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sanvidhan dvara manyataprapt 22 pradeshik bhashaean

asamiya	baangla	gujarati	hindi	kann d	kashmiri
marathi	malayalam	u diya	panjabi	sanskrit	tamil
telugu	urdoo	siandhi	koankani	manipuri	nepali
bodo	dogari	maithili	santhali

athavian anusoochi mean sanvidhan dvara manyataprapt 22 pradeshik bhashaoan ka ullekh hai. is anusoochi mean arambh mean 14 bhashaean (asamiya, baangla, gujarati, hindi, kann d, kashmiri, marathi, malayalam, u diya, panjabi, sanskrit, tamil, telugu, urdoo) thian. bad mean siandhi ko tatpashchath koankani, manipuri, nepali ko shamil kiya gaya , jisase isaki sankhya 18 ho gee. taduparant bodo, dogari, maithili, santhali ko shamil kiya gaya aur is prakar is anusoochi mean 22 bhashaean ho geean.

sangh ki bhasha ki samiksha

• anuchchhed 343 ke sandarbh mean- sanvidhan ke anuchchhed 343(1) ke anusar sangh ki rajabhasha, devanagari lipi mean likhit hindi ghoshit ki gee hai. isase desh ke bahumat ki ichchha hi pratidhvanit hoti hai.

anuchchhed 343 (2) ke anusar ise bharatiy sanvidhan lagoo hone ki tarikh arthath 26 janavari, 1950 ee. se lagoo nahian kiya ja sakata tha, anuchchhed 343 (3) ke dvara sarakar ne yah shakti prapt kar li ki vah is 15 varsh ki avadhi ke bad bhi aangrezi ka prayog jari rakh sakati hai. rahi–sahi qasar, bad mean rajabhasha adhiniyam, 1963 ne poori kar di, kyoanki is adhiniyam ne sarakar ke is uddeshy ko saf kar diya ki aangrezi ki huqoomat desh par anant kal tak bani rahegi. is prakar, sanvidhan mean ki gee vyavastha 343 (1) hindi ke lie varadan thi. parantu 343 (2) evan 343 (3) ki vyavasthaoan ne is varadan ko abhishap mean badal diya. vastutah sanvidhan nirmanakal mean sanvidhan nirmataoan mean jan sadharan ki bhavana ke pratikool vyavastha karane ka sahas nahian tha, isaliy 343 (1) ki vyavastha ki gee. parantu aangreziyat ka varchasv banaye rakhane ke lie 343 (2) evan 343 (3) se use prabhavahin kar desh par manasik gulami lad di gee.

• anuchchhed 344 ke sandarbh mean- anuchchhed 344 ke adhin pratham rajabhasha ayog/bi. ji. kher ayog ka 1955 mean tatha sansadiy rajabhasha samiti/ji. bi. pant samiti ka 1957 mean gathan hua. jahaan kher ayog ne hindi ko ekantik v sarvashreshth sthiti mean pahuanchane par zod diya, vahian par pant samiti ne hindi ko pradhan rajabhasha banane par zor to diya, lekin aangrezi ko hatane ke bajaye use sahayak rajabhasha banaye rakhane ki vaqalat ki. hindi ke durbhagy se sarakar ne kher ayog ko mahaj aupacharik mana aur hindi ke vikas ke lie koee thos qadam nahian uthae; jabaki sarakar ne pant samiti ki sifarishoan ko svikar kiya, jo age chalakar rajabhasha adhiniyam 1963/67 ka adhar bani, jisane hindi ka satyanash kar diya.

samagrata se dekhean to svatantrata–sangram kal mean hindi desh mean rashtriy chetana ka pratik thi, atev rashtrabhasha bani, aur rajabhasha adhiniyam 1963 ke bad yah keval sampark bhasha hokar hi rah gayi.

pradeshik bhashaean evan 8vian anusoochi ki samiksha

anuchchhed 345, 346 se spasht hai ki bhasha ke sambandh mean rajy sarakaroan ko poori chhoot di gee. sanvidhan ki inhian anuchchhedoan ke adhin hindi bhashi rajyoan mean hindi rajabhasha bani. hindi is samay nauan rajyoan—"uttar pradesh, uttaraanchal, madhy pradesh, chhattisagadh, bihar, jharakhand, rajasthan, hariyana v himachal pradesh—tatha ek kendr shasit pradesh—dilli"—ki rajabhasha hai. ukt pradeshoan mean apasi patr vyavahar ki bhasha hindi hai. dinoandin hindi bhashi rajyoan mean hindi ka prayog sabhi sarakari pariyojanaoan ke lie badhata ja raha hai. inake atirikt, ahindi bhashi rajyoan mean maharashtr, gujarat v panjab ki evan kendr shasit pradeshoan mean chandigadh v aandaman nikobar ki sarakaroan ne hindi ko dvitiy rajabhasha ghoshit kar rakha hai tatha hindi bhashi rajyoan se patr–vyavahar ke lie hindi ko svikar kar liya hai. anuchchhed 347 ke anusar yadi kisi rajy ka paryapt anupat chahata hai ki usake dvara boli jane vali koee bhasha rajy dvara abhijnat ki jay to rashtrapati us bhasha ko abhijna de sakata hai. samay–samay par rashtrapati aisi abhijna dete rahe haian, jo ki athavian anusoochi mean sthan pate rahe haian. jaise—1967 mean siandhi, 1992 mean koankani, manipuri v nepali evan 2003 mean bodo, dogari, maithili v santhali. yahi karan hai ki sanvidhan lagoo hone ke samay jahaan 14 pradeshik bhashaoan ko manyata prapt thi, vahian ab yah sankhya badhakar 22 ho gee hai.

sarvochch nyayalay, uchch nyayalay adi ki bhasha ki samiksha

anuchchhed 348, 349 se spasht ho jata hai ki nyay v qanoon ki bhasha, un rajyoan mean bhi jahaan hindi ko rajabhasha man liya gaya hai, aangrezi hi hai. niyam, adhiniyam, viniyam tatha vidhi ka pradhikrit path aangrezi mean hone ke karan sare niyam aangrezi mean hi banae jate haian. bad mean unaka anuvad matr kar diya jata hai. is prakar, nyay v qanoon ke kshetr mean hindi ka samuchit prayog hindi rajyoan mean bhi abhi tak nahian ho saka hai.

vishesh nidesh ki samiksha

anuchchhed 350-
bhale hi sanvaidhanik sthiti ke anusar vyakti ko apani vyatha ke nivaran hetu kisi bhi bhasha mean abhyavedan karane ka haqadar mana gaya hai, lekin vyavaharik sthiti yahi hai ki aj bhi aangrezi mean abhyavedan karane par hi adhikari tavajjoan/dhyan dena gavara karate haian.

anuchchhed 351— (hindi ke vikas ke lie nidesh)
anuchchhed 351 rajabhasha vishayak upabandh mean sarvadhik mahattvapoorn hai, kyoanki isamean hindi ke bhavi svaroop ke vikas ki parikalpana sannihit hai. hindi ko vikasit karane ki dishaoan ka isamean sanket hai. is anuchchhed ke anusar sangh sarakar ka yah kartavy hai ki vah hindi bhasha ke vikas aur prasar ke lie samuchit prayas kare taki bharat mean rajabhasha hindi ke aise svaroop ka vikas ho, jo ki samooche desh mean prayukt ha sake aur jo bharat ko mili–juli sanskriti ki abhivyakti ki vahika ban sake. isake lie sanvidhan mean is bat ka bhi nirdash diya gaya hai, ki hindi mean hindustani aur manyataprapt any bharatiy bhashaoan ki shabdavali aur shaili ko bhi apanaya jae aur mukhyatah sanskrit tatha gaunatah any bhashaoan (vishv ki kisi bhi bhasha) se shabd grahan kar usake shabd–bhandar ko samriddh kiya jae. sanvidhan ke nirmataoan ki yah prabal ichchha thi ki hindi bharat mean aisi sarvamany bhasha ke svaroop ko grahan kare, jo ki sab prantoan ke nivasiyoan ko svikary ho. sanvidhan ke nirmataoan ko yah asha thi ki hindi apane svabhavik vikas mean bharat ki any bhashaoan se varishth sampark sthapit karegi aur hindi evan any bharatiy bhashaoan ke bich mean sahity ka adan–pradan bhi hoga. sanvidhan ke nirmataoan ne uchit dhang se yah asha ki thi ki rajabhasha hindi apane bhavi roop ka vikas karane mean any bharatiy bhashaoan ka sahara legi. yah isilie tha ki rajabhasha hindi ko sabake lie sulabh aur grahy roop dharan karana hai.

1950 ee. ke bad hindi ki sanvaidhanik pragati

rajabhasha ke vikas se sambandhit sansthaean

sanstha ka nam	sthapana	kary
kendriy hindi samiti	1967	bharat sarakar ke vibhinn mantralayoan dvara hindi keprachar–prasar ke sambandh mean chaloo karyakramoan mean samanvay sthapit karana. adhyaksh—pradhanamantri

• rashtrapati ka sanvidhan adesh, 1952—rajyapaloan, sarvochch nyayalay evan uchch nyayalay ke nyayadhishoan ki niyukti ke adhipatroan ke lie hindi ka prayog pradhikrit.
• rashtrapati ka sanvidhan adish, 1955— kuchh prayojanoan ke lie aangrezi ke sath–sath hindi ka prayog nirdharit, jaise

1. janata ke sath patr vyavahar mean
2. prashasanik riport, sarakari patrikaoan v sansadiy riport mean
3. sankalpoan (Resolution) v vidhayi niyamoan mean
4. hindi ko rajabhasha man chuke rajyoan ke sath patr vyavahar mean
5. sandhipatr aur qarar mean
6. rajanayik v aantarrashtriy sangathanoan mean bharatiy pratinidhiyoan ke nam jari kie jane vale patroan mean.

• pratham rajabhasha ayog/bal gangadhar (bi. ji.) kher ayog—joon, 1955 (gathan); julaee, 1956 (prativedan)

ayog ki sifarishean

1. sare desh mean madhyamik star tak hindi anivary ki jaean.
2. desh mean nyay desh ki bhasha mean kiya jae.
3. janatantr mean akhil bharatiy star par aangrezi ka prayog sambhav nahian. adhik logoan ke dvara boli janevali hindi bhasha samast bharat ke lie upayukt hai. antarrashtriy star par aangrezi ka prayog thik hai, kintu shiksha, prashasan, sarvajanik jivan tatha dainik karyakalapoan mean videshi bhasha ka vyavahar anuchit hai.

tippani—ayog ke do sadasyoan ne—bangal ke suniti kumar chatarji v tamilanadu ke pi. subboroyan— ne ayog ki sifarishoan se asahamati prakat ki aur ayog ke sadasyoan par hindi ka paksh lene ka arop lagaya. jo bhi ho, pratham rajabhasha ayog/kher ayog ne hindi ke adhikadhik aur pragami prayog par bal diya tha. kher ayog ne jo thos sujhav rakhe the, sarakar ne unhean mahaj aupacharik manate hue rajabhasha hindi ke vikas ke lie koee thos qadam nahian uthae.

• sansadiy rajabhasha samiti/ govind ballabh (ji. bi.) pant samiti—navambar, 1957 (gathan); faravari, 1959 (prativedan)

pant samiti ne kaha ki rashtriy ekata ko dyotit karane ke lie ek bhasha ko svikar kar lene ka svatantrata poorv ka josh thanda p d gaya hai.

sifarishean

1. hindi sangh ki rajabhasha ka sthan jaldi–se–jaldi le. lekin is parivartan ke lie koee nishchith tarikh (jaise–26 janavari, 1965 ee.) nahian di ja sakati, yah parivartan dhire–dhire svabhavik riti se hona chahie.
2. 1965 ee. tak aangrezi pradhan rajabhasha aur hindi sahayak rajabhasha rahani chahie. 1965 ke bad jab hindi sangh ki pradhan rajabhasha ho jae, aangrezi sangh ki sahayak/sah rajabhasha rahani chahie.

pant samiti ke sifarishoan se rajarshi purushottam das tandan aur seth govind das asahamat v asantusht the aur unhoanne yah arop lagaya ki sarakar ne hindi ko rajabhasha ke roop mean prasthapit karane ke lie avashyak qadam nahian uthae haian. in donoan netaoan ne samiti ke dvara aangrezi ko rajabhasha banaye rakhane ka bhi dhire–dhire virodh kiya. jo bhi ho, sarakar ne pant samiti ki sifarishoan ko svikar kar liya.

• rashtrapati ka adesh,(1960)— shiksha mantralay, vidhi mantralay, vaijnanik anusandhan v saanskritik kary mantralay tatha grih mantralay ko hindi ko rajabhasha ke roop mean vikasit karane hetu vibhinn nirdesh.
• rajabhasha adhiniyam, 1963(1967 mean sanshodhit)— sanvidhan ke anusar 15 varsh ke bad arthath 1965 ee. se sara kam–kaj hindi mean shuroo hona tha, parantu sarakar ki dhul–mul niti ke karan yah sambhav nahian ho saka. ahindi kshetroan mean, visheshatah bangal aur tamilanadu (DMK dvara) mean hindi ka ghor virodh hua. isaki pratikriya hindi kshetr mean huee. janasangh evan praja soshalist parti/pi. es. pi. dvara hindi ka ghor samarthan kiya gaya. hindi ke ghor kattarapanthi samarthakoan ne bhashayi unmadoan ko ubhara, jisake karan hindi ki pragati ke badale hindi ko hani pahuanchi. is bhashayi kolahal ke bich pradhanamantri javahar lal neharoo ne ashvasan diya ki hindi ko ekamatr rajabhasha svikar karane se pahale ahindi kshetroan ki sammati prapt ki jaegi aur tab tak aangrezi ko nahian hataya jaega. rajabhasha vidheyak ko grihamantri lal bahadur shastri ne prastut kiya. rajabhasha vidheyak ka uddeshy—jahaan rajakiy prayojanoan ke lie 15 varsh ke bad yani 1965 se hindi ka prayog arambh hona chahie tha, vahaan vyavastha ko poorn roop se lagoo n karake us avadhi ke bad bhi sangh ke sabhi sarakari prayojanoan ke lie aangrezi ka prayog banaye rakhana.

rajabhasha adhiniyam ke pravadhan

rajabhasha adhiniyam, 1963 mean kul 9 dharaean haian, jinamean sarvapratham hai—26 joon, 1965 se hindi sangh ki rajabhasha to rahegi hi par us samay se hindi ke atirikt aangrezi bhi sangh ke un sabhi sarakari prayojanoan ke lie barabar prayukt hoti rahegi, jinake lie vah us tithi ke turant pahale prayukt ki ja rahi thi. is prakar 26 joon, 1965 se rajabhasha adhiniyam, 1963 ke tahat dvibhashit sthiti prarambh huee, jisamean sangh ke sabhi sarakari prayojanoan ke lie hindi aur aangrezi donoan hi bhashaean prayukt ki ja sakati thian.

rajabhasha adhiniyam

rajabhasha (sanshodhan) adhiniyam, 1967 ke anusar samay–samay par sansad ke bhitar aur bahar javahar lal neharoo dvara die ge ashvasanoan aur lal bahadur shastri dvara rajabhasha vidheyak, 1963 ko prastut karate samay ahindi bhashiyoan ko dilae ge vishvas ko moort roop pradan karane ke uddeshy se iandira gaandhi, jo apane pita ki bhaanti ahindi bhashiyoan se sahanubhooti rakhati thian, ke shasanakal mean rajabhasha (sanshodhan) vidheyak, 1967 parit kiya gaya.

rajabhasha adhiniyam ke pravadhan

rajabhasha (sanshodhan) adhiniyam, 1967 ke pravadhan ke anusar is adhiniyam ke tahat rajabhasha adhiniyam, 1963 ki dhara ke sthan par naye upabandh lagoo hue. isake anusar, aangrezi bhasha ka prayog samapt kar dene ke lie aise sabhi rajyoan ke vidhanamandaloan ke dvara, jinhoanne hindi ko apani rajabhasha ke roop mean nahian apanaya hai, sankalp parit karana hoga aur vidhanamandaloan ke sankalpoan par vichar kar lene ke pashchath usaki samapti ke lie sansad ke har sadan dvara sankalp parit karana hoga. aisa nahian hone par aangrezi apani poorv sthiti mean bani rahegi. is adhiniyam ke dvara is bat ki vyavastha ki gee, ki aangrezi sarakar ke kam–kaj mean sahabhasha ke roop mean tab tak bani rahegi, jab tak ahindi bhashi rajy hindi ko ekamatr rajabhasha banane ke lie sahamat n ho jaean. isaka matalab yah hua ki bharat ka ek bhi rajy chahega ki aangrezi bani rahe to vah sare desh ki sahayak rajabhasha bani rahegi.

sansad dvara parit sankalp(1968)

1. rajabhasha hindi evan pradeshik bhashaoan ki pragati ko sunishchit karana.
2. tribhasha sootr ko lagoo karana— ek ki bhavana ke sanvarddhan hetu bharat sarakar rajyoan ke sahayog se tribhasha sootr ko lagoo karegi. tribhasha sootr ke aantargat yah prastavit kiya gaya ki hindi bhashi kshetroan mean hindi v aangrezi ke atirikt dakshini bharatiy bhashaoan mean se kisi ek ko tatha ahindi bhashi kshetroan mean pradeshik bhasha v aangrezi ke sath–sath hindi ko padhane ki vyavastha ki jae.

tribhasha sootr ka prayog saphal nahian hua. n to hindi kshetr ke logoan ne kisi dakshin bharatiy bhasha ka adhyayan kiya aur n hi gair–hindi kshetr ke logoan ne hindi ka.

rajabhasha niyam (1976)

in niyamoan ki sankhya 12 hai. jinamean hindi ke prayog ke sandarbh mean bharat ke kshetroan ka 3 vargiy vibhajan kiya gaya hai aur pradhan rajabhasha hindi aur sah rajabhasha aangrezi evan pradeshik bhashaoan ke prayog hetu niyam die ge haian. aj bhi inhian niyamoan ke anusar sarakar ki dvibhashik niti ka anupalan ho raha hai.

(A) shiksha mantralay ke adhin sanstha ka nam sthapana kary sahity akadami, nee dilli 1954 ee. sahity ko badhava dene vali shirshasth sanstha neshanal buk trast (National Book Trust-N.B.T.) 1957 ee. shiksha, vijnan v sahity ki uchch koti ki pustakoan ka prakashan kam moolyoan par janata ko upalabdh karana. kendriy hindi nideshalay 1960 ee. shabdakoshoan, vishvakoshoan, ahindi bhashiyoan ke lie pathyapustakoan ka prakashan. vaijnanik tatha takaniki shabdavali ayog 1961 ee. vijnan v takanik se sambandhit shabdaviliyoan ka prakashan.

(B) grih mantralay ke adhin sanstha ka nam sthapana kary rajabhasha vidhayi ayog 1965-75 ee. kendriy adhiniyamoan ke hindi path ka nirman kendriy anuvad byooro 1971 ee. desh mean anuvad ki sabase b di sanstha rajabhasha vibhag 1975 ee. sangh ke vibhinn shasakiy prayojanoan ke lie hindi ke pragami prayog se sambandhit sabhi mamale

(C) vidhi/qanoon mantralay ke adhin sanstha ka nam sthapana kary rajabhasha vidhayi ayog 1975 ee. yah ayog pahale grih mantralay ke adhin tha. pramukh qanoonoan ke hindi path ka nirman

(D) soochana evan prasaran mantralay ke adhin sanstha ka nam sthapana prakashan vibhag 1944 ee. film prabhag 1948 ee. patr soochana karyalay, nee dilli 1956 ee. akashavani 1957 ee. dooradarshan 1976 ee.

bharatiy matribhashaean ko bolane vale vyaktiyoan ki sankhya

pratyek bhasha ke tahat vargikrit bhasha aur matribhashaoan ke nam	vyaktiyoan ki sankhya hai jo apani matribhasha ke roop mean prayog karate haian	pratyek bhasha ke tahat vargikrit bhasha aur matribhashaoan ke nam	vyaktiyoan ki sankhya hai jo apani matribhasha ke roop mean prayog karate haian
1 asamiya	13,168,484	13 dhauandhari	1,871,130
1 asamiya	12,778,735	14 gadhavali	2,267,314
any	389,749	15 gojari	762,332
		16 harauti	24,62,867
2 bangali	83,369,769	17 hariyanavi	7,997,192
1 bangali	82,462,437	18 hiandi	257,919,635
2 chakama	176,458	19 jaunasari	114,733
3 haijoang	63,188	20 kaang di	1,122,843
4 rajabangsi	82,570	21 khaira di	11,937
any	585,116	22 kh di boli	47,730
		23 khortha	4,725,927
3 bodo	1,350,478	24 kulvi	170,770
1 bodo	1,330,775	25 kumayani	2,003,783
any	19,703	26 kurmali	425,920
		27 labani	22,162
4 dogari	2,282,589	28 lamani	27,07,562
1 dogari	2282547	29 lariya	67,697
any	42	30 lodhi	139,321
		31 magahi	+1,39,78,565
5 gujarati	46,091,617	32 malavi	5565167
1 gujarati	45,715,654	33 Mandeali	611,930
2 gujarao	43,414	34 marava di	7,936,183
3 saurashtr	185,420	35 meva di	5,091,697
any 4	147129	36 mevati	645,291
		37 nagapuriya	1,242,586
6 hindi	422,048,642	38 nimadi	2,148,146
1 avadhi	2,529,308	39 paha di	2,832,825
2 bagheli	2,865,011	40 panch parajaniya	193769
3 bag di rajasthani	1,434,123	41 peangavali	16,285
4 banjari	1,259,821	42 pava di	425,745
5 bhadravahi	66,918	43 rajasthani	18,355,613
6 gaddi	66246	44 sadari	2,044,776
7 bhojapuri	33,099,497	45 siramauri	31144
8 brajabhasha	574245	46 soandavari	59,221
9 bundeli	3,072,147	47 sugali	160,736
10 chambaili	126,589	48 suraguja	1,458,533
11 chhattisagadhi	13,260,186	49 surjapuri / surajapuri	12,17,019
12 churahi	61,199	any	1,47,77,266
-	-	-	-
7 kann d	37924011	2 u diya	32,110,482
1 b daga	134,514	3 Proja	92,774
2 kann d	37742232	4 Relli	21,965
3 kuruba / Kurumba	14613	5 Sambalpuri	518,803
any	32,652	any	56,482
8 kashmiri	5,527,698	16 panjabi	29,102,477
1 kashmiri	5,362,349	1 bag di	646,921
2 kishtava di	33,429	2 bilasapuri / Kahluri	179,511
3 siraji	87,179	3 panjabi	2,81,52,794
any	44741	any	123,251
9 koankani	2,489,015	17 sanskrit	14,135
1 koankani	2,420,140	1 sanskrit	14,099
2 kudubi / kudumbi	10192	any	36
3 malvani	46,851
any	11,832	18 santhali	6,469,600
		1 karamali	368853
10 maithili	12,179,122	2 santali	5,943,679
1 maithili	12,178,673	any	157,068
any	449
		19 siandhi	2,535,485
11 malayalam	33,066,392	1 kachchhi	823,058
1 malayalam	+3,30,15,420	2 siandhi	1694061
2 yerava	19,643	any	18,366
any	31,329
		20 tamil	60793814
12 manipuri	1,466,705	1 kaik di	23,694
1 manipuri	1466497	2 tamil	60,655,813
any	208	3 yerukala	69533
		any	44,774
13 marathi	71,936,894
1 marathi	71,701,478	21 telugu	74,002,856
any	235,416	1 telugoo	73,817,148
		2 vadari	171,725
14 nepali		any	13,983
1 nepali	2867922
any	3,827	22 urdoo	51,536,111
		1 urdoo	51,533,954
15 u diya	33,017,446	any	2,157
1 Bhatri	216940

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

sanbandhit lekh

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