हड़प्पा समाज और संस्कृति
hadapppa sanskriti ki vyapakata evan vikas ko dekhane se aisa lagata hai ki yah sabhyata kisi kendriy shakti se sanchalit hoti thi. vaise yah prashn abhi vivad ka vishay bana hua hai, phir bhi chooanki hadappavasi vanijy ki or adhik akarshit the, isalie aisa mana jata hai ki sambhavatah h dappa sabhyata ka shasan vanik varg ke hath mean tha.
- hnilar ne siandhu pradesh ke logoan ke shasan ko 'madhyam vargiy janatanntratmak shasan' kaha aur usamean dharm ki mahatta ko svikar kiya.
- stuart pigg aaut mahoday ne kaha 'mohanajoda doan ka shasan rajatantratmak n hokar janatantratmak' tha.
- maike ke anusar ‘mohanajod do ka shasan ek pratinidhi shasak ke hathoan tha.
saiandhav-sabhyata ka vinash
saidhav-sabhyata ke patan ke sandarbh mean hnilar ka mat poori tarah se amany ho chuka hai. hariyoopiya ka ullekh jo rrigved mean prapt hai us hnilar ne h dappa man liya aur kile ko pur aur arya ke devata iandr ko purandar (kile ko nasht karane vala) manakar yah siddhaant pratipadit kar diya ki saiandhav nagaroan ka patan aryo ke akraman ke karan hua tha. jnatavy hai ki hnilar ka yah siddhant tabhi khandit ho jata hai jab siandhu-sabhyata ko nagariy sabhyata ghoshit kiya jata hai. mohanajoda do se prapt nar kankal kisi ek ki samay ke nahian hai jinamean vyapak narasanhar dyotit ho raha hai.
| mat | itihasakar |
|---|---|
| 1- prashasanik shithilata ke karan is sabhyata ka vinash hua. | j aaun marshal |
| 2- jalavayu mean hue parivartan ke karan yah sabhyata nasht huee. | aaurel stain |
| 3- siandhu sabhyata badh ke karan nasht huee. | arnest maike evan j aaun marshal |
| 4- bhoo tatvik parivartan ke karan sabhyata nasht huee. | em.ar.sahani, ar.el.raiks, j aaurj eph.dels, ech.ti.laimbrik |
| 5- mohanajoda do ke logoan ki ag lagakar hatya kar di gayi. | di.di. kosambi |
| 6- saiandhav sabhyata videshi akraman v aryoan ke akraman se nasht huee. | gardan chaild, martimar hvilar, di.ech.gardan, stuard piggt |
arthik sthiti
[[chitr:Lothal.jpg|thumb|350px|lothal basti aur nagar ka prasiddh jal sansadhan tantr, parikalpit chitr]]
krishi
siandhu tatha usaki sahayak nadiyoan dvara prati varsh layi gayi upajaoo jalodh mitti kushi hetu mahattvapoorn mani jati thi. in upajaoo maidanoan mean mukhy roop se gehooan aur jau ki kheti ki jati thian, siandhu ghati ki yahi fasal bhi thi. abhi tak 9 fasalean pahachani gayi haian. chaval keval gujarat, lothal mean aur sanbhavatah rajasthan mean bhi, jau ki do kismean , gehooan ki tin kismean, kapas khajoor, tarabooj matar aur ek aisi kism jise ‘brasik juansi‘ ki sanjna di gayi hai. isake atirikt matar, sarasoan, til evan kapas ki bhi kheti hoti thi. lothal mean huee khudaee mean dhan tatha bajare ki kheti ke avashesh mile hai.
is samay kheti ke karyo mean prastar evan kaansy dhatu ke bane aujar prayukt hote the. kalibanga mean prakh-saiandhav avastha ke ek hal se jute hue khet ka sakshy mila hai. banavali mean mitti ka bana hua ek khilauna mila hai. aisa pratit hota hai ki h dappa ke log lak di ke hal ka prayog karate the. sambhavatah h dappa sabhyata ke log hi sarvapratham kapas ugana prarambh kiye. isilie yoonani logoan ne is pradesh ko ‘sidon‘ kaha. lothal se ata pisane ki patthar ki chakki ke do pat mile haian. pe d-paudhoan mean pipal, khajoor, nim, niboo evan kela sakshy mile haian.
pashupalan
mukhy palatoo pashuoan mean diladar evan bina dil vale bail, bhaians, gay, bhe d-bakari, kutte, gadhe, khachchar aur suar adi hai. hathi aur gho de palane ke sakshy pramanit nahian ho sake haian. lothal evan rangapur se gho di ki mrinmoortiyoan ke avashesh mile haian. soorakotada se saindhav kalin gho de ki asthipanjar ke avashesh mile haian. kuchh pashu-pakshiyoan, jaise bandar, kharagosh, hiran, murga, mor, tota, ulloo ke avashesh khilaunoan aur moortiyoan ke roop mean mile haian.
shilp evan udyog dhandhe
is samay taanbe mean tin milakar kaansa taiyar kiya jata tha. taanba rajasthan ke khet di se, tin afaganistan se mangaya jata tha. sambhavatah kaseroan (kaansy shilpiyoan) ka samaj mean mahattvapoorn sthan tha. kaseroan ke atirikt rajagiroan evan abhooshan nirmataoan ka samuday bhi sakriy tha. saiandhav sabhyata mean sooti vastr ka ullekh milata hai.
- mohanajoda do se majitha se lal rang range huye kap de ke avashesh chaandi ke bartan mean paye gaye the. taanbe ke do upakaranoan mean lipata hua sooti kap da evan sooti dhage bhi mohanajoda do se prapt huye the.
- mohanajoda do se bane hue sooti kap de ki chhap mili hai.
- kalibanga se mile mitti ke bartan ke ek tuk de par sooti kap de ki chhap mili hai. kalibanga se mile mitti ke bartan lipata hue ek ustara bhi mila hai.
- lothal se prapt mudraank par sooti vastroan chhap mili hai.
- alamagirapur se prapt mitti ki ek naand par bune hue vastr ke nishan mile haian.
- mohanajod doan se prapt purohit ki prastar moortiyoan tipatiya alankaran yukt shal odhe hue haian.
[[chitr:Mohenjodaro-Sindh.jpg|thumb|250px|left|sindh mean mohanajoda do mean h dappa sanskriti ke avashesh]] isase spasht hota hai ki sindhu sabhyata mean vastroan par kadhaee ka kam bhi hota tha. in sakshyoan ke adhar par aisa lagata hai ki is samay sooti vastr evan bunaee udyog kafi vikasit tha. kataee mean prayog hone vali takaliyoan ke bhi praman mile haian. is samay ke mahattvapoorn shilpoan mean mudra nirman evan moorti ka nirman sammilit hai. is sabhyata ke logoan dvara nav banane ke bhi sakshy mile haian. is samay banane vale sone, chaandi ke abhooshanoan ke lie sona, chaandi sambhavatah afaganistan se evan ratn dakshin bharat se mangaya jata tha. is samay kumhar ke chak se nirmit mridabhaand kafi prachalit the, jin par gadhi lal chikani mitti par kale rang jyamitiy evan sisa ka unhean jnan tha. in dhatuoan se vibhinn prakar ke abhooshan evan upankaran banae jate the. khudaee mean taanbe-kaanse ke upakaran adhik matra mean mile haian. chanhood doan tatha lothal mean manake banane ka kary hota tha. chanhud doan mean selakh di muharean tatha chart k batakhare bhi taiyar kiy jate the. balakot tatha lothal mean sip udyog apane vikasit avastha mean tha.
vyapar evan vanijy
h dappaee log siandhu sabhyata ke kshetr ke bhitar patthar, dhatu shalk adi ka vyapar karate the, lekin ve jo vastuean banate the usake lie apekshit kachcha mal unake nagaroan mean upalabdh nahian tha. atah unhean bahy deshoan se vyaparik sampark sthapit karana p data tha. taiyar mal ki khapat ki avashyakata ne vyaparik sanbandho ko pragadh banaya. vyapar mean dhatu ke sikkoan ka prayog nahian karate the varanh vastu vinimay pranali par hi unake vyapar adharit the. vyaparik vastuo ki gaanthoan par shilpiyoan evan vyapariyoan dvara apani muhar ki chhap thi tatha doosari or bheje jane vale ka nishan aankit tha. bat-map evan nap tol ka vyaparik kary mean mahattvapoorn yogadan hai. mohanajoda do, h dappa, lothal evan kalibanga mean prayukt batoan ki taul ka anupat 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 160, 200, 320 adi tha. bat dhanakar, vartulakar, belanakar, shankvakar evan dholakar the. taul ki ikaee sanbhavatah 16 anupat mean thi. mohanajoda doan se sip ka tatha lothal se haanthi daant ka nirmit ek-ek paimana mila hai.
yatayat
saidhav sabhyata ke log yatayat ke roop mean do pahiyoan evan char pahiyoan vali bailaga di athava bhaisaga di ka upayog karate the. unaki bailaga di mean prayukt pahiye thos akar ke hote the. mohanajoda do se prapt ek muhar par aankit nav ka chitrevan lothal se mitti ki khilauna nav se yah anuman lagaya ja sakata hai ki is sabhyata ke lok antarik evan bahy vyapar mean mastool vali navoan ka upayog karate the. h dappa sabhyata ke logoan ka vyaparik sambandh rajasthan, afaganistan, eeran evan madhy eshiya ke sath tha. h dappavasi lajavard mani ka ayat afaganistan se karate the. udyog dhandhoan evan shilp karyo ke lie kachcha mal gujarat, sindhu, rajasthan, dakshini bharat, baloochistan adi kshetroan se mangaya jata tha. isake atirikt afaganistan, soviyat turkamaniya tatha mesopatamiya adi se bhi kachcha mal mangaya jata tha. manake banane ke lie 'gomed' gujarat se mangaya jata tha. phlint tatha chart ke prastar-khand pakistan ke sindh kshetr mean sthit ro di tatha sukkur ki khadanoan se mangaya jata tha. taanba rajasthan ke jhunajhun zile mean sthit khet di (khetri) ki khanoan se mangaya jata tha. sona karnatak ke kolar ki khanoan se milata tha.
ayat niryat
| kachcha mal | kshetr |
|---|---|
| 1- tin | afaganistan, eeran |
| 2- taanba | khet di, rajasthan, baloochistan |
| 3- chaandi | eeran, afaganistan |
| 4- sona | afaganistan, faras, dakshini bharat |
| 5- lajavard | mesapotamiya |
| 6- selakh di | baloochistan, rajasthan, gujarat |
| 7- nilaratn | badakhkshaan |
| 8- nilamani | maharashtr |
| 9- haritamani | dakshin eshiya |
| 10- shankh evan kau diyaan | saurashtr, dakshini bharat |
| 11- sisa | eeran, afaganistan, rajasthan |
| 12- shilajit | himalay kshetr |
lajarvad ev chaandi afaganistan se ayat ki jati thi. afaganistan ka vadakkshaan kshetr lajarvad ke lie prasidv tha. afaganistan mean sthit shortaguee namak sthan tak sindhu sabhyata ka prasar milata hai. isake atirikt anyatha nahian mila hai, isalie shortaguee do madhyavarti vyaparik basti mana ja sakata hai. eeran se sangayashav athava haritasham, firoza, tin tatha chaandi ayat ki jati thi. sindhu se mesopotamiya ko niryat ki jane vali vastuoan mean sooti vastr, imarati lak di, mashale, hathidaant evan pashu-pakshi rahe hogean. ur, kish, lagash, nishpur, tel asmar, tepe, gavara, hama adi mesopotamiya ke nagaroan se sindhu sabhyata ki lagabhag ek darjan muharean mili haian. mesopotamiya sabhyata ke nagaroan se sindhu sabhyata ki lagabhag ek darjan muharean mili haian. mesepotamiya se sindhu sabhyata ke nagaroan dvara ayat ki jane vali vastuoan mean mohanajoda do se prapt haritabh rang ka klorait prastar ka tuk da jis par chataee ki tarah dijain bani hai, ullekhaniy hai. mesopatamiya aur sindhu sabhyata ke bich vyaparik sambandhoan ke vishay mean abhilekhiy sakshyoan ke adhar par yah jnat hota hai ki dilamun se sona, chaandi, lajavard, maniky ke manake, hathidaant, ki kanghi, pashu-pakshi, abhooshan adi ayat kiya jata tha. mesopatamiya mean prapt siandhu sabhyata se sambandhit abhilekhoan evan muharoan par ‘meluha‘ ka zikr milata hai. meluha siandh kshetr ka hi prachin bhag hai. dilamun evan makan vyaparik kendr meluha siandh kshetr ka hi prachin bhag hai. mesopotamiya mean pravesh hetu ‘ur‘ uk mahattvapoorn bandaragah tha. dilamun ki pahachan pharas ki kha di ke baharin dvip se ki jati hai. dilamun saiandhav vyaparik kendroan tatha mesopotamiya ke sath vyapar ka madhyasth bandaragah tha. bharat mean lothal se pharas ki muharean prapt huee haian. unhoanne uttari afaganistan mean ek vanijy upanivesh sthapit kiya tha jisake sahare unaka vyapar madhy eshiya ke sath chalata tha.
rajanitik sthiti
hadapppa sanskriti ki vyapakata evan vikas ko dekhane se aisa lagata hai ki yah sabhyata kisi kendriy shakti se sanchalit hoti thi. vaise yah prashn abhi vivad ka vishay bana hua hai, phir bhi chooanki hadappavasi vanijy ki or adhik akarshit the, isalie aisa mana jata hai ki sambhavatah h dappa sabhyata ka shasan vanik varg ke hath mean tha. [[chitr:Well-And-Bathing-Platforms-Harappa.jpg|thumb|250px|siandhu ghati sabhyata mean sthit ek kuaan aur snan ghar]]
- hnilar ne siandhu pradesh ke logoan ke shasan ko ‘madhyam vargiy janatanntratmak shasan kaha aur usamean dharm ki mahatta ko svikar kiya.
- stuart pigg aaut mahoday ne kaha ‘mohanajod doan ka shasan rajatantratmak n hokar janatantratmak tha.
- maike ke anusar ‘mohanajod doan ka shasan ek pratinidhi shasak ke hathoan tha.
dharmik jivan
h dappa sabhyata ke dharmik jivan ke bare mean hamean adhikaansh janakari puratatvik srotoan - jaise moortiyoan, muharean, mridbhaannd, patthar tatha any padartho se nirmit liang tatha chakr ki akriti, tamr phalak, qabristan adi se milati hai. h dappa sanskriti mean kahi se kisi bhi mandir ke avashesh nahian mile hai. mohanajoda do evan hadappa se bhari matra mean mili mitti ki mrinmoortiyoan mean se ek stri mrinmoorti ke garbh se ek paudha nikalata hua dikhaya gaya hai, isase yah maloom hota hai ki h dappa sabhyata ke log dharati ko urvarata ki devi man kar isaki pooja kiya karate the. mohanajoda do se prapt ek sil par tin mukh vala ek purush dhyan ki mudra mean baitha hua hai. usake sir tan siang haian, usake bayi or ek gaianda aur bhaisa hai tatha daanyi or ek hathi, ek vyaghr evan hiran hai. is chitr se aisa pratit hota hai aj ke bhagavan shiv ki pooja us samay ‘pashupati‘ ke roop mean hoti rahi hogi. h dappa ke bhagavan shiv ki pooja us samay ke ‘pashupati‘ ki roop mean hoti rahi hogi. h dappa evan mohanajoda do se mile patthar ke bane liang aur yoni se unaki pooja ke prachalan mean hone ka bhi praman mila hai. vrikshapooja ke praman mohanajoda do se prapt ek sil par bane hone ka praman bhi milata hai. vrikshapooja ke praman mohanajoda do se prapt ek sil par bane pipal ki daloan ke madhy daloan ke madhy devata se milata hai. pashuoan mean koob d vala saan d is sabhyata ke logoan ke lie vishesh poojyaniy tha. adhik matra mean mili tabizoan se aisa lagata hai ki sindhu sabhyata ke log bhoot-pret evan tantr-mantr mean bhi vishvas karate the. nag pooja ke bhi praman mile haian. lothal evan kalibanga se havan kuandoan evan yajnavediyoan ka upalabdh hona agni pooja ke prachalan ka praman prastut karata hai. h dappa ke logoan mean jo dharmik riti-rivaj prachalit the, unamean se kuchh aj bhi hinduoan mean pae jate haian. maang mean sindoor bharata vivahit hindoo striyoan ke lie suhag ka pratik hai. h dappa se prapt ek mitti ki patti par ek mahish yajn ka drishy chitrit hai, jo hamean mahishasur-mardini ki yad dilata hai. chalak lom de aur pyase kauve ki kahaniyaan h dappa ke kalashoan par chitrit haian.
samajik jivan
stri mrinamoortiyaan adhik milane se aisa anuman lagaya jata hai ki saindhav samaj matrisattatmak tha. is sabhyata ke log yuddh priy kam, shantipriy adhik the. bhojan ke roop mean sabhyata ke log gehooan, jau, khajoor evan bhe d, suar, machhali ke maans khate the. ghar mean bartan ke roop mean mitti evan dhatu ke bane kalash, thali, katore, tashtari, gilas evan chammach ka prayog karate the. vastr ke roop mean sooti evan ooni donoan prakar ke vastr ka prayog hone ke sakshy mile hai. purush varg dadhi evan moochhoan ka shauqin tha. khudaee ke samay taanbe ke nirmit darpan, kanghe evan ustare mile haian. [[chitr:Mohenjo-Daro.jpg|thumb|250px|left|mohanajoda do ke avashesh]] abhooshanoan mean kanthar, bhujabandh, karnaphool, chhalle, choodiyaan, (kalibanga se prapt), karaghani, payajeb adi aise abhooshan mile haian, jinhean stri aur purush pahanate the. manoranjan ke sadhanoan mean machhali pak dana, shikar karana, pashu-pakshiyoan ko apas mean l dana, chaup d, pasa khelana adi shamil the. shavoan ki antyeshti sanskar mean tin prakar ke shavatsarg ke praman mile haian-
- poorn samadhikaran mean sampoorn shav ko bhoomi mean daphana diya jata tha.
- aanshik samadhikaran mean pashu pakshiyoan ke khane ke bad bache shesh bhag ko bhoomi mean daphana diya jata tha.
- dah sanskar mean shav ko poorn roop se jala kar usaki bhasm ko bhoomi mean ga da jata tha.
h dappa durg ke dakshin-pashchim mean sthit qabristan ko ech0 qabristan ka nam diya jata hai. lothal mean prapt ek qabr mean shav ka sir poorv evan pakhchim ki or evan shav sharir karavat lie hue litaya gaya hai. yahi se ek qabr mean do shav apas man lipate hue mile haian. surakotada se andakar shav ke avashesh mile haian. roopanagar (rop d) ki ek qabr mean malik ke sath kutte ke bhi avashesh mile haian. mohanajod doan ke antim star se prapt kuchh samoohik nar kankaloan evan kue ki sidhiyoan par p de stri ke bal se martimar vhilar ne yah anuman lagaya hai ki ye narakankal kisi bahy akraman ke shikar hue logoan ke haian, kintu amerika ke prasiddh puravid j aaurj eph.vels isase sahamat nahian hai. unaka kahana hai ki ye narakankal sindhu sabhyata ke paravarti charan se to sambandhit haian kintu antim charan se sambandhit nahian hai. amerika ke ke.yu.ar. kainedi ne in nar kankaloan ka adhyayan karake yah nishkarsh nikala hai ki inamean ek vyakti ki mrityu chot ke karan tatha shesh ki mahamari ke karan huee thi. aisi sthiti mean barbar akraman ki bat uchit nahian dikhati ki kisi videshi akraman se is nagar ka patan hua.
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sanbandhit lekh
tika tippani aur sandarbh