पर्यावरण और संविधान

bharatiy sanvidhan ki uddeshika ke yadyapi pratyaksh roop se paryavaran ke bare mean kuchh bhi nahian kaha gaya hai tathapit jis samajavadi rajy ki parikalpana ki gee hai vah tabhi sambhav hai jab sabhi ka jivan star ooancha ho. yah saty hai ki sabhi ka jivan star keval svachchh paryavaran arthath pradooshan rahit paryavaran mean hi sambhav hai. mooladhikaroan mean pratyaksh roop se paryavaran ke bare mean koee pravadhan nahian hai lekin kuchh mooladhikaroan mean paryavaran ko apratyaksh roop se samahit kiya gaya hai. 42vean sanvidhan sanshodhan ke poorv bharatiy sanvidhan mean anuchchhed 47 ek matr aisa anuchchhed tha, jo paryavaran ke bare mean pravidhan karata tha.

anuchchhed 47 ke anusar

rajy apane star ko poshahar aur jivan star ko ooancha karane aur lok svasthy ke sudhar ko apane prathamik kartavyoan mean manega aur rajy vishishtata, madak peyoan aur svasthy ke lie hanikar aushadhiyoan ke aushadhiy prayojanoan se bhinn, upayog ka pratishad karane ka prayas karega. paryavaran sanrakshan tatha sudhar ke lie bharatiy sanvidhan mean 1976 mean 42vean sanvidhan sanshodhan dvara anuchchhed 48-k se jo da gaya jo nimn upabandh karata hai.

"rajy desh ke paryavaran ke sanrakshan tatha usamean sanvaddhan aur van tatha vany jivoan ki raksha ke lie prayas kareanga."

42vean sanvidhan sanshodhan adhiniyam, 1976 dvara sanvidhan mean ek naya bhag 4-k bhi jo da gaya. is bhag ke anuchchhed 51-k mean nagarikoan ke 10 mool kartavyoan ka samavisht kiya gaya hai. anuchchhed 51- k khand (chh) spasht roop se paryavaran sanrakshan ka upabandh karata hai. isake anusar -

"bharat ke pratyek nagarik ka yah kartavy hoga ki vah prakritik paryavaran ki, jisake antargat van, nadi or vany jiv haian, raksha aur usaka sanvardhan karean tatha prani matr ke prati daya bhav rakhe."

paryavaran sanrakshan sanbandhi rashtriy pravadhan

bharatiy dand sanhita ki vibhinn dharaean, yatha 268, 269,272, 277, 278, 284, 290 tatha 426 mean pradooshan ke lie dandatmak pravadhan kiye gaye haian. isi prakar bharatiy dand prakriya sanhita ki dhara 133 mean pradooshan ko rokane ke vyapak pravadhan hai. indiyan ph aaurest ekt, 1927 ke tahat vanoan ki suraksha ke lie prabhavi niyam banaye gaye haian. is adhiniyam mean vanoan ko tin vargo mean rakha gaya hai -

1. arakshit van
2. surakshit van
3. panchayati van

vany jiv sanrakshan adhiniyam, 1972 mean jivoan ke sanrakshan sanbandhi pravadhan kiye gaye haian.

uchchatam nyayalay ka aitihasik phaisala

varsh 1995 mean suprasiddh vakil em.si. mehata dvara dayar janahit yachika par 29 aprail 1999 ko phaisala sunate hue uchchatam nyayalay ne kaha ki 1 joon, 1999 se rashtriy rajadhani kshetr mean keval unhian gair vyavasayik motar vahanoan ka panjikaran hoga jo pradooshan utsarjan ke yooro-1 manak ki kasauti par kharean utarate haian. sath hi panjikaran ki sima 1500 vahan pratimah nirdharit ki gee jise bad mean khatm kar diya gaya. nyayalay ke phaisale ke anusar aprail, 2000 se keval unhian vahanoan ka panjikaran hona tha jo yooro- 2 manak ki kasauti par poori tarah khare utarate. isake poorv svayan sarvochch nyayalay ne yoora-1 manak ke lie aprail 200 tatha yooro-2 ke lie aprail 2005 ki sima nirdharit ki thi.

uchchatam nyayalay ke is nirnay se bharatiy kar udyog sakate mean a gaya. us samay bharat mean bik rahi karoan mean sirph deboo ki matij, sielo v nevisaya tatha marsidij beanj hi manakoan ko poora kar rahi thian. hindustan motars aur primiyar atomobail limited ki koee bhi kar yooroan manakoan ke anuroop nahian thi. maruti ne nyayalay ke adesh ke turant bad maruti jen tatha maruti 800 ko yooro -2 ke anuroop banaya.

yoorop mean kafi pahale yoora manak lagoo kar diye gaye the. yoorop mean yoora-1 manak 1992 mean tatha yooro-2 manak janavari, 1996 mean lagoo kar diya gaya tha. yoora-1 ke manak ke anusar petrol v dijal chalit karoan se prati kimi nikalane vale karban mona aauksaid ki matra 3.6 gram se adhik nahian honi chahie jabaki yooro-2 ke anusar yah sima petrol chalit kar ke lie 2.2 gram prati kimi v dijal ke lie 10 gram prati kimi nirdharit ki gayi thi. yooro-1 manak ke anusar dijal v petrol chalit karoan ke lie haidrokarban tatha naitras aauksaid ki matra 1.19 gram prati kimi nirdharit ki gee thi jabaki yooro-2 ke anusar dijal ke lie yah matra 0.7 se 0.9 gram prati kimi tatha petrol ke lie 0.5 se 1.0 gram prati kimi nirdharit thi. avalanbit kanoan ke lie yooro manakoan ki sima 0.08 se 0.1 gram prati kimi nirdharit ki gee.

motar vahanoan se utsarjit pradooshanoan ki matra ko niyantrit karane ke lie bharat mean pahali bar 1991 mean mathur kameti gathit ki gee jisane vahanoan ke lie utsarjan ke manadand nirdharit kiye. in manadandoan ko 1992 mean lagoo kiya gaya. 1996 mean in manadandoan ki samiksha ke bad inhean samayanukool adhik sakht banaya gaya. mathur kameti ki anushansoan ke adhar par hi sarvochch nyayalay ne yooro manakoan ko lagoo karane ki tithi nirdharit ki.

haidrojan eeandhan

yoorop sarvadhik thande desh aisalaind mean bhavishy ki oorja kraanti ki nianv rakhi ja rahi he. vah desh agale 20 varsho mean jivashm eeandhan ka prayog poornataya samapt kar haidrojan par adharit arthavyastha ki sthapana karega, halaanki aisalaind ne abhi se hi jivashm eeandhan ko ghatana shuru kar diya hai. is samay vahaan mukhyatah pan bijali ka utpadan hota hai tatha imaratoan ko garm karane ke lie jvalamukhiy pattharoan se utpadit bhoo-tapiy oorja ka prayog kiya jata haian. parivahan vyavastha mean bhi petroliyam ka upayog kam kiya ja raha hai. haidrojan eeandhan ka utpadan jal anuoan ke vikhandan dvara kiye jane ki yojana hai. isase prapt haidrojan ko dravit kar eeandhan seloan mean dala jayega jo vidyut chalit basoan, trakoan, karo adi ko oorja pradan kareangean.

1839 mean bhautik vidh viliyam grov ne pramanit kiya tha ki kisi sel mean pletinam ilektrodoan ki sahayata se aauksijan aur hadadrojan ka sanyojan karake bijali ka utpadan kiya ja sakata hai. eeandhan sel mean pletinam ilektrod haidrojan se ilektran khianch leta hai tatha haidrojan ayan vidyut apaghaty dvara viparit ilektrod mean pravesh karata he. ilektranoan ko bahm paripath mean pak da jata hai tatha haidrojan evan aauksijan ayanoan ko sanyukt kar diya jata hai jisase jal or vidyut ka utpadan kiya jata hai.

eedhan sel chalit vahan n to dhvani aur n vayu pradooshan hi paida karate haian. vahan ke ekajast paip se matr jalavashp nikalati hai. isamean yah dikkat hai ki vahanoan mean haidrojan ka bhandaran atyant durooh kary haian haidrojan prapt karane ke lie mithen vikhandan kiya ja sakata he. haidrojan eedhan se bijali ghar bhi chalaye ja sakate haian.

plastik ki thailiyoan par pratibandh

bharat ke kuchh rajyoan mean p aaulithan ki thailiyoan par pratibandh par lagaya gaya he. isamean jammoo-kashmir aur himachal pradesh agrani haian. uttar pradesh sarakar ne 1 aprail 1999 se gaziyabad zile mean p aaulithan ki thailiyoan ke upayog par pratibandh laga diya. p aaulithin ki visheshata yah hai ki vah 500 sal se pahale nasht nahian hoti. sath hi yah dharati ki urvara shakti ko nasht kar deti haian.

p aaulithin mean sabase hanikarak padarth p aauli vinayal kloraid (pi.vi.si.) hai, jisake jalane par dayoksin nam ki khataranak gais nikalati hai, jo manav svasthy ke lie atyant hanikarak hai. isase pheph doan ke kaiansar se lekar mastishk ke vibhinn rog ho jate haian. rangin p aaulithin thailiyoan mean aur bhi vishaile rasayan hote haian.

rajy sarakaroan dvara uthayean gaye kadamoan ke drishtigat kendriy paryavaran evan van mantralay ne punah chakrit thailiyoan ko khady padartho ke upayog ke lie pratibandhit kar diya hai. is pratibandhatmak adhiniyam ke tahat koee bhi punah chakrit plastik se bane kairi baig ya patr ka upabhog tabhi kar sakata hai jab vah rangin n ho tatha usaki nyoonatam motaee 25 maikran se kam n ho. adhiniyam ke anusar mool plastik se bane kairi beg ki nyoonatam motaee 20 maikran se kam nahian honi chahie.

p aaulithin thailiyoan ke upayog ko kam karane ke lie sarakar iko baig ke istemal ko protsahit kar rahi haian, jisaki takanik keral sthit sentral kr aaups risarch ianstityoot ne vikasit ki hai. plastik ke nirman mean p aauli aaulephins, p aauliestar aur p aauli yoorethin jaise rasayanik yaugikoan ka prayog kiya jata hai, jo petroliyam adharit hai aur n nasht hone vale haian. duniya bhar mean prativarsh lagabhag 2.5 karo d tan plastik kachare ke roop mean ikattha ho jata hai. plastik kachare ko nasht karane ke lie vishv dvara 1994 mean meri taim p aaulyoojan triti namak samajhaute par hastakshar kiye gaye jisake antargat koee bhi plastik kachare ko samudr mean nahian dal sakata hai. paryavaran sambandhi isi samasya ko dhyan mean rakhate hue plastik p aaulithin ke nirman ki maang uth rahi hai, jisako eanjaimoan dvara nasht kiya ja sake. isake lie aise p aaulithin ka vikas kiya gaya hai, jo soory ki altra v aauyalet kiranoan ke sampark mean akar nasht ho jate haian.

alanino tatha la nina

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

alanino ek garm jaladhara hai jo prashant mahasagar mean peroo tat ke sahare pratyek 2 se 7 sal bad bahana prarambh kar deti hai. alanino ke karan vishv ki prakriti evan mausam mean asamany badalav ata hai. alanino ki samapti ke bad prashant mahasagar ke usi sthal se thande pani ki dhara pravahit hone lagati hai, jise 'la nina' kaha jata hai. alanino ki bhaanti la nina bhi prakriti evan mausam mean badalav lati hai. la nina ki utpatti poornataya alaninoan par nirbhar hai. alanino se utpann atirikt ushma ko santulit karane ke lie prakriti la nina ka sahara leti hai. pichhale 15 varsho mean tin bar alanino ke bad la nina ka sahara leti hai. pichhale 15 varsho mean tin bar alanino ke bad la lina ka prabhav vishv par p da kintu mee 1998 se lal nina ka prabhav vishvastar par drishtigochar hone laga. aee.es.o. 1400 - bharatiy manak byooro ne audyogik vikas ko paryavaran ke anukool banane aur antarrashtriy davab ka prabhavi dhang se samana karane ke lie aee.es.o - 1400 shrriankhala ke anuroop pratishthit paryavaran prabandh paddhati pramanan ko desh mean shuroo kiya hai.

lupt hota dvip samooh

bangal ki kha di mean 31 chhoti-chhoti dvipikaoan ka samooh 'sagar dvip samooh' bhoo-ksharan v any prakritik apadaoan ke karan lupt hone ke kagar par hai. 1947 tak isamean paanch b de tatha 18 chhote dvip the, lekin 1990 tak isake tin dvip luhora, supari danga aur ajugamani bangal ki kha di mean jvar-bhate ke karan poornataya vilupt ho gaye the. vartaman mean is dvip mean do b de dvip sagar v chhora mara tatha nau any chhote dvip haian. in do dvipoan ki kul janasankhya 11800 hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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