जल प्रदूषण

thumb|250px|jal pradooshan jal mean kisi bahari padarth ki upasthiti, jo jal ke svabhavik gunoan ko is prakar parivartit kar de ki jal svasthy ke lie nukasanadeh ho jae ya usaki upayogita kam ho jae jal pradooshan kahalata hai. jal pradooshan nivaran evan niyantr adhiniyam 1974 ki dhara 2 (n) ke anusar jal pradooshan ka arth - jal ka is prakar ka sankraman ya jal ke bhautik, rasayanik ya jaivik gunoan mean is prakar ka parivartan ya kisi (vyaparik) audyaugik bahiahsrav ka ya kisi taral vayu (gaisiy) ya thos vastu ka jal mean visarjan jisase upatap ho raha ho ya hone ki sambhavana ho. any shabdoan mean aise jal ko nukasanadeh tatha lok svasthy ko ya lok suraksha ko ya ghareloo, vyaparik, audyogik, krishiy ya any vaidyapoorn upayog ko ya pashu ya paudhoan ke svasthy tatha jiv-jantu ko ya jaliy jivan ko kshatigrast karean, jal pradooshan kahalata hai. jo vastuean evan padarth jal ki shuddhata evan gunoan ko nasht karate hoan, pradooshak kahalate haian.

jal

jivan ke lie svachchh jal ka hona avashyak hai. manushy ke sharir mean vajan ke anusar 60 phisadi jal hota hai. vanaspatiyoan mean bhi kafi matra mean jal paya jata hai. kisi-kisi vanaspati mean 95 pratishat tak jal hota hai. prithvi par jal prachur matra mean upalabdh hai parantu taje jal ki matra 2 se 7 pratishat tak hi hai, shesh samudroan mean khare jal ke roop mean hai. is taje jal ka tin chauthaee himanadoan tatha barphili chotiyoan ke roop mean hai. shesh ek chauthaee bhag satahi jal ke roop mean hai. prithvi par jitana jal hai usaka keval 0.3 pratishat bhag hi svachchh evan shuddh hai.

jal ki gunavatta ke manak

yah ek aisa rangahin drav hai jo haidrojan ka mono aksaid hota hai. isaka sootr H₂O hai. 4° selsiyas par isaka ghanatv adhikatam hota hai. himaank 0° selsiyas hota hai evan kvathanaank 100° selsiyas hota hai.

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peyajal ke nie nirdharit manak

vishv svasthy sangathan ne 1971 mean jo manak peyajal ke lie nirdharit kie haian ve haian -

bhautik manak

vishv svasthy sangathan ke anusar peyajal aisa hona chahie jo svachchh, shital, svadayukt tatha gandharahit ho.

rasayanik manak

vishv svasthy sangathan ke anusar peyajal ka piech man 7 se 8.5 ke madhy ho.

jal pradooshan ke srot athava karan

aprishy	uchchatam nirdharit sima (mi.gra./litar)
kul thos padarth	500
sampoorn kathorata	2
salphet	200
kloraids	200
kailshiyam	75
maignishiyam	30
jiank	5
loha	0.10
taanba	0.05
maianganij	0.05
sainaid	0.05
arsenik (vishaila padarth)	0.05
sisa	0.05
kaidamiyam	0.05
para	0.001
philonik padarth	0.001

jal pradooshan ke srotoan athava karanoan ko do vargoan mean baanta ja sakata hai -

1. prakritik srot
2. manaviy srot

prakritik srot

kabhi-kabhi bhooskhalan ke dauran khanij padarth, pe d-paudhoan ki pattiyaan jal mean milati hai. jisase jal pradooshan hota hai. isake atirikt nadiyaan, jharanoan, kuoan, talaboan ka jal jin sthanoan se bahakar ata hai ya ikaththa rahata hai, vahaan ki bhoomi mean yadi khanij ki matra hai to vah jal mean mil jati hai. vaise to isaka koee gambhir prabhav nahian hota parantu yadi jal mean isaki matra badh jati hai to nukasanadeh sabit ho sakate haian. yahi karan hai ki kisi kshetr vishesh mean ek bimari se bahut se log pi dit hote haian kyoanki us kshetr vishesh ke log ek jaise prakritik roop se pradooshit jal ka upayog karate haian. jal mean jin dhatuoan ka mishran hota hai unhean vishaile padarth kahate haian jaise - sisa, para, arsenik tatha kaidamiyam. isake atirikt jal mean beriyam, kobalt, nikil evan vainediyam jaisi vishaili dhatuean bhi alpamatra mean paee jati haian.

manaviy srot

jal pradooshan ke manaviy srot athava karan haian

1. ghareloo bahiahsrav
2. vahit mal
3. krishi bahi:srav
4. audyogik bahi:srav
5. tel pradooshan
6. tapiy pradooshan
7. rediyodharmi apashisht evan avapat
8. any karan

ghareloo bahiahsrav

jal pradooshan ka ek karan ghareloo koo da-kachara ka jal mean bahaya jana athava pheanka jana hai. ghareloo koo de-kachare se yukt bahiahsrav malin jal ke nam se bhi jana jata hai.

vahit mal

ghareloo tatha sarvajanik shauchalay se nikala mal-mootr jab nadi-naloan, talaboan athava any jal srotoan mean mil jata hai. to vah jal pradooshan ka karan ban jata hai. yah bhi dekha gaya hai ki jal sansthanoan dvara jal apoorti ke lie jo paip lainean bichhaee jati haian, ve jagah-jagah phat jati haian aur kahian-kahian sivaroan se inaka sanpark ho jata hai, aisi sthiti mean jin kshetroan mean in paip lainoan dvara pani pahuanchata hai vahaan ke nivasiyoan ko ganda jal pina p data hai, jisaki vajah se haija, antrashodh, piliya, pechis, bukhar jaisi bimariyaan ho jati haian. pradooshit jal se jalod rog hote hi haian. sath hi kuchh vayaras jany rog bhi ho sakate haian, jaise- poliyo adi.

krishi bahiahsrav

krishi bahiahsrav bhi jal pradooshan ka ek pramukh karan hai. krishi bahiahsrav tin roopoan mean ho sakata hai-

1. urvarakoan ke upayog mean nirantar vriddhi
2. kitanashak evan roganashak davaiyoan ka upayog
3. doshapoorn krishi paddhatiyoan ke karan mridaksharan

 

urvarakoan ke upayog mean nirantar vriddhi

krishi upaj badhane ke lie urvarakoan ka upayog kiya jata hai. urvarakoan ki atirikt matra varsha jal ke sath dhire-dhire nadiyoan, talaboan, jhilo evan jharanoan mean pahuanch jati hai. jisase shaival prasphutan hota hai, parinamasvaroop jal ke pradooshan mean vriddhi hoti hai.

kitanashak evan roganashak davaiyoan ka upayog

vartaman mean krishi kary mean bahut sare kitanashakoan evan pestisaids ka upayog kiya jata hai. ye avashisht padarth bahakar nadi-naloan tatha any jal srotoan mean pahuanchakar jal pradooshan ka karan banate hai. jnatavy hai ki adhikaansh kitanashakoan mean para, sankhiya, sisa, klorin, phlorin, phasphoras, arsenik jaise padarthoan ka prayog kiya ja sakata hai. isase jal pradooshan ki gambhirata ka sahaj hi anuman lagaya ja sakata hai. ek sarvekshan ke anusar anda, makkhan, phal, sabji, vanaspati tel, bakare, bhaians evan bhe d ke maans tatha machhali mean kitanashak paye gaye haian. khane-pine ki vastuoan mean inaki upasthiti se kaiansar rog ka khatara badh raha hai.

doshapoorn krishi paddhatiyoan ke karan mridaksharan

doshapoorn krishi paddhatiyoan ke karan jal mridaksharan hota hai to bahut si mitti nadiyoan, talaboan adi jal srotoan mean pahuanchakar usake tal me kich d ke roop mean baith jati hai. is prakar kich d se bhi jal pradooshan hota hai.

audyogik bahiahsrav

adhikaansh sanyantroan mean jal ka bhari matra mean upayog kiya jata hai tatha in sanyantroan se bhari matra mean apashisht padarth bhi bahiahsrav ke roop mean nikalate haian. sanyantroan mean jal ki avashyakata ke karan hi udyogoan ko nadiyoan evan jalashayoan ke kinare sthapit kiya jata raha hai. isase n keval udyogoan ke lie jal ki apoorti asani se hoti thi varanh apashisht padarthoan ko jalashayoan mean bahane mean bhi asani hoti thi. apashisht audyaugik padarthoan mean anek prakar ke dhatvik tatv, lavan, kshar, vasa, tail adi rasayanik tatv vidyaman rahate hai, jinako jalashayoan mean bahane se jal pradooshan ki gambhir samasya utpann ho jati hai. cham de ke karakhanoan, sharab banane ke karakhanoan, chini ke karakhanoan, kagaj evan lugdi ke karakhanoan, urvarakoan ke karakhanoan, kitanashi udyogoan tatha khady sanskaran udyogoan adi dvara bhari matra me apashisht padarth jal srotoan yatha nadiyoan evan jalashayoan mean bahaye jate haian, jisase atyadhik jal pradooshan utpann hota hai. minimata ki ghatana ne sabit kar diya ki pare se bhi jal pradooshan hota hai. thumb|300px|left|jal pradooshan

tel pradooshan

tel se bhi jal pradooshan hota hai. yah pradooshan samanyatah tab hota hai jab udyogoan se tailiy padarth jal mean chho de jate haian. tel pradooshan nadiyoan ki apeksha samudr mean adhik hota hai. samudr mean tel pradooshan adhik hone ke karan haian - tel vahak jalayanoan par tel ka chadhaya jata hai athava utara jana tatha tel vahak jahaj ka durghatanagrast ho jana. isake alava jalayanoan dvara avashisht tel ko samudr mean hi chho d diye jane tatha samudr ke kinare sthit tel ke kuean mean likej ho jane se bhi tel pradooshan ki ghatana ko badhava milata hai.

tapiy pradooshan

riyektaroan ke atitapan ko kam karane ke lie jal ka prayog kiya jata hai aur use punah jal srot me chho d diya jata hai, jisase jal ke tap mean hanikarak vriddhi ho jati hai. ise tapiy pradooshan kahate hai. yah pradooshan mukhyatah riektaroan, vashp ya paramanu chalit sanyantroan dvara hota hai. isake atirikt samudr mean kie jane vale paramanu visphot sambandhi parikshanoan ke aantarikshayanoan ke samudr mean utarane ke karan bhi yah pradooshan hota hai.

rediyodharmi apashisht evan avapat

vikasit evan kuchh vikasashil deshoan dvara vibhinn uddeshyoan ke lie paramanu parikshan kie ja rahe haian. parikshan ke dauran asankhy chhote-chhote rediyodharmi kan vayumandal mean door-door tak phail jate haian aur ye kan dhire-dhire zamin par girate haian. ise avapat kahate haian. ye rediyodharmi avapat prithvi par girakar antatah jalasrotoan me pahuanch jate haian. is prakar ke dooshit jal ka upayog manav dvara karane par rediyodharmi padarth sharir ke vibhinn aangoan mean jama hokar hanikarak prabhav dikhate he. rediyodharmi avapat mean str aaunshiyam-90 vidyaman rahata hai. jo doodh ke madhyam se navajaj shishuoan me pahuanchakar unamean vikriti paida kar deta hai. jab koee gay avapat se pradooshit kshetr mean charati hai to straanshiyam-90 gay ke sharir mean pahuanchakar kailshiyam ke sath usaki haddiyoan tatha doodh mean sanchit ho jata hai aur jab og aisi gay ke doodh ko pite haian to vah unake sharir me pahuanch jata hai. straanshiyam-90 ke atirikt sisiyam-137, siriyam-144, rediyo ayodin-131, ayaran-59, kobalt-60 tatha jiank-65 jaise any rediyodharmi padarth bhi manav ke sharir mean pahuanch jate haian, jinaka prabhav nishchit roop se hanikarak hota hai.

pradooshan ke any karan

jal pradooshan ke any karanoan mean mrit, jale, adhajale shavoan ko bahana, asthi visarjan karana, sabun lagakar nahana evan kap de dhona, nadiyoan ke kinare malamootr ka tyag karana tatha dharmik andhavishvas adi shamil haian.

jalapradooshan ka prabhav

jal mean vidyaman rogakarak tatha unase hone vale rog rog rogakarak poliyo, piliya, gaistroiantaraitis vishanu dayariya jivanu haija vivriyok aauleri miyadi bukhar (tayaphaid) salamonera tayaphi laiptophairosis laiptospaira spisij sijaila pechis entamiba histolitika krimivarm, hukavarm, chunachuna tatha ikainokakas krimi am vat, jiyordiyosis ek koshiy jiv amiba adi svasthy ko hani pahuanchane vale jal mean vidyaman padarth khanij padarth para, taanba, sisa, kaidamiyam, seliniyam, beriyam, naitraids, phloraids evan salphaids any padarth ditarajeant, jvalanashil padarth adi rasayanik avayav tatha svasthy par unaka prabhav avayav srot / karan uchchatam sima migra/litar prabhav arsenik audyogik pradooshan 0.05 kaiansar ka karan sisa audyogik apashisht 0.05 ootakoan mean ekatr hokar sise ki vishakt ka prabhav sayanaid vidhut lepan apashisht 0.01 jaiv kriyaoan par prabhav beriyam karbonet ke roop mean tatha lavaniy jal mean 1.00 hriday, na di tatha rudhir vahika ke lie ghatak kromiyam audyogik apashisht 0.05 kaiansar ka karan chaandi audyogik pradooshan 0.05 arjiya rog jisase aankhoan evan tvacha ka rang nila ya sleti ho jata hai. soloniyam audyogik pradooshan 0.01 dant kshay evan kaiansar kaiansar ka karan kaidamiyam vidyut lepan apashisht 0.01 vrikk ki dhamaniyoan ke lie ghatak

jal pradooshan ka prabhav bahut hi hanikarak hota hai. isase manav to buri tarah prabhavit hota hi hai, jaliy jiv jantu, jaliy padap tatha pashu pakshi bhi prabhavit hote haian.

jaliy jiv-jantuoan par prabhav

jaliy jiv-jantuoan par pradooshit jal ka bahut bura prabhav p data hai. jal pradooshan se jal mean kaee ki adhikata ho jati hai tatha aauksijan ki kami ho jati hai. ek sarvekshan ke anusar ek litar mean aauksijan ki matra is samay 0.1 ghan semi rah gee hai jabaki 1940 mean yah 2.5 ghan semi thi. jal pradooshan se prabhavit hone vale jantuoan mean machhaliyaan pramukh haian. lakhanoo ki gomati nadi mean karakhanoan dvara chho de ge pradooshit jal se nadi ka jal itana vishakt ho gaya tha ki jal ke oopar mari huee machhaliyaan utarati dikhaee deti thian.

jaliy padapoan par prabhav

jal pradooshan se jaliy padap bhi buri tarah prabhavit hote haian. pradooshit jal mean shaival tezise prasphutit hone lagata hai aur kuchh vishesh prakar ke paudhoan ko chho dakar shesh nasht ho jate haian. pradooshit jal mean nasht n hone vale paudhe haian - nile harit shaival aur daets adi.

pradooshit jal mean kaee ki adhikata hone se soory ka prakash gaharaee tak nahian pahuanch pata jisase jaliy paudhoan ki prakash sanshleshan kriya aur unaki vriddhi prabhavit hoti hai. pradooshit jal mean pradooshakoan ke karan kuchh jaliy kharapatavar jaise - jaliy pharn evan jaliy haeesianth ki vriddhi ho jati hai mal-yukt jal mean kavak, shaival, baiktiriya adi tezise badhana shuroo ho jate haian. unhean mal kavak kahate haian, jo jal ki satah par bhoore, lal ya pile rang ke pindoan ke roop mean phaile rahate haian.

pashu-pakshiyoan par prabhav

pradooshit jal ko pine se pashu-pakshiyoan ko tarah-tarah ki bimariyaan ho jati haian.

manav par prabhav

pradooshit jal ka sabase bhayankar prabhav manav svasthy par p data hai. vishv svasthy sangathan ke anusar- sampoorn vishv me prativarsh ek karo d pachas lakh vyakti pradooshit jal ke karan mrityu ke shikar ho jate haian tatha paanch lakh bachche mar jate haian. bharat mean prati lakh lagabhag 360 vyaktioan ki mrityu ho jati hai aur aspataloan mean bharti hone vale ragiyoan mean se 50 phasadi rogi aise hote hai jinake rog ka karan pradooshit jal hota hai. avikasit deshoan ki sthiti aur bhi buri hai. yahaan 80 pratishat rogoan ki j d pradooshit jal hai.

ek anuman ke anusar bharat ke 34000 gaanvoan ke lagabhag 2.5 karo d vyakti haije se pidi़t haian. rajasthan ke adivasi gaanvoan ke ek lakh navve hajar log gande talaboan ka pani pine ke karan 'nas' namak bimari se pidi़t hai. jnatavy hai ki pradooshit jal mean anek prakar ke rogakarak jivanu hote haian jinase anek prakar ki bimariyaan phailati haian vaijnanikoan ke anusar bharat mean sarvadhik rog mal dvara pradooshit pey jal se hota hai. pradooshit jal se poliyo, haija, pechis, piliya, miyadi bukhar, vayaral phivar adi bimariyaan phailati haian.

jal pradooshan ke kuchh any prabhav

jal pradooshan ke kuchh any prabhav nimnalikhit haian-

peyajal ka aruchikar tatha durgandhayukt hona

jal mean vidyaman sookshm jivoan evan vibhinn padarthoan ke karan peyajal ka svad aruchikar ho jata hai. isamean karbanik apashisht padarthoan ke s dane se haidrojan salphaid tatha amoniya adi gaisoan ki utpatti hoti hai, jisase jal durgandhayukt ho jata hai.

sagaroan ki kshamata me kami

jal pradooshan ke karan sagaroan ki machhali tatha padap utpann karane ki kshamata me kami a jati hai. pichhale 20 varshoan me isame 30 pratishat se 40 pratishat ki kami ayi hai.

udyogoan ki kshamata mean kami

jal ke pradooshit hone ke karan audyogik ikaiyo ki karyakshamata prabhavit hoti hai. kanapur ki cham da ikaiyoan se ganga ka jal to pradooshit hua hi hai, kintu is pradooshit jal se cham da udyog bhi prabhavit hua hai.  

jal pradooshan rokane ke upay

thumb|250px|jal pradooshan

1. jal srotoan ke pas gandagi phailane, sabun lagakar nahane tatha kap de dhone par pratibandh lagaya jana chahie.
2. pashuoan ko jal mean nahalane se roganuoan ke jal me phailane ki sambhavana rahati hai isalie pashuoan ko nadiyoan, talaboan adi me nahalane par pratibandh lagaya jana chahie.
3. sabhi prakar ke apashishtoan tatha apashisht yukt bahiahsravoan ko nadiyoan talaboan tatha any jalasrotoan me bahane par pratibandh lagaya jana chahie. karakhanoan ke lie yah anivary kar diya jana chahie ki ve audyogik bahiahsrav ya apashisht ko bina samuchit upachar kiye jalasroto mean n bahayean. naye karakhano ko laisens dene se poorv yah sunishchit kar liya jay ki jis karakhane ko laisens diya ja raha hai usamean bahiahsrav ke samuchit upachar ke lie sanyantr laga hai athava nahian. yadi samuchit upachar ke lie sanyantr n laga ho to aise karakhano ko laisens nahian diya jana chahie.
4. nadiyo me shavo, adhajale shavo, rakh tatha adhajali lak di ke bahane par pratibandh lagaya jana chahie tatha nadi ghatoan par vidyut shavadah griho ka nirman kar usake upayog ko protsahit kiya jae.
5. urvarakoan tatha kitanashakoan ka upayog avashyakata anusar hi kiya jay. di.di.ti. taki isi prakar sthayi prakriti ke kit nashako ke upayog par pratibandh lagaya jay.
6. pradooshit jal ko prakritik jal srotoan mean girane se poorv usamean shaival ki kuchh jatiyoan evan jalakumbhi ke paudhoan ko ugakar pradooshit jal ko shuddh kar liya jay.
7. aisi machhaliyoan ko jalashayo me chho da jana chahie jo machchharoan ke ande, larava evan jaliy kharapatavar kar ksharan karati hai.
8. kachhuoan ko nadiyo evan jalashayo me chho da jana chahie. isake atirikt pradooshan rokane ke lie rediyo, telivijan adi sanchar madhyamo se jagriti utpann karani chahie.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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