrajivan ke lie kie ge bhagirath prayatn ke parinamasvaroop b da dhakka laga aur isaki dakshin bharat mean avanati ke sath hi nagarjunakoanda ka mahattv bhi ghatane laga.[1]
utkhanan kary
nagarjunakoanda ko shankarachary ne apane prachar ka mukhy kendr banaya tha, jisaka parichayak 'pushp girishankar math' hai. is sthan ke khandahar nallamalaee ki paha diyoan ke kro d mean sthit the. ab yahaan ek vishal baandh banane ke karan yah sara kshetr jal magn ho gaya hai. keval puratattv vishayak samagri paha di par bane ek sangrahalay mean surakshit kar di gee hai. yahaan ke dhvansavashesh vanachchhadit sthali tatha paha diyoan ke bich p de hue haian. utkhanan dvara ek mahachaity tatha barah stoopoan ke avashesh mile. inake atirikt char vihar, chh: chaity aur char mandapoan ke avashesh bhi utkhanan dvara prakash mean lae ge. mahachaity ka utkhanan laangaharst ne kiya tha. is stoop mean buddh ka ek daant (bam shvadant) dhatu manjoosha mean surakshit paya gaya tha. manjoosha par abhilekh tha-
'smyakh sanbuddhas dhatuvar paragahit mahachaity.'
yuvanachvaang ka varnan
achary nagarjun ke vihar ka pata yahaan ke khandaharoan mean nahian lag saka hai. isake vishay mean yuvanachvaang ne likha hai ki is vihar ke banavane mean paha di ke aandar surang banani p di thi. lanbi vithiyoan ke bich mean bane hue is bhavan par paanch manjile banaee gee thian aur pratyek par char shilaean tatha vihar the. pratyek vihar mean buddh ki manavakar svarnalankrit pratimaean sthapit thian. ye kala ki drishti se bejo d thian. tisari shati ee. mean ikshvaku nareshoan ki raniyoan ne yahaan par anek bauddh viharadi banavae the. rani shaantishri ne yahaan mahavihar tatha mahachaity banavae the. doosari rani bodhishri ne sianhal, kashmir, nepal aur chin ke bhikshuoan ke lie chaity grihoan ka nirman karavaya tha. (aantim khudaee mean ek paha di par sianhal vihar ke khandahar mile bhi the).
vastu shaili
is samay nagarjunakoanda vastav mean bauddh dharm ka aantarrashtriy keandr bana hua tha. is sthan se in bhavanoan ke atirikt chh: sau b di tatha char sau chhoti kalakritiyoan ke avashesh bhi prapt hue the. nagarjunakoanda ki vastu shaili nikatavarti amaravati ki kala se bahut milati-julati hai aur donoan ko ek hi nam arthath 'krishnaa ghati ki shaili' se abhihit kiya ja sakata hai. yahaan ka mukhy stoop jo 70 phut ooancha aur 100 phut chau da hai, ooanche chabootare par bana hua tha, jis par oopar chadhane ke lie sidhiyaan bhi bani thian. yahaan ki 'ayak vediyaan' tatha un par patale stambhoan ki panktiyaan aur sade pravesh dvar ya toran jinaki raksha karate hue sihoan ki moortiyaan pradarshit haian, ye yahaan ke stoopoan ki visheshataean aandhr mean anyatr aprapy haian. stoopadik ke pattharoan ki takshan kala ya naqqashi is kala ka bejo d udaharan hai.[1]
halke hare rang ka patthar, jisaka adhikaansh mean yahaan prayog kiya gaya hai, jivan ke vividh bhavadrishyoan ke aankan ke lie vishisht roop se upayukt tha. in pattharoan par ukere hue chitroan ke adhar par tatkalin (doosari tisari shati ee.) bauddh dharm tatha kala ke adhyayan mean bahut sahayata mil sakati hai. inamean aankit anek drishy sanskrit bauddh sahity ki kathaoan tatha ghatanaoan se lie ge haian. inake atirikt anuradhapur (shrilanka ki bhaanti) hi yahaan bhi anek bauddh moortiyoan ko smarakoan ke adharoan ke chaturdik pratishthapit karane ki pratha paee gee hai. yahaan ke shilp mean stambhoan ki panktiyaan vishesh roop se ullekhaniy haian, kyoanki yahi vishishtata aandhr pradesh mean parivarti kal mean banane vale mandiroan ki kala ka bhi ek bhag hai.
abhilekhoan ki bhasha
nagarjunakoanda ke abhilekhoan ki bhasha ardhasahityik prakrit hai, jo is prant ke dravi d bhasha-bhashiyoan ki boli thi. satavahanoan ke samay mean is bhasha (ya maharashtri prakrit) ka kafi samman tha, jaisa ki hal naresh dvara rachit prasiddh prakrit kavy granth 'gatha saptashati' se soochit hota hai. abhilekhoan se tatkalin itihas tatha samajik avastha par kafi prakash p data hai.
moortipatt
1954 mean nagarjunakoanda se do sangamaramar ke moortipatt prapt hue the, jinhean bharat shasan ne siangapur ke sangrahalay mean bheja hai. inamean ek patt ke bich mean bodhidrum aankit hai, jise bauddh triratn ke sath dikhalaya gaya hai. doosare patt par sanbhavat: magadh ke raja biandusar ki buddh se bheant karane ki yatra ka aankan kiya gaya hai. isamean raja ko char gho doan ke rath mean asin dikhaya gaya hai. rath ke age kuchh paidal sainik chale rahe haian. ye drishy b de manoranjak haian tatha inaka chitran bahut hi svabhavik riti se kiya gaya hai.[1]
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