सरस्वती नदी

sarasvati nadi
sarasvati nadi|200px|center
desh	bharat, pakistan
rajy	himachal pradesh, hariyana, rajasthan, panjab
udgam sthal	uttaraanchal mean roopan nam ke himanad se
sahayak nadiyaan	yamuna, sataluj v ghagghar
pauranik ullekh	rrigved ke nadi sookt mean sarasvati ka ullekh hai, 'iman mean gange yamune sarasvati shutudri stoman sachata parushnya asiknya maroodvadhe vitastayarjikiye shrrinuhya sushomaya'
dharmik mahattv	prayag ke nikat ganga-yamuna sangam mean milane vali ek nadi jisaka rang lal mana jata tha.
any janakari	valmiki ramayan mean bharat ke kekay desh se ayodhya ane ke prasang mean sarasvati aur ganga ko par karane ka varnan hai- 'sarasvatian ch ganga ch yugmen pratipady ch, uttaranh viramatsyanaan bharundan pravishadvanamh'

chitr:Disamb2.jpg sarasvati

ek bahuvikalpi shabd hai any arthoan ke lie dekhean:- sarasvati (bahuvikalpi)

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sarasvati nadi pauranik hindoo dharm granthoan tatha rrigved mean varnit mukhy nadiyoan mean se ek hai. rrigved ke nadi sookt mean sarasvati ka ullekh hai, 'iman mean gange yamune sarasvati shutudri stoman sachata parushnya asiknya maroodvadhe vitastayarjikiye shrrinuhya sushomaya' ved puranoan mean ganga aur siandhu se jyada mahattv sarasvati nadi ko diya gaya hai. isaka udgam bala zila ke simavarti kshetr sirapur ki shivalik paha diyoan mean mana jata hai. vahaan se bahati huee yah jaladhara patiyala mean vinashan namak sthan mean baloo mean lupt ho jati hai.

namakaran

‘saras’ yani jisamean jal ho tatha ‘vati’ yani vali arthat jalavali; is arth mean isaka namakaran hua hai. isaka aant aprakat hone ke karan ise aant:salila ki sanjna di gee hai.

bhaugolik sanrachana

maidani kshetr mean isaka pravesh adi badri ke pas hota hai. bhavanipur aur balachhapar se gujarati huee yah baloo mean lupt ho jati hai, phir tho di door par karanal se bahati hai. ghaghara nadi jisaka udh-gam bhi isi kshetr se hai, 175 kimi ki doori par jakar rasoola ke nikat isase mil jati hai. yah bikaner ke pahale hanumanagadh ke pas balukamay rashi mean lupt ho jati hai. ab bhi bikaner se qarib das kimi door retile ilake ko sarasvati kahakar pukarate haian.

pauranik sandarbh

ved aur puranoan mean sarasvati ka varnan nadi ke roop mean nahian, balki vani tatha vidya ki devi ke roop mean hua hai. skandapuran aur mahabharat mean isaka vivaran b di shraddha-bhakti se kiya gaya hai. inake anusar sarasvati nadi himalay se nikalakar kurukshetr, virat, pushkar, siddhapur, prabhas adi ilakoan se hoti huee gujarat ke kachchh ke raste se sagar mean milati thi. prayag mean ganga aur yamuna se sarasvati ka sangam hua. kee bhoo-vijnani manate haian, aur rrigved mean bhi kaha gaya hai, ki hazaroan sal pahale sataluj (jo sindhu nadi ki sahayak nadi hai) aur yamuna (jo ganga ki sahayak nadi hai) ke bich ek vishal nadi thi jo himalay se lekar arab sagar tak bahati thi. aj ye bhoogarbhi badalav ke karan sookh gayi hai. rrigved mean, vaidik kal mean is nadi sarasvati ko 'naditama' ki upadhi di gayi hai. us sabhyata mean sarasvati hi sabase b di aur mukhy nadi thi, ganga nahian. sarasvati nadi hariyana, panjab v rajasthan se hokar bahati thi aur kachchh ke ran mean jakar arab sagar mean milati thi. tab sarasvati ke kinare basa rajasthan bhi harabhara tha. us samay yamuna, sataluj v ghagghar isaki pramukh sahayak nadiyaan thian. bad mean sataluj v yamuna ne bhoogarbhiy halachaloan ke karan apana marg badal liya aur sarasvati se door ho geean. himalay ki paha diyoan mean prachin kal se hibhoogarbhiy gatividhiyaan chalati rahi haian.

sanbhavatah aisi hi kisi halachal ke karan sarasvati ka prakritik marg avaruddh hua aur vah marg badalakar bahane lagi. badale marg par ise himalay se jal nahian mila aur yah varsha jal se bahane vali nadi banakar rah gee. dhire-dhire rajasthan kshetr mean mausam garm hota gaya aur varsha jal bhi n milane ke karan sarasvati nadi sookhakar vilupt ho gee. ke es valdiya ki pustak 'sarasvati, d rivar dait disepiyard' aur bi pi radhakrishnaa v es es medha ki pustak 'vaidik sarasvati' mean kaha gaya hai ki manasarovar se nikalane vali sarasvati himalay ko par karate hue hariyana, rajasthan ke raste kachchh pahuanchati thi.

vaijnanik praman evan puratatvik tathy

1996 mean 'indas-sarasvati sivilaijeshan' nam se jab ek pustak prakash mean ayi to vaidik sabhyata, h dappa sabhyata aur aryoan ke bare mean ek naya drishtikon samane aya. is pustak ke lekhak suprasiddh puratatvavidh d aau. svarajy prakash gupt ne pahali bar h dappa sabhyata ko sindhu-sarasvati sabhyata nam diya aur aryoan ko bharat ka mool nivasi siddh kiya. unaka yah shodh ab ek b di pariyojana 'sindhu-sarasvati pariyojana' ke roop mean samane ane vala hai. bharatiy puratatv parishadh ke adhyaksh d aau. svarajy prakash gupt 'etalas aph iandas-sarasvati sivilaijeshan' jaise b de prakalp par kary kar rahe haian. apane is prakalp ko poornataya vaijnanik aur pramanik adhar par duniya ke samane lane ke lie unhoanne bharatiy aantariksh anusandhan sansthan (bangalaur), phijikal risarch leboretari (ahamadabad), bhoogarbh sarvekshan vibhag (bharat sarakar) sahit desh ke anek agrani sansthanoan aur vaijnanikoan ko is prakalp ke sath jo da. isase poorv d aau. gupt ki anek mahattvapoorn pustakean prakashit ho chuki haian, jinamean pramukh haian-'dispojal aph d ded eand phijikal taips in eanshiyant iandiya', 'toorijm,myoojiyams eand monyoomeants', 'd roots aph iandiyan art'. shighr hi 'ailimeants aph iandiyan art' aur 'kalcharal toorijm in iandiya' shirshak se prakashit hone vali inaki do pustakoan mean prachin bharatiy kala aur sanskriti ki vistrit janakari sapraman shamil hai. sarasvati ek vishal nadi thi. paha doan ko to dati huee nikalati thi aur maidanoan se hoti huee samudr mean jakar vilin ho jati thi. isaka varnan rrigved mean bar-bar ata hai. kee mandaloan mean isaka varnan hai. rrigved vaidik kal mean isamean hamesha jal rahata tha. sarasvati aj ki ganga ki tarah us samay ki vishal nadiyoan mean se ek thi. uttar vaidik kal aur mahabharat kal mean yah nadi bahut kuchh sookh chuki thi. rrishi yahaan tak kahate haian ki ab to usamean machhali bhi jivit nahian rah sakati. tab sarasvati nadi mean pani bahut kam tha. lekin barasat ke mausam mean isamean pani a jata tha. to rrigvaidik kal, uttar vaidik kal aur mahabharat kal mean praman milate haian ki ek nadi, jo sadanira thi, dhire-dhire vilupt ho gee.

sindhu-sarasvati sabhyata ki khoj mean jute visheshajn

1. d aau. ke. kastoori rangan (adhyaksh, bharatiy aantariksh anusandhan sangathan, bangalaur)
2. pro. yashapal (poorv adhyaksh, vishvavidyalay anudan ayog, nee dilli)
3. d aau. ashok sianghavi (phijikal risarch leboretari, ahamadabad)
4. d aau. svarajy prakash gupt (bharatiy puratatv parishadh, nee dilli)
5. d aau. es.ke. tandan (bhoogarbh vijnan vibhag, dilli vishvavidyalay, nee dilli)
6. d aau. es. kalyan raman (sarasvati-sindhu shodh kendr, chennee)
7. vijay mohan kumar puri (himanad visheshajn, poorv nideshak,bharatiy bhoogarbh sarvekshan vibhag, lakhanoo)
8. pro. ke.es. valdiya (javahar lal neharoo edavaansd seantar phar risarch, bangalaur)
9. d aau. es.em.rav (bhabha paramanu anusandhan kendr, mumbee)
10. je.ar. sharma, d aau. e.ke. gupta, shri es. shrinivasan (door sanvedi seva kendr, jodhapur, bharatiy aantariksh anusandhan)

sarasvati ka udgam

yah uttaraanchal mean roopan nam ke himanad (gleshiyar) se nikali. roopan gleshiyar ko ab sarasvati gleshiyar bhi kaha jane laga hai. naitavar mean akar yah himanad jal mean parivartit ho jata tha, phir jaladhar ke roop mean adi badri tak sarasvati bahakar ati thi aur age chali jati thi. mahabharat mean mile varnan ke anusar sarasvati hariyana mean yamuna nagar se tho da oopar aur shivalik paha diyoan se tho da sa niche adi badri namak sthan se nikalati thi. aj bhi log is sthan ko tirthasthal ke roop mean manate haian aur vahaan jate haian. kintu aj adi badri namak sthan se bahane vali nadi bahut door tak nahian jati ek patali dhara ki tarah jagah-jagah dikhaee dene vali is nadi ko log sarasvati kah dete haian. vaidik aur mahabharat kalin varnan ke anusar isi nadi ke kinare brahmavart tha, kurukshetr tha, lekin aj vahaan jalashay haian. ab prashn uthata hai ki ye jalashay kya haian, kyoan haian? un jalashayoan mean bhi pani nahian hai. is pariprekshy mean dekha jae to kisi nadi ke sookhane ki prakriya ek din mean to hoti nahian, yah koee ghatana nahian ek prakriya hai, jisamean saik doan varsh lagate haian. jab nadi sookhati hai to jahaan-jahaan pani gahara hota hai, vahaan-vahaan talab ya jhilean rah jati haian. ye talab aur jhilean arddh-chandrakar shakl mean payi jati haian. aj bhi kurukshetr mean brahmasarovar ya pehava mean is prakar ke arddh-chandrakar sarovar dekhane ko milate haian, lekin ye bhi sookh ge haian. lekin ye sarovar praman haian ki us sthan par kabhi koee vishal nadi bahati thi aur usake sookhane ke bad vahaan vishal jhilean ban gayian. yadi vahaan se nadi nahian bahati thi to itani b di jhilean vahaan kaise hotian? in jhiloan ki sthiti yahi darshati hai ki kisi samay yahaan vishal nadi bahati thi.

sarasvati ke vilupt hone ke karan

tamam vaijnanik aur bhoogarbhiy khojoan se pata chala hai ki kisi samay is kshetr mean bhishan bhookamp ae, jisake karan jamin ke niche ke paha d oopar uth ge aur sarasvati nadi ka jal pichhe ki or chala gaya. vaidik kal mean ek aur nadi ka zikr ata hai, vah nadi thi drishadvati. yah sarasvati ki sahayak nadi thi. yah bhi hariyana se hokar bahati thi. kalaantar mean jab bhishan bhookamp ae aur hariyana tatha rajasthan ki dharati ke niche paha d oopar uthe, to nadiyoan ke bahav ki disha badal gee aur drishadvati nadi, jo sarasvati nadi ki sahayak nadi thi, uttar aur poorv ki or bahane lagi. isi drishadvati ko ab yamuna kaha jata hai, isaka itihas 4,000 varsh poorv mana jata hai. yamuna pahale chambal ki sahayak nadi thi. bahut bad mean yah ilahabad mean ganga se jakar mili. yahi vah kal tha jab sarasvati ka jal bhi yamuna mean mil gaya. rrigved kal mean sarasvati samudr mean girati thi. prayag mean sarasvati kabhi nahian pahuanchi. bhoochal ane ke karan jab jamin oopar uthi to sarasvati ka pani yamuna mean gir gaya. isalie yamuna mean yamuna ke sath sarasvati ka jal bhi pravahit hone laga. sirph isilie prayag mean tin nadiyoan ka sangam mana gaya jabaki yatharth mean vahaan tin nadiyoan ka sangam nahian hai. vahaan keval do nadiyaan haian. sarasvati kabhi bhi ilahabad tak nahian pahuanchi.

sarasvati ka mahattv

• vaidik kal mean sarasvati ki b di mahima thi aur ise param pavitr nadi mana jata tha. rrigved ke nadi sookt mean sarasvati ka ullekh hai, 'iman mean gange yamune sarasvati shutudri stoman sachata parushnya asiknya maroodvadhe vitastayarjikiye shrrinuhya sushomaya' sarasvati rrigved mean keval 'nadi devata' ke roop mean varnit hai (isaki vandana tin sampoorn tatha anek prakirn mantroan mean ki gee hai), kiantu brahman grathoan mean ise vani ki devi ya vachh ke roop mean dekha gaya aur uttar vaidik kal mean sarasvati ko mukhyat:, vani ke atirikt buddhi ya vidya ki adhishthatri devi bhi mana gaya hai aur brahma ki patni ke roop mean isaki vandana ke git gaye ge hai.

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• rrigved mean sarasvati ko ek vishal nadi ke roop mean varnit kiya gaya hai aur isilie rath adi manishiyoan ka vichar tha ki rrigved mean sarasvati vastut: moolaroop mean siandhu ka hi abhidhan hai. kiantu mekadaneld ke anusar sarasvati rrigved mean kee sthanoan par satalaj aur yamuna ke bich ki chhoti nadi hi ke roop mean varnit hai. sarasvati aur drishadvati paravarti kal mean brahmavart ki poorvi sima ki nadiyaan kahi gee haian. yah chhoti-si nadi ab rajasthan ke maroosthal mean pahuanchakar shushk ho jati hai, kiantu panjab ki nadiyoan ke prachin marg ke adhyayan se kuchh bhoogolavidoan ka vichar hai ki sarasvati poorvakal mean sataluj ki sahayak nadi avashy rahi hogi aur is prakar vaidik kal mean yah samudragamini nadi thi. yah bhi sanbhav hai ki kalaantar mean yah nadi dakshin ki or pravahit hone lagi aur rajasthan hoti huee kachchh ki kha di mean girane lagi. rajasthan tatha gujarat ki yah nadi aj bhi kee sthanoan par dikhaee p dati hai. siddhapur isake tat par hai. sanbhav hai ki kurukshetr ka sannihit tal aur rajasthan ka prasiddhatal pushkar isi nadi ke chho de hue sarovar haian. yah nadi kee sthanoan par lupt ho gee hai.
• hapakians ka mat hai ki rrigved ka adhikaansh bhag sarasvati ke tatavarti pradesh mean (aanbala ke dakshin ka bhoobhag) rachit hua tha. shayad yahi karan hai ki sarasvati nadi vaidik kal mean itani pavitr samajhi jati thi aur paravarti kal mean to isako vidya, briddhi tatha vani ki devi ke roop mean mana gaya. mekadanald ka mat hai ki yajurved tatha usake brahman granth sarasvati aur yamuna ke bich ke pradesh mean jise kurukshetr bhi kahate the rache gaye the. samaved ke panchaviansh brahman (praudh ya taandy brahman) mean sarasvati aur drishadvati nadiyoan ke tat par kie ge yajnoan ka savistar varnan hai jisase brahman kal mean sarasvati ke pradesh ki punyabhoomi ke roop mean manyata siddh hoti hai. shatapath brahman mean videgh (videh) ke raja mathav ka mool sthan sarasvati nadi ke tat par bataya gaya hai aur kalaantar mean vaidik sabhyata ka poorv ki or prasar hone ke sath hi mathav ke videh (bihar) mean jakar basane ka varnan hai. is katha se bhi sarasvati ka tatavarti pradesh vaidik kal ki sabhyata ka mool keandr pramanit hota hai.

ramayan mean sarasvati

valmiki ramayan mean bharat ke kekay desh se ayodhya ane ke prasang mean sarasvati aur ganga ko par karane ka varnan hai- 'sarasvatian ch ganga ch yugmen pratipady ch, uttaranh viramatsyanaan bharundan pravishadvanamh' sarasvati nadi ke tatavarti sabhi tirthoan ka varnan mahabharat mean shalyaparv ke 35 vean se 54 vean adhyay tak savistar diya gaya hai. in sthanoan ki yatra balaram ne ki thi. jis sthan par maroobhoomi mean sarasvati lupt ho gee thi, use 'vinashan' kahate the. is ullekh mean sarasvati ke lupt hone ke sthan ke pas abhiroan ka ullekh hai.

• yoonani lekhakoan ne alaksheandr ke samay inaka rajy sakkhar rori (siandh, pakistan) mean likha hai. is sthan par prachin aitihasik smriti ke adhar par sarasvati ko aantarhit bhav se bahati mana jata tha, 'tato vinashanan gachchhenniyato niyatashan: gachchhatyantarhita yatr merooprishthe sarasvati. mahabharat kal mean tatkalin vicharoan ke adhar par yah kianvadanti prasiddh thi ki prachin pavitr nadi (sarasvati) vinashan pahuanchakar nishad namak vijatiyoan ke sparsh-dosh se bachane ke lie prithvi mean pravesh kar gee thi.
• siddhapur (gujarat) sarasvati nadi ke tat par basa hua hai. pas hi biandusar namak sarovar hai jo mahabharat ka vinashan ho sakata hai. yah sarasvati mukhy sarasvati hi ki dhara jan p dati hai. yah kachchh mean girati hai kiantu marg mean kee sthanoan par lupt ho jati hai. 'sarasvati' ka arth hai sarovaroan vali nadi jo isake chho de hue sarovaroan se siddh hota hai. mahabharat mean anek sthanoan par sarasvati ka ullekh hai. shrimadh bhagavat mean yamuna tatha drishadvati ke sath sarasvati ka ullekh hai. meghadoot mean kalidas ne sarasvati ka brahmavart ke aantargat varnan kiya h. sarasvati ka nam kalaantar mean itana prasiddh hua ki bharat ki anek nadiyoan ko isi ke nam par sarasvati kaha jane laga. parasiyoan ke dharmagranth jeandavesta mean sarasvati ka nam harahavati milata hai.
• prayag ke nikat ganga-yamuna sangam mean milane vali ek nadi jisaka rang lal mana jata tha. is nadi ka koee ullekh madhy kal ke poorv nahian milata aur triveni ki kalpana kafi bad ki jan p dati hai. jis prakar panjab ki prasiddh sarasvati maroobhoomi mean lupt ho gee thi usi prakar prayag ki sarasvati ke vishay mean bhi kalpana kar li gee ki vah bhi prayag mean aantarhit bhav se bahati hai. ganga-yamuna ke sangam ke sanbandh mean keval inhian do nadiyoan ke sangam ka vrittaant ramayan, mahabharat, kalidas tatha prachin puranoan mean milata hai. paravarti puranoan tatha hindi adi bhashaoan ke sahity mean triveni ka ullekh hai. kuchh logoan ka mat hai ki ganga-yamuna ki sanyukt dhara ka hi nam sarasvati hai. any logoan ko vichar hai ki pahale prayag mean sangam sthal par ek chhoti-si nadi akar milati thi jo ab lupt ho gee hai. 19 vian shati mean, itali ke nivasi manoochi ne prayag ke qile ki chattan se nile pani ki sarasvati nadi ko nikalate dekha tha. yah nadi ganga-yamuna ke sangam mean hi mil jati thi.
• (saurashtr) prabhas patan ke poorv ki or bahane vali chhoti nadi jo kapila mean milati hai. kapila hiranya ki sahayak nadi hai jo donoan kar jal leti huee prachi sarasvati mean milakar samudr mean girati hai.
• (maharashtr) krishnaa ki sahayak panchaganga ki ek shakha. krishnaa panchaganga sangam par amarapur namak prachin tirth hai.
• (zila gadhaval, u.pr.) ek chhoti paha di nadi jo badarinarayan mean vasudhara jate samay milati hai. sarasvati aur alakananda (ganga) ke sangam par keshavaprayag sthit hai.
• (bihar) rajagir ke samip bahane vali nadi jo prachin kal mean tapoda kahalati thi. is sarita mean ushn jal ke srot the. isi karan yah tapoda nam se prasiddh thi. tapod tirth ka, jo is nadi ke tat par tha, mahabharat vanaparv mean ullekh hai. gautamabuddh ke samay tapodaram namak udyan isi nadi ke tat par sthit tha. magadh-samrat biandusar pray: is nadi mean snan karate the.
• keral ki ek nadi jisake tat par honavar sthit hai.
• prachi sarasvati, (zila parabhani, maharashtr) ek chhoti nadi jo poorna ki sahayak hai. sarasvati-poorna sangam par ek prachin sudanr mandir sthit hai.

sarasvati nadi aur h dappa sabhyata mean sanbandh

yadi sarasvati nadi ke tat par basi sabhyata, jise h dappa sabhyata ya sindhu-sarasvati sabhyata kaha jata hai, ko vaidik rrichaoan se hatakar dekha jae to phir sarasvati nadi matr ek nadi rah jaegi, sabhyata khatm ho jaegi. sabhyata ka itihas batate haian sarasvati nadi tat par basi bastiyoan se mile avashesh. aur in avasheshoan ki kahani keval h dappa sabhyata se ju dati hai. h dappa sabhyata aur sarasvati nadi, donoan ka astitv apas mean ju data hai. yadi h dappa sabhyata ki 2600 bastiyoan ko dekhean to pate haian ki vartaman pakistan mean sindhu tat par matr 265 bastiyaan thian, jabaki shesh adhikaansh bastiyaan sarasvati nadi ke tat par milati haian. aj hamare samane jamini sachchaee ubhar kar a gee hai. abhi tak h dappa sabhyata ko sirph sindhu nadi ki den mana ja raha tha, lekin in shodhoan se siddh ho gaya hai ki sarasvati ka is sabhyata mean bahut b da yogadan hai. pustak 'etalas aph d indas-sarasvatishh sivilaijeshan' mean ek vyapak shodh kary hua hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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bahari k diyaan

• lupt sarasvati nadi ko vaijnanikoan ne dhooandh nikala
• sarasvati nadi gupt kyoan huee ?
• sarasvati nadi ka itihas
• sarasvati nadi : ek varadan

sanbandhit lekh

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