हिंदी का राष्ट्रभाषा के रूप में विकास
hindi vishay soochi
hiandi bharatiy ganaraj ki rajakiy aur madhy bharatiy- ary bhasha hai. san 2001 ki janaganana ke anusar, lagabhag 25.79 karo d bharatiy hiandi ka upayog matribhasha ke roop mean karate haian, jabaki lagabhag 42.20 karo d log isaki 50 se adhik boliyoan mean se ek istemal karate haian. san 1998 ke poorv, matribhashiyoan ki sankhya ki drishti se vishv mean sarvadhik boli jane vali bhashaoan ke jo aank de milate the, unamean hindi ko tisara sthan diya jata tha.
rashtrabhasha kya hai
- rashtrabhasha ka shabdik arth hai—samast rashtr mean prayukt bhasha arthath amajan ki bhasha (janabhasha). jo bhasha samast rashtr mean jan–jan ke vichar–vinimay ka madhyam ho, vah rashtrabhasha kahalati hai.
- rashtrabhasha rashtriy ekata evan aantarrashtriy sanvad sampark ki avashyakata ki upaj hoti hai. vaise to sabhi bhashaean rashtrabhashaean hoti haian, kintu rashtr ki janata jab sthaniy evan tatkalik hitoan v poorvagrahoan se oopar uthakar apane rashtr ki kee bhashaoan mean se kisi ek bhasha ko chunakar use rashtriy asmita ka ek avashyak upadan samajhane lagati hai to vahi rashtrabhasha hai.
- svatantrata sangram ke dauran rashtrabhasha ki avashyakata hoti hai. bharat ke sandarbh mean is avashyakata ki poorti hiandi ne ki. yahi karan hai ki hiandi svatantrata sangram ke dauran[1] rashtrabhasha bani.
- rashtrabhasha shabd koee sanvaidhanik shabd nahian hai, balki yah prayogatmak, vyavaharik v janamanyata prapt shabd hai.
- rashtrabhasha samajik, saanskritik star par desh ko jo dane ka kam karati hai arthath rashtrabhasha ki prathamik shart desh mean vibhinn samudayoan ke bich bhavanatmak ekata sthapit karana hai.
- rashtrabhasha ka prayog kshetr vistrit aur deshavyapi hota hai. rashtrabhasha sare desh ki sampark–bhasha hoti hai. isaka vyapak janadhar hota hai.
- rashtrabhasha hamesha svabhasha hi ho sakati hai kyoanki usi ke sath janata ka bhavanatmak lagav hota hai.
- rashtrabhasha ka svaroop lachila hota hai aur ise janata ke anuroop kisi roop mean dhala ja sakata hai.
aangrezoan ka yogadan
- rashtrabhasha sare desh ki sampark bhasha hoti hai. hiandi dirghakal se sare desh mean jan–jan ke parasparik sampark ki bhasha rahi hai. yah keval uttari bharat ki nahian, balki dakshin bharat ke acharyoan vallabhachary, ramanuj, ramanand adi ne bhi isi bhasha ke madhyam se apane matoan ka prachar kiya tha. ahiandi bhashi rajyoan ke bhakt–sant kaviyoan (jaise—asam ke shankaradev, maharashtr ke jnaneshvar v namadev, gujarat ke narasi mehata, bangal ke chaitany adi) ne isi bhasha ko apane dharm aur sahity ka madhyam banaya tha.
- yahi karan tha ki janata aur sarakar ke bich sanvad sthapana ke kram mean farasi ya aangrezi ke madhyam se dikkatean pesh aeean to kampani sarakar ne fort viliyam k aaulej mean hindustani vibhag kholakar adhikariyoan ko hiandi sikhane ki vyavastha ki. yahaan se hiandi padhe hue adhikariyoan ne bhinn–bhinn kshetroan mean usaka pratyaksh labh dekar mukt kanth se hiandi ko saraha.
- si. ti. metakaf ne 1806 ee. mean apane shiksha guru j aaun gilakraist ko likha— 'bharat ke jis bhag mean bhi mujhe kam karana p da hai, kalakatta se lekar lahaur tak, kumaooan ke paha doan se lekar narmada nadi tak maianne us bhasha ka am vyavahar dekha hai, jisaki shiksha apane mujhe di hai. maian kanyakumari se lekar kashmir tak ya java se siandhu tak is vishvas se yatra karane ki himmat kar sakata hooan ki mujhe har jagah aise log mil jaeange jo hindustani bol lete hoange.'
- t aaumas robak ne 1807 ee. mean likha— 'jaise ianglaind jane vale ko laitin seksan ya freanch ke badale aangrezi sikhani chahie, vaise hi bharat ane vale ko arabi–farasi ya sanskrit ke badale hindustani sikhani chahie.'
- viliyam keri ne 1816 ee. mean likha— 'hiandi kisi ek pradesh ki bhasha nahian balki desh mean sarvatr boli jane vali bhasha hai.'
- ech. ti. kolabruk ne likha— 'jis bhasha ka vyavahar bharat ke pratyek prant ke log karate haian, jo padhe–likhe tatha anapadh donoan ki sadharan bolachal ki bhasha hai, jisako pratyek gaanv mean tho de bahut log avashy hi samajh lete haian, usi ka yatharth nam hiandi hai.'
- jarj griyarsan ne hiandi ko 'am bolachal ki mahabhasha' kaha hai.
- in vidvanoan ke mantavyoan se spasht hai ki hiandi ki vyavaharik upayogita, deshavyapi prasar evan prayogagat lachilepan ke karan aangrezoan ne hiandi ko apanaya. us samay hiandi aur urdoo ko ek hi bhasha mana jata tha. aangrezoan ne hiandi ko prayog mean lakar hiandi ki mahati sanbhavanaoan ki or rashtriy netaoan evan sahityakaroan ka dhyan khiancha.
dharm/samaj sudharakoan ka yogadan
- dharm/samaj sudhar ki prayah sabhi sansthaoan ne hiandi ke mahattv ko bhaanpa aur hiandi ki himayat ki.
- brahm samaj (1828 ee.) ke sansthapak raja ramamohan ray ne kaha, is samagr desh ki ekata ke lie hiandi anivary hai. brahmasamaji keshav chandr sen ne 1875 ee. mean ek lekh likha, bharatiy ekata kaise ho, 'jisamean unhoanne likha— upay hai sare bharat mean ek hi bhasha ka vyavahar. abhi jitani bhashaean bharat mean prachalit haian, unamean hiandi bhasha lagabhag sabhi jagah prachalit hai. yah hiandi agar bharatavarsh ki ekamatr bhasha ban jae to yah kam sahaj hi aur shighr hi sampann ho sakata hai. ek any brahmasamaji navin chandr ray ne panjab mean hiandi ke vikas ke lie stuty yogadan diya.
- ary samaj (1875 ee.) ke sansthapak svami dayanand sarasvati gujarati bhashi the evan gujarati v sanskrit ke achchhe janakar the. hiandi ka unhean sirf kamachalaoo jnan tha, par apani bat adhik se adhik logoan tak pahuanchane ke lie tatha desh ki ekata ko mazaboot karane ke lie unhoanne apana sara dharmik sahity hiandi mean hi likha. unaka kahana tha ki hiandi ke dvara sare bharat ko ek sootr mean piroya ja sakata hai. ve is 'aryabhasha' ko sarvatmana deshonnati ka mukhy adhar manate the. unhoanne hiandi ke prayog ko rashtriy svaroop pradan kiya. ve kahate the, 'meri aankhean us din ko dekhana chahati haian, jab kashmir se kanyakumari tak sab bharatiy ek bhasha samajhane aur bolane lag jaeange.
- aravind darshan ke praneta aravind ghosh ki salah thi ki 'log apani–apani matribhasha ki raksha karate hue samany bhasha ke roop mean hiandi ko grahan karean.'
- thiyosofikal sosaiti (1875 ee.) ki sanchalika eni beseant ne kaha tha, "bharatavarsh ke bhinn–bhinn bhagoan mean jo anek deshi bhashaean boli jati haian, unamean ek bhasha aisi hai jisamean shesh sab bhashaoan ki apeksha ek bhari visheshata hai, vah yah ki usaka prachar sabase adhik hai. vah bhasha hiandi hai. hiandi janane vala adami sampoorn bharatavarsh mean yatra kar sakata hai aur use har jagah hiandi bolane vale mil sakate haian. bharat ke sabhi skooloan mean hiandi ki shiksha anivary honi chahie."
- uparyukt dharmik/samajik sansthaoan ke atirikt prarthana samaj[2], sanatan dharm sabha[3], ramkrishna mishan[4] adi ne hiandi ke prachar mean yog diya.
- isase lagata hai ki dharm/samaj sudharakoan ki yah soch ban chuki thi ki rashtriy star par sanvad sthapit karane ke lie hiandi avashyak hai. ve janate the ki hiandi bahusankhyak jan ki bhasha hai, ek prant ke log doosare prant ke logoan se sirf is bhasha mean hi vicharoan ka adan–pradan kar sakate haian. bhavi rashtrabhasha ke roop mean hiandi ko badhane ka kary inhian dharm/samaj sudharakoan ne kiya.
kaangres ke netaoan ka yogadan
- 1885 ee. mean kaangres ki sthapana huee. jaise–jaise kaangres ka rashtriy aandolan zor pak data gaya, vaise–vaise rashtriyata, rashtriy jhanda evan rashtrabhasha ke prati agrah badhata hi gaya.
- 1917 ee. mean lokamany bal gangadhar tilak ne kaha, "yadyapi maian un logoan mean se hooan, jo chahate haian aur jinaka vichar hai ki hiandi hi bharat ki rashtrabhasha ho sakati hai." tilak ne bharatavasiyoan se agrah kiya ki ve hiandi sikhean.
- mahatma gaandhi rashtr ke lie rashtrabhasha ko nitaant avashyak manate the. unaka kahana tha, "rashtrabhasha ke bina rashtr gooanga hai." gaandhiji hiandi ke prashn ko svaraj ka prashn manate the— "hiandi ka prashn svarajy ka prashn hai." unhoanne hiandi ko rashtrabhasha ke roop mean samane rakhakar bhasha–samasya par gambhirata se vichar kiya. 1917 ee. mean bh dauanch mean ayojit gujarat shiksha parishad ke adhiveshan mean sabhapati pad se bhashan dete hue gaandhiji ne kaha,
rashtrabhasha ke lie 5 lakshan ya shartean honi chahie—
- amaladaroan ke lie vah bhasha saral honi chahie.
- yah zaroori hai ki bharatavarsh ke bahut se log us bhasha ko bolate hoan.
- us bhasha ke dvara bharatavarsh ka apani dharmik, arthik aur rajanitik vyavahar hona chahie.
- rashtr ke lie vah bhasha asan honi chahie.
- us bhasha ka vichar karate samay kisi kshanik ya alpasthayi sthiti par zor nahian dena chahie."
varsh 1918 ee. mean hiandi sahity sammelan ke indaur adhiveshan mean sabhapati pad se bhashan dete hue gaandhi ji ne rashtrabhasha hiandi ka samarthan kiya, "mera yah mat hai ki hiandi hi hindustan ki rashtrabhasha ho sakati hai aur honi chahie." isi adhiveshan mean yah prastav parit kiya gaya ki prativarsh 6 dakshin bharatiy yuvak hiandi sikhane ke lie prayag bhejean jaean aur 6 uttar bharatiy yuvak ko dakshin bhashaean sikhane tatha hiandi ka prasar karane ke lie dakshin bharat mean bheja jae. indaur sammelan ke bad unhoanne hiandi ke kary ko rashtriy vrat bana diya. dakshin mean pratham hiandi pracharak ke roop mean gaandhiji ne apane sabase chhote putr devadas gaandhi ko dakshin mean chennee bheja. gaandhiji ki prerana se madras (1927 ee.) evan vardha (1936 ee.) mean rashtrabhasha prachar sabhaean sthapit ki geean.
- varsh 1925 ee. mean kaangres ke kanapur adhiveshan mean gaandhiji ki prerana se yah prastav parit hua ki 'kaangres ka, kaangres ki mahasamiti ka aur karyakarini samiti ka kam–kaj amataur par hiandi mean chalaya jaega.' is prastav mean hiandi–aandolan ko b da bal mila.
- varsh 1927 ee. mean gaandhiji ne likha, "vastav mean ye aangrezi mean bolane vale neta haian, jo am janata mean hamara kam jaldi age badhane nahian dete. ve hiandi sikhane se iankar karate haian, jabaki hiandi dravi d pradesh mean bhi tin mahine ke andar sikhi ja sakati hai.
- varsh 1927 ee. mean si. rajagopalachari ne dakshin valoan ko hiandi sikhane ki salah di aur kaha, "hiandi bharat ki rashtrabhasha to hai hi, yahi janatantratmak bharat mean rajabhasha bhi hogi."
- varsh 1928 ee. mean prastut neharoo riport mean bhasha sambandhi sifarish mean kaha gaya tha, "devanagari athava farasi mean likhi jane vali hindustani bharat ki rashtrabhasha hogi, parantu kuchh samay ke lie aangrezi ka upayog zari rahega." sivay 'devanagari ya farasi' ki jagah 'devanagari' tatha 'hindustani' ki jagah 'hiandi' rakh dene ke aantatah svatantr bharat ke sanvidhan mean isi mat ko apana liya gaya.
- varsh 1929 ee. mean subhashachandr bos ne kaha, "prantiy eershya–dvesh ko door karane mean jitani sahayata is hiandi prachar se milegi, utani doosari kisi chiz se nahian mil sakati. apani prantiy bhashaoan ki bharapoor unnati kijie, usamean koee badha nahian dalana chahata aur n ham kisi ki badha ko sahan hi kar sakate haian. par sare prantoan ki sarvajanik bhasha ka pad hiandi ya hindustani ko hi mila hai."
- varsh 1931 ee. mean gaandhiji ne likha, "yadi svarajy aangezi–padhe bharatavasiyoan ka hai aur keval unake lie hai to sampark bhasha avashy aangrezi hogi. yadi vah karo doan bhookhe logoan, karo doan nirakshar logoan, nirakshar striyoan, satae hue achhootoan ke lie hai to sampark bhasha keval hiandi ho sakati hai." gaandhiji janata ki bat janata ki bhasha mean karane ke pakshadhar the.
- varsh 1936 ee. mean gaandhiji ne kaha, "agar hindustan ko sachamuch age badhana hai to chahe koee mane ya n mane rashtrabhasha to hiandi hi ban sakati hai, kyoanki jo sthan hiandi ko prapt hai, vah kisi aur bhasha ko nahian mil sakata hai."
- varsh 1937 ee. mean desh ke kuchh rajyoan mean kaangres mantrimandal gathit hua. in rajyoan mean hiandi ki padhaee ko protsahit karane ka sankalp liya gaya.
- jaise–jaise svatantrata sangram tivratam hota gaya vaise–vaise hiandi ko rashtrabhasha banane ka aandolan zor pak data gaya. 20vian sadi ke chauthe dashak tak hiandi rashtrabhasha ke roop mean am sahamati prapt kar chuki thi. varsh 1942 se 1945 ka samay aisa tha jab desh mean svatantrata ki lahar sabase adhik tivr thi, tab rashtrabhasha se ot–prot jitani rachanaean hiandi mean likhi geean utani shayad kisi aur bhasha mean itane vyapak roop se kabhi nahian likhi gee. rashtrabhasha prachar ke sath rashtriyata ke prabal ho jane par aangrezoan ko bharat chho dana p da.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ visheshatah 1900 ee.-1947 ee.
- ↑ sthapana 1867 ee., sansthapak—atmarang pandurang
- ↑ sthapana 1895 ee., sansthapak—pandit dinadayal
- ↑ sthapana 1897 ee., sansthapak—svami vivekanand
bahari k diyaan
- bharopiy parivar ki bharatiy bhashaean
- hindi bhasha ke sambandh mean kuchh vichar
- hindi bhasha-kshetr evan hindi ke kshetragat roop
- hindi-urdoo ka advait
- hindi ki antararashtriy bhoomika
sanbandhit lekh
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varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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