मधुमक्खी पालन
madhumakkhi palan
| |
| vivaran | shahad athava 'madhu' ek prakritik madhur padarth hai jo madhumakkhiyoan dvara phooloan ke ras ko choosakar tatha usamean atirikt padarthoan ko milane ke bad chhatte ke koshoan mean ekatr karane ke phalasvaroop banata hai. |
| shahad ke ghatak | rasayanik vishleshan karane par shahad mean bahut se poshak tatv hote hai jaise- phraktoz 38.2%, glookoz: 31.3%, sukaroz: 1.3%, maltoz: 7.1%, jal: 17.2%, uchch sharkaraean: 1.5%, bhasm: 0.2%, any: 3.2%. vaijnanikoan ne yah siddh kar diya hai ki shahad paushtik tatvoan se yukt sharkara aur any tatvoan ka mishran hota hai. |
| aushadhiy gun | shahad ka prayog aushadhi roop mean bhi hota hai. jisase kee paushtik tatv milate haian jo ghav ko thik karane aur ootakoan ke badhane ke upachar mean madad karate haian. prachin kal se hi shahad ko ek jivanu-rodhi (eantibaiktiriyal) ke roop mean jana jata raha hai. shahad ka piech man 3 se 4.8 ke bich hone se jivanurodhi gun svatah hi paya jata hai. |
| any janakari | ayurved ke rrishiyoan ne bhi mana hai ki tulasi v madhumay panchamrit ka sevan karane se sankraman nahian hota aur isaka vidhivat dhang se sevan kar anek rogoan par vijay paee ja sakati hai. |
madhumakkhi palan udyog mukhyatah desh ke parvatiy kshetroan mean vikasit hua hai. isase shahad prapt karane ke lie madhumakkhi ka palan kiya jata hai. uttar pradesh, jammoo kashmir, dakshini rajasthan, maharashtr, panjab tatha tamilanadu mean isako b de paimane par sanchalit kiya jata hai. gopalan evan murgi palan ki tarah madhumakkhi palan bhi ek udyog ho gaya hai. pashchim mean is dhandhe ne vyavasay ka roop le liya hai. vahaan anek b de-b de madhumakshikalay sthapit ho chuke haian. vahaan ke log lakhoan rupaya prati varsh is udyog se kama rahe hai aur karo doan rupe ka labh nishechan kriya dvara bharat ko, krishi utpadan ki vriddhi ke roop mean, de rahe rhai. thumb|Left|madhumakkhi palan bharat mean saik doan varsh pahale jis prakar se madhumakkhiyaan pali jati thian, thik usi tarah se ham unhean aj bhi palate a rahe haian. purane dhang se mitti ke gh doan mean, lak di ke sandookoan mean, pe d ke tanoan ke khokhaloan mean, ya divar ki dararoan mean, ham aj bhi madhumakkhiyoan ko palate haian. madhu se bhare chhattoan se shahad prapt karane ke liye chhattoan ko katakar ya to nicho d diya jata hai ya ag par rakhakar ubal diya jata hai. phir is shahad ko kap de se chhan lete haian. is vidhi se maila evan ashuddh shahad hi mil sakata hai, jo kam kimat mean bikata hai. is prakar prachin dhang se madhumakkhiyoan ko palane mean kee dosh haian.
vaijnanik dhang se madhumakkhi palan
sansar ke kee deshoan mean madhumakkhiyoan ko adhunik dhang se lak di ke bane hue sandookoan mean, jise adhunik madhumakshikagrih kahate haian, pala jata hai. is prakar se madhumakkhiyoan ko palane se aandean evan bachche vale chhattoan ko hani nahian pahuanchati. shahad alag chhattoan mean bhara jata hai aur is shahad ko bina chhattoan ko kate mashin dvara nikal liya jata hai. in khali chhattoan ko vapas madhumakshikagrih mean rakh diya jata hai, taki madhumakkhiyaan in par baithakar phir se madhu ikattha karana shuroo kar dean.
vaijnanik dhang se madhumakkhi palan ka praranbh bharat mean kee varsh pahale ho chuka hai. dakshin bharat mean yah udyog kafi phail chuka hai. saik doan madhumakshikagrih vahaan par madhu utpadan ke liye basae ja chuke haian. bharat ke kee rajyoan ki sarakarean madhumakkhi palan ke udyog ki upayogita ko samajhane lagi haian aur isako phailane ka prayatn kar rahi haian. is udyog ke liye abhi sara kshetr bharat mean khali p da hai.
adhunik madhumakshikagrih
yah ek lak di ka bana sandook hota hai. isake do khand hote haian. niche ke khand ko shishu khand kahate haian. isamean rakhe chhatte mean aande, bachche tatha svayan makkhiyoan ke liye shuddh shahad evan parag sanchit rahata hai. shishu kaksh ke oopar madhu kaksh hota hai, jisamean madhumakkhiyaan keval shahad hi jama karati haian. madhukaksh se shahad ke bhare chhattoan ko nikalakar yantr dvara shahad nikal liya jata hai.
madhumakkhiyoan ki kismean
bharat mean char prakar ki madhumakkhiyaan paee jati haian.
- pahali prakar
sabase b di madhumakkhi ko bhanvar ya diangara kahate haian. yah ooanche pe doan ya imaratoan par khule mean keval ek hi chhatta lagati haian. madhu jama karane mean doosari kismean isaki barabari nahian kar sakatian. aangrezi mean ise epis d aauraseta eph. (Apis dorsata F.) kahate haian. isaka dank adhik lanba evan atyant vishaila hota hai. yah pray: garam sthanoan mean rahati hai. isake palane ke prayatn kie ja rahe haian, lekin abhi tak saphalata nahian mil sakati hai.
- doosari prakar
thumb|madhumakkhi palan doosari prakar ki madhumakkhi ko aangrezi mean epis phloriya eph. (Apis florea F.) kahate haian. keval isi jati ko log palate haian. chin aur japan ki madhumakkhiyaan bhi isi ke antargat a jati haian. yah madhumakkhi am taur par band aandheri jagahoan mean hi kee samaantar chhatte lagati hai, jaise pe d ke khokhaloan mean, divar aur chhat ke aandar tatha chattanoan ki dararoan mean. yah prakritik halat mean paee jati hai. purane dhang se log ise mitti ke gh doan, lak di ke sandookoan, tanoan ke khokhaloan evan divar ki dararoan mean palate haian.
- tisari prakar
tisari prakar ki madhumakkhi ko aangrezi mean epis phloriya eph. (Apis florea F.) kahate haian. am taur par is madhumakkhi ko potianga kahate haian. isaka bhi ek hi chhota sa chhatta hota hai. yah jha di ya makan ki chhatoan par rakhi lak diyoan adi mean apana chhatta lagati hai. isake chhatte se ek bar se adhik se adhik do, tin pauand tak shahad nikal ata hai. isaka dank chhota evan kam vishaila hota hai.
- chauthi prakar
chauthi prakar ki madhumakkhi ko aangrezi mean mailipona ya daimar (Mellipona or Dammer) kahate haian. yah madhumakkhi amarika mean adhik paee jati hai. aandheri jagahoan mean, jaise pe d ke khokhaloan aur divar ki dararoan adi mean, yah apana chhatta banati hai. isake chhattoan se madhu bahut hi kam matra mean prapt hota hai. isaka madhu aankh mean lagane ke liye achchha mana jata hai.
madhumakshikagrih ke nivasi evan unake kary
madhumakshikagrih ke bhitar rahane vali madhumakkhiyaan kary tatha prakar ke anusar tin tarah ki hoti haian:
- rani
- shramik
- nar makkhi
rani
rani hi ekamatr sare grih mean aande dene vali hoti hai. isaka kam din aur rat aande dena hi hota hai. shramik aur rani ka janm ek hi prakar ke aande se hota hai. jab bhi shramik madhumakkhiyaan kisi larvean ko rani banana chahati haian, to ve use ek vishesh prakar ka bhojan khilana shuroo kar deti haian. is bhojan ko aangrezi mean r aauyal jaili kahate haian. vah larva, jise apane poore jivanakal tak yah bhojan khilaya jata hai, rani ban jata hai. any larve, jinhean yah bhojan poora nahian mil pata hai, shramik ban jate haian. shramik banane vale larvoan ko keval do tin din tak hi r aauyal jaili diya jata hai, phir inaka poshan ek sadharan bhojan dvara hi kiya jata hai. rani jo aande deti hai. ve do prakar ke hote haian:
- shramik
- nar
ve aande, jinase nar nikalate haian, rani garbhadharan karae bina hi de sakati hai. lekin shramik utpann karane vale aande vah keval garbhadhan hone ke bad de sakati hai. rani ko dank to hota hai, lekin isaka upayog vah tabhi karati hai jab kisi doosari rani se usaki l daee hoti hai.
shramik madhumakkhiyaan
shramik madhumakkhiyaan madhumakshikagrih mean sabase adhik sankhya mean hoti haian. inake pet par kee samaantar dhariyaan hoti haian. dank marane vali yahi madhumakkhi hoti hai. in madhumakkhiyoan ki adhikata par hi shahad jama karane ki matra bhi nirbhar karati hai. madhumakshikagrih ke aandar aur bahar ka bhi sabhi kary shramik madhumakkhiyaan hi karati haian. shramik madhumakkhi ka dank arinuma hota hai. jab vah dank marati hai, to dank manushy ke sharir mean g da hi rah jata hai. kuchh samay bad vah shramik madhumakkhi mar jati hai. madhumakkhi ke dank lagane se sharir mean soojan ho jati hai aur dard bhi hota hai, par isaka jahar hanikarak nahian hota. gathiya, jo doan ke dard adi ke liye ise upayogi samajha jata hai. shramik madhumakkhi ki ayu yoan to char, paanch mas tak ki hoti hai, lekin jab unhean kam adhik karana p data hai, tab ve kathinaee se paanch, chhah saptah tak jivit rah pati haian.
nar madhumakkhi
nar madhumakkhi ka kam rani ka garbhadhan karana hota hai. ise aur koee bhi kam nahian karana p data. madhumakshikagrih ke aandar hi vah chhattoan mean jama kiya madhu khata rahata hai. dopahar ke samay yadi mausam achchha ho, to bahar ghoomane ke liye u dakar chala jata hai. yah shramik madhumakkhi se kuchh b da aur rani se chhota hota hai, isake sharir par adhik bal hote haian. sir evan sir pet kale, gol evan chapate akar ke bane hote haian. jab phool kafi khile hote haian tab madhumakshikagrih mean nar ki sankhya badh jati hai. jab phool kam hote haian aur madhu bhi chhattoan mean adhik nahian hota, us samay nar madhumakshikagrih mean bahut hi kam ya bilakul hi nahian dikhaee p date haian. chhatte ki jin kothariyoan mean nar madhumakkhiyaan paida hoti haian, ve shramik madhumakkhiyoan ki kothariyoan se kuchh b di hoti haian aur unhean chhatte ke nichale bhag mean hi banaya jata hai. shramik madhumakkhiyaan rani ke garbhadhan kal mean nar madhumakkhiyoan ko paida hone deti haian, usake bad ve svayan hi unhean marakar samapt kar deti haian.
mom
thumb|250px|madhumakkhi palan shahad ke bad doosara moolyavan tatha upayogi padarth, jo madhumakkhiyoan se milata hai, vah 'mom' hai. isi se ve apane chhatte banati haian. mom banane ke liye madhumakkhiyaan pahale shahad khati haian. phir usase garami paida kar apani granthiyoan dvara chhote chhote mom ke tuk de bahar nikalati haian.
madhumakkhiyoan ke shatru
pratyek prani ki tarah madhumakkhiyoan ke bhi anek shatru hote haian. madhumakkhiyoan ke palane vale ko unaka jnan hona ati avashyak hai, taki vah unase madhumakkhiyoan ki raksha kar sakean. inake mukhy shatru nimnalikhit haian:
- momi patianga ya momi ki da
- aangalar, ya barr
- chianti aur chianta
- chutharaula
- bhaloo
- dregan phlaee
- mak di
- bandar
- giragit
|
|
|
|
|
|