पंचशील समझौता
panchashil samajhauta (aangrezi: Panchsheel Treaty or Panchsheel Agreement) 29 aprail, 1954 ko bharat aur chin ke bich hua tha. ajadi ke bad se hi chin, bharat ki videsh niti ka mahattvapoorn hissa mana jata raha hai. bharat aur chin ke bich lagabhag 3,500 ki.mi. ki sima rekha hai. sima ko lekar donoan deshoan ke bich kee matabhed haian, jisake chalate bich-bich mean donoan deshoan mean tanav paida ho jata hai. bharat-chin ke bich jab bhi tanav paida hota to panchashil siddhaant ki bat jaroor ati hai.
itihas
bharat 1947 mean ajad hua aur usake thik do sal bad chin 'pipals ripablik aauf chaina' ke nam se ek samyavadi desh bana. donoan deshoan ka maujooda safar ek sath hi shuroo hua. chin ne 1950 mean ek b di ghatana ko aanjam diya. chin ne bharat aur usake bich alag ajad mulk tibbat par hamala kar diya aur dekhate-hi-dekhate us par kabza kar liya. chin ne tibbat ko apana ek rajy ghoshit kar diya. tibbat ke bharat aur chin mean hone ke karan donoan deshoan mean hamesha phasala raha tha. chin ke is kabje ne us phasale ko hamesha ke lie khatm kar diya aur ab tak jo sharahad sirph kashmir ke ek chhote se hisse tak hi simit thi, vah badhakar aj ke uttarakhand se lekar bharat ke uttar-poorv tak fail gee thi.
saf tha ki tibbat par chin ke kabje ka asar sabase jyada bharat par p dane vala tha. tibbat par chin ke kabje ne bharat ke suraksha ke lie ne saval kh de kar die. javaharalal neharoo ne is par bayan diya ki chin ke sath hamean apani dosti mean hi suraksha dhooandhani chahie. pradhanamantri neharoo tibbat par chin ke kabje ke bad bhi sima ka mamala uthane ke lie taiyar nahian the. pradhanamantri ki yah soch thi ki jab tak chin apani taraph se sima ka mamala nahian uthata, isake bare mean kisi bhi star par batachit ki jarurat nahian hai. grihamantri vallabhabhaee patel ne chin ke mamale par 1950 mean ek chitthi pradhanamantri neharoo ji ko likhi thi. unhoanne likha tha ki- "chin ne hamare desh ke sath dhokha aur vishvasaghat kiya hai. chin asam ke kuchh hissoan par bhi nazar g dae hue hai. samasya ka tatkal samadhan karean."
sima rekha
tab ke nepha (NEFA- North-East Frontier Agency) aur aj ke arunachal pradesh ki sima jo chin se lagati hai, use maikamohan rekha kahate haian, jise shimala mean british iandiya, tibbat aur chin ne 1914 mean milakar tay kiya tha. chin ki sarakar ise jabaran taiyar ki gee sima rekha manati thi. bharat ke svatantrata ke bad is sima ko lekar chin ne chuppi sadhi huee thi. 1952 mean bharat aur chin ke bich is mamale ko lekar mitiang huee, jisamean bharat janana chahata tha ki akhir chin ke man mean chal kya raha hai? bharat ne chin ki chuppi ko chin ki sahamati samajha. bharat samajhane laga ki maikamohan rekha ke vishay mean chin ko koee dikkat nahian hai. par bat yahian nahian ruki.
samajhauta
29 aprail, 1954 ko bharat ne us sandhi par dastakhat kar diya, jise panchashil samajhauta kaha jata hai. isamean shanti ke sath-sath rahane aur dostana sambandh ki bat kahi gee thi. panchashil shabd aitihasik bauddh abhilekhoan se liya gaya hai. bauddh abhilekhoan mean bhikshuoan ke vyavahar ko nirdharit karane ke lie panchashil niyam milate haian. bauddh abhilekhoan se hi bharat ke pratham pradhanamantri neharoo ne panchashil shabd ko chuna tha. 31 disanbar, 1953 aur 29 aprॅl, 1954 ko huee baithak ke bad bharat-chin ne is samajhaute par hastakshar kie. samajhaute ke prastavana mean in paanch batoan ka ullekh kiya gaya tha-
- ek doosare ki akhandata aur sanprubhata ka samman
- ek doosare par akraman n karana
- ek doosare ke aantarik mamaloan mean hastakshep nahian karana
- saman aur paraspar labhakari sambandh
- shaantipoorn sah-astitv
is samajhaute ke tahat bharat ne tibbat ko chin ka ek kshetr svikar kar liya. is tarah us samay is sandhi ne bharat aur chin ke sanbandhoan ke tanav ko kafi had tak door kar diya tha. bharat ko 1904 ki aianglo tibatan sandhi ke tahat tibbat ke sanbandh mean jo adhikar mile the, bharat ne ve sare is sandhi ke bad chho d die, halaanki bad mean ye bhi saval uthe ki isake evaj mean bharat ne sima sanbandhi sare vivad nipata kyoan nahian lie. magar isake pichhe bhi bharat ki mitrata ki bhavana mani jati hai ki usane chin ke shaanti aur mitrata ke vayade ko man liya aur nishchiant ho gaya.
pandit neharoo ne aprail 1954 mean sansad mean is sandhi ka bachav karate hue kaha tha, "ye vahaan ke maujooda halat ko sirf ek pahachan dene jaisa hai. aitihasik aur vyavaharik karanoan se ye qadam uthaya gaya." unhoanne kshetr mean shaanti ko sabase zyada ahamiyat di aur chin mean ek vishvasaniy dost dekha. isake bad bhi jab bharat aur chin sanbandhoan ki bat hoti hai, tab is siddhaant ka ullekh zaroor hota hai. is sandhi ko bhale hi 1962 mean zabaradast chot pahuanchi ho, lekin aantararashtriy sanbandhoan mean isaka amar dishanirdeshak siddhaant hamesha jagamagata rahega.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
bahari k diyaan
- bharat-chin rishtoan ka adhar panchashil
- panchashil samajhauta kya hai?
- chin ne bharat ko yad dilaya neharoo ka 'panchashil samajhauta'