हिंदी भाषा का विकास

hindi vishay soochi

hiandi vikas prachin hiandi madhyakalin hiandi vibhinn nam rashtrabhasha rashtrabhasha aandolan rajabhasha upabhashaean evan boliyaan devanagari lipi hindi vyakaran manakikaran akhil bharatiyata ka itihas

hiandi bharatiy ganaraj ki rajakiy aur madhy bharatiy- ary bhasha hai. san 2001 ki janaganana ke anusar, lagabhag 25.79 karo d bharatiy hiandi ka upayog matribhasha ke roop mean karate haian, jabaki lagabhag 42.20 karo d log isaki 50 se adhik boliyoan mean se ek istemal karate haian. sanh 1998 ke poorv, matribhashiyoan ki sankhya ki drishti se vishv mean sarvadhik boli jane vali bhashaoan ke jo aank de milate the, unamean hindi ko tisara sthan diya jata tha.

vargikaran

hiandi vishv ki lagabhag 3,000 bhashaoan mean se ek hai.
akriti ya roop ke adhar par hiandi viyogatmak ya vishlisht bhasha hai.
bhasha–parivar ke adhar par hiandi bharopiy parivar ki bhasha hai.
bharat mean 4 bhasha–parivar— bharopiy, dravi d, astrik v chini–tibbati milate haian. bharat mean bolane valoan ke pratishat ke adhar par bharopiy parivar sabase b da bhasha parivar hai.
hiandi bharopiy/ bharat yooropiy ke bharatiy– eerani shakha ke bharatiy ary (Indo–Aryan) upashakha se vikasit ek bhasha hai.
bharatiy aryabhasha ko tin kaloan mean vibhakt kiya jata hai.

**bharat mean 4 bhasha–parivar**
bhasha-parivar	bharat mean bolane valoan ka %
bharopiy	73%
dravi d	25%
astrik	1.3%
chini–tibbati	0.7%

bharatiy aryabhasha ko tin kal
nam	prayog kal	udaharan
1.prachin bharatiy aryabhasha	1500 ee. poo.– 500 ee. poo.	vaidik sanskrit v laukik sanskrit
2.madhyakalin bharatiy aryabhasha	500 ee. poo.– 1000 ee.	pali, prakrit, apabhransh
3.adhunik bharatiy aryabhasha	1000 ee.– ab tak	hindi aur hinditar bhashaean – baangla, u diya, marathi, siandhi, asamiya, gujarati, panjabi adi.

1.prachin bharatiy aryabhasha
nam	prayog kal	any nam
vaidik sanskrit	1500 ee. poo.– 1000 ee. poo.	chhandash (yask, panini)
laukik sanskrit	1000 ee. poo.- 500 ee. poo.	sanskrit bhasha (panini)

2.madhyakalin bharatiy aryabhasha
nam	prayog kal	vishesh tippani
pratham prakrit kal– pali	500 ee. poo.– 1 ee.	bharat ki pratham desh bhasha, bhagavan buddh ke sare upadesh pali mean hi haian.
dvitiy prakrit kal– prakrit	1 ee.– 500 ee.	bhagavan mahavir ke sare upadesh prakrit mean hi haian.
tritiy prakrit kal– apabhransh avahatt	500 ee.– 1000 ee. 900 ee. – 1100 ee.	sankramanakalin/sankrantikalin bhasha

3.adhunik bharatiy aryabhasha (hindi)
nam	prayog kal
prachin hindi	1100 ee. – 1400 ee.
madhyakalin hindi	1400 ee. - 1850 ee.
adhunik hindi	1850 ee. – ab tak

hiandi ki adi janani sanskrit hai. sanskrit pali, prakrit bhasha se hoti huee apabhransh tak pahuanchati hai. phir apabhransh, avahatt se gujarati huee prachin/prarambhik hiandi ka roop leti hai. vishuddhatah, hiandi bhasha ke itihas ka arambh apabhransh se mana jata hai.

hiandi ka vikas kram- sanskrit→ pali→ prakrit→ apabhransh→ avahatt→ prachin / prarambhik hiandi

apabhransh

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apabhransh bhasha ka vikas 500 ee. se lekar 1000 ee. ke madhy hua aur isamean sahity ka arambh 8vian sadi ee. (svayanbhoo kavi) se hua, jo 13vian sadi tak jari raha. apabhransh (ap+bhransh+ghanh) shabd ka yoan to shabdik arth hai 'patan', kintu apabhransh sahity se abhisht hai— prakrit bhasha se vikasit bhasha vishesh ka sahity.

pramukh rachanakar-

svayanbhoo— apabhransh ka valmiki ('pum chariu' arthath ram kavy), dhanapal ('bhavissayat kaha'–apabhransh ka pahala prabandh kavy), pushpadant ('mahapuran', 'jasahar chariu'), sarahapa, kanhapa adi siddhoan ki rachanaean ('chariya pad', 'dohakoshi') adi.

avahatt

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avahatt 'apabhransht' shabd ka vikrit roop hai. ise 'apabhransh ka apabhransh' ya 'paravarti apabhransh' kah sakate haian. avahatt apabhransh aur adhunik bharatiy aryabhashaoan ke bich ki sankramanakalin/sankraantikalin bhasha hai. isaka kalakhand 900 ee. se 1100 ee. tak nirdharit kiya jata hai. vaise sahity mean isaka prayog 14vian sadi tak hota raha hai. abdur rahaman, damodar pandit, jyotirishvar thakur, vidyapati adi rachanakaroan ne apani bhasha ko 'avahatt' ya 'avahatth' kaha hai. vidyapati prakrit ki tulana mean apani bhasha ko madhuratar batate haian. desh ki bhasha sab logoan ke lie mithi hai. ise avahattha kaha jata hai.^[1]

pramukh rachanakar-

addahaman/abdur rahaman ('sanneh rasay'/'sandesh rasak'), damodar pandit ('ukti–vyakti–prakaran'), jyotirishvar thakur ('varn ratnakar'), vidyapati ('kirtilata') adi.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

↑ 'desil bayana sab jan mittha/te taisan jampano avahattha'

bahari k diyaan

sanbandhit lekh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

a a i ee u oo e ai o au aan k kh g gh n ch chh j jh n t th d dh n t th d dh n p ph b bh m y r l v sh sh s h ksh tr jn rri rri aau shr aah

[1] 'desil bayana sab jan mittha/te taisan jampano avahattha'

[1]