भारत में यवन साम्राज्य

videshi akraman baiktriya ke grik

uttar pashchimi se videshiyoan ke akraman mauryottar kal ki sabase mahattvapoorn rajanitik ghatana thi. inamean sabase pahale akraanta the baiktriya ke grik, jinhean poorvavarti bharatiy sahity mean yavan ke nam se sambodhit kiya gaya hai. sikandar ne apane pichhe ek vishal samrajy chho da tha, jisamean maisidoniya, siriya, baiktriya, parthiya, afaganistan evan uttar pashchimi bharat ke kuchh bhag sammilit the. is samrajy ka kafi b da bhag sikandar ke bad selyukas ke adhin raha. yadyapi afaganistan evan bharat ke uttar pashchim ke bhag use chandragupt maury ko samarpit kar dene p de the. selyookas evan usake turant bad ke adhikari kushal shasak the kintu unake paravarti shasakoan ke adhin samrajy ka vighatan prarambh ho gaya. lagabhag ee. poo. 250 mean baiktriya ke gavarnar diyodotas evan parthiya ke gavarnar aureksas ne apane apako svatantr ghoshit kar diya. baiktriya ke doosare raja diyodotas dvitiy ne apane desh selyukas ke samrajy se poornatah alag kar liya.

diyadotas evan usaka uttaradhikari madhy eshiya mean apana samrajy sugathit karane mean vyast rahe kintu unake bad ke ek shasak demetriyas pratham (ee. poo. 220--175) ne bharat par akraman kiya. ee. poo. 183 ke lagabhag usane panjab ka ek b da bhag jit liya aur sakal ko apani rajadhani banaya. demetriyas ne bharatiyoan ke raja ki upadhi dharan ki aur yoonani tatha kharoshthi donoan lipiyoan vale sikke chalae. kintu jab demetriyas bharat mean vyast tha, svayan baiktriya mean ek yukretidas ki adhyakshata mean vidroh ho gaya aur demetriyas ko baiktriya se hath dhona p da. yukretidas bhi bharat ki or badha aur kuchh bhagoan ko jitakar usane takshashila ko apani rajadhani banaya.

yukretidas ke sikke baiktriya, sistan, kabul ki ghati, kapish aur gandhar mean mile haian. sambhavatah jhelam tak pashchimi panjab ko usane apane rajy mean mila liya. yadyapi vah aur age n badh saka. demetriyas ka adhikar poorvi panjab aur siandh par hi rah gaya. bharat mean yavan samrajy is prakar do kuloan mean bant gaya -

demetriyas
yukretidas ke vansh.

sabase prasiddh yavan shasak minandar tha (ee. poo. 160--120), jo bauddh sahity mean 'milind' ke nam se prasiddh hai. yah sambhavatah demetriyas ke kul ka tha. periplas mean likha hai ki minandar ke sikke bh doch ke bazaroan mean khoob chalate the. svat ki ghati mean ek manjoosha mili hai jis par minandar ka nam khuda hai. in pramanoan se spasht hai ki minandar ke rajy mean afaganistan ka kuchh bhag aur uttar pashchimi simaant pradesh sammilit the.
strabo ne likha hai ki yoonaniyoan ne ganga nadi aur pataliputr tak akraman kie.
patanjali ke mahabhashy mean ullekh aya hai ki yoonaniyoan ne avadh mean saket aur rajasthan mean chittau d ke nikat madhyamika ka ghera dala.
gargi sanhita ke 'yugapuran' adhyay se jnat hota hai ki dusht, vir yavanoan ne saket, panchal (ganga - yamuna doab) aur mathura ko jitakar pataliputr tak dhava mara, kintu ghareloo yuddhoan ke karan ve turant laut ae.
kuchh itihasakaroan ka mat hai ki ye varnan minandar ke bharatiy akramanoan se sambaddh hai. hal hi mean kaushaanbi (ilahabad) ke pas reh se prapt ek sankshipt abhilekh mean is bat ki pushti hoti hai. is abhilekh mean minandar ka spasht ullekh hai.
puratatvik sakshyoan se bhi is bat ke sanket mile haian ki ganga ghati mean ee. poo. doosari shati ke madhy mean kafi vidhvans hua. pushyamitr shuang ke rajyakal ka prarambh lagabhag ee. poo. 187 mean hua tha aur minandar ka samay isase bahut bad mean hai. minandar ke sikke kabul se mathura aur [buandelakhand]] tak mile haian. bauddh granth milindapanh mean minandar ke bauddh bhikshu nagasen ke sath vad - vivad ke uparant bauddh dharm ka anuyayi banane ki katha hai. isaki rajadhani sakal shiksha ka prasiddh kendr thi aur vaibhav evan aishvary mean yah pataliputr ki samata karati thi. yah vyapar ka ek b da kendr bhi thi. bharat mean yavan rajy dirghakalin n ho saka, kyoanki rajanitik evan bhaugolik karanoan se madhy eshiya mean qabiloan ka ana prarambh ho gaya. chini samrat 'shi huaang ti' dvara vahaan vishal divar bana dene evan us kshetr mean charagah sookh jane ke karan kee qabile vahaan se pashchim ki or chal p de. unake dabav ke karan 'sithiyan' jinhean bharatiy srotoan mean 'shakoan' ka nam diya gaya hai, apana sthan chho dakar age badhate hue baiktriya mean ae aur us par apana adhikar sthapit kiya. kintu yoochi qabila ab bhi unake pichhe tha, atah aur age badhate hue unhoanne pahale parthiya aur bharat ke iando grik rajyoan par akraman kiya aur vahaan apana adhikar sthapit kiya.

yoonani sampark ka bharat par prabhav

prayah yah kaha jata hai ki bharat par yoonani sabhyata ka prabhav jamane ka jo kary sikandar nahian kar saka tha vah bharat mean iando grik samrajy sthapit hone se poorn ho gaya. is paksh par aur sath hi tathakathit gandhar shaili par grik prabhav ke vishay mean vidvanoan ke bhinn bhinn mat haian.

bi. e. smith evan dablayoo. tarn jaise itihasakaroan ne bharat par yoonani prabhav ka nagany mana hai. unake anusar desh ke aandarooni bhagoan par demetriyas, yookretaids, minandar, adi ke akraman alpakalik the aur unhoanne bharat ki mool sanskriti par koee prabhav nahian chho da. unake anusar bharatiy, sikandar, minandar adi se, vijetaoan ke roop mean prabhavit the. ve inhean sanskriti ka doot nahian samajhate the. yadyapi ye vijeta unake lie bhay ke patr avashy the, kintu unake lie ve anukaraniy kadapi nahian the. inake anusar yavan shasakoan ke sikkoan par jahaan ek or grik kathaean aankit haian vahi doosari or badhati huee sankhya mean bharatiy kathaoan ki sankhya yah pradarshit karati hai ki yoonani bhasha bharat ke logoan ki samajh mean nahian ati thi.
kintu vudakak jaise itihasakaroan ka kathan hai ki grik vijetaoan mean kee kshetroan mean bharat par apani chhap chho di thi. unake anusar muslim akramanoan se poorv ke any sabhi akraantaoan ki bhaanti yadyapi kalakram se yavan bhi bharatiy janasankhya mean samavisht ho ge, kintu eesvi sanh ke prarambhik kal mean bharat par unaka paryapt prabhutv tha. unhean 'sarvajn yavan' (mahabharat) kahakar sammanit kiya jata tha. yoonani chikitsakoan ko atyant jnani kahakar unaka adar kiya jata tha. vyooh rachana ke visheshajn evan yuddh mashinoan ke dizain banane valoan ke roop mean yavan ianjiniyaroan ka poore bharat mean samman tha. isake atirikt vijnan ke kshetr mean bharatiyoan ne mukt roop se yavanoan se shiksha grahan ki thi. bharatiyoan ka dhyan jyotish shastr ne vishesh roop se akarshit kiya tha. unhoanne yoonaniyoan se hi kalaiandar prapt kiya. saptah ka sat dinoan mean vibhajan evan vibhinn grahoan ke nam bhi unase hi lie. phalit jyotish ka kuchh jnan bharatiyoan ko pahale se hi tha kintu nakshatroan ko dekhakar bhavishy batane ki kala bharatiyoan ne yoonaniyoan se hi sikhi. gargi sanhita mean spasht roop se svikar kiya gaya hai ki jyotish ke kshetr mean bharat yoonan ka rrini hai. usamean likha hai ki yadyapi yavan barbar haian kintu jyotish ke mool nirmata hone ke karan ve vandaniy hai.
varahamihir ne bhi likha hai ki yadyapi yoonani mlechchh haian kintu ve jyotish ke vidvanh haian aur isaliy prachin rrishiyoan ki bhaanti poojy haian.

sikke banane ki kala

sikke banane ki kala mean bharatiyoan ne yoonaniyoan se bahut kuchh sikha. yoonaniyoan se sampark hone se pahale bharatiy ahat mudraean kam mean late the. un par koee mudra lekh nahian hota tha. yavanoan ne yahaan par aise sikkoan ka prachalan kiya jin par ek or raja ki akriti aur doosari or kisi devata ki moorti ya kuchh any chihn banae ge. bharatiy shasakoan ne isi pranali ko apanaya. kanishk ne bhi baiktriya ke yoonani rajaoan aur rom ke sikkoan ke anuroop apane sikke banavae. gandhar aur mathura ki buddh v bodhisatvoan ki moortiyoan par yoonani aur roman kala ka prabhav spasht dikhaee p data hai.

dharm aur darshan

dharm aur darshan ke kshetr mean yoonan bharat ka rrini hua. kee yoonani rajaoan ne bharatiy dharm ko apanaya. takshashila ke ek yavan raja entiyalakidas ne heliyodoras namak apana rajadoot kashiputr bhagabhadr ke pas bheja tha. heliyodoras apane ko 'bhagavat' kahata tha aur usane devoan ke dev vasudev ke upalakshy mean besanagar mean 'garu dadhvaj' ki sthapana ki. minandar svayan bauddh dharm ka anuyayi ban gaya. sambhavatah tapasya aur yog ki kriyaean yoonaniyoan ne bharatiyoan se sikhi.

yavan prabhav ke sandarbh mean ek manoranjak mat jarmani ke prachyavidoan ka hai ki paramparik sanskrit sukhaant natakoan par etheans ke natakoan ka prabhav tha, jo ki iando grik rajaoan ke darabaroan evan nagaroan mean abhinit hote the. isake praman ke roop mean kisi any sakshy ke abhav mean yah ek bahut spasht sakshy mana jata hai ki sanskrit natakoan mean patakshep ke lie 'yavanika' shabd ka prayog hota hai, kintu yah ek itana halka sakshy hai ki isake adhar par sanskrit natakoan par yoonani prabhav siddh nahian kiya ja sakata. nishkarsh roop mean yah kaha ja sakata hai ki parasparik sampark se bharatiy evan yavanoan ne paraspar bahut kuchh grahan kiya.

hind parthiyan

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ee. poo. pahali shati ke ant mean parthiyan namoan vale kuchh shasak uttar pashchim bharat par shasan kar rahe the, jinhean bharatiy srotoan mean 'pahalav' kaha gaya hai. parthiya ne bhi baiktriya ke sath hi svayan ko yoonani shasan se svatantr kiya tha aur selyookas vanshiy shasak entiyokas tritiy ko isaki svatantrata ko bhi manyata deni p di thi.

aanttikin

mukhy lekh : aanttikin

aanttikin ek yavan raja hai jisaka ullekh ashok ke shilalekh (sankhya terah) mean kiya gaya hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

sanbandhit lekh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

a a i ee u oo e ai o au aan k kh g gh n ch chh j jh n t th d dh n t th d dh n p ph b bh m y r l v sh sh s h ksh tr jn rri rri aau shr aah