इब्रानी भाषा

ibrani bhasha aur sahity sami (semetik) parivar ki bhashaoan mean se ek jo yahoodadiyoan ki prachin saanskritik bhasha hai. isi mean unaka dharmagranth (baibil ka poorvardh) likha hua hai; at: ibrani ka jnan mukhyataya baibil par nirbhar hai.

'sami' shabd vyutpatti ki drishti se, nauh ke putr sem se sanbandh rakhata hai. sami bhashaoan ki poorvi upashakha ka kshetr mesopotemiya tha. vahaan pahale sumeriyan bhasha boli jati thi; phalasvaroop sumer ki bhasha ne poorvi sami bhashaoan ko bahut kuchh prabhavit kiya hai. prachinatam sami bhasha akkadiy ki do upashakhaean haian, arthath‌ asoori aur babuli. sami parivar ki dakshini upashakha mean arabi, habshi (ithopiyaee) tatha saba ki bhashaean pradhan haian. sami varg ki pashchimi upashakha ki mukhy bhashaean is prakar haian: ugaritiy, kananiy, aramiy aur ibrani. inamean se ugaritiy bhasha (1500 ee. poo.) sabase prachin hai; isaka tatha kananiy bhasha ka gahara sanbandh hai. jab yahoodi log pahale pahal kanan desh mean akar basane lage tab ve kananiy se milati julati ek aramiy upabhasha bolate the; usase unaki apani ibrani bhasha ka vikas hua hai. aisa pratit hota hai ki 'ibrani' shabd hapiroo se nikala hai; hapiroo (shabdarth 'videshi') uttari arabi marubhoomi ki ek yayavar jati thi, jisake sath yahoodiyoan ka sanbandh mana jata tha. babilon ke nirvasan ke bad (539 ee. poo.) yahoodi log dainik jivan mean ibrani chho dakar aramiy bhasha bolane lage. is bhasha ki kee boliyaan prachalit thian. eesa bhi aramiy bhasha bolate the, kiantu is mool bhasha ke bahut kam shabd surakshit rah sake.

any sami bhashaoan ki tarah ibrani ki nimnalikhit visheshataean haian. dhatuean pray: trivyanjanatmak hoti haian. dhatuoan mean svar hote hi nahian aur sadharan shabdoan ke svar bhi pray: nahian likhe jate. pratyay aur upasarg dvara purush tatha vachan ka bodh karaya jata hai. kriyaoan ke roopaantar apekshakrit kam haian. sadharan arth mean kal nahian hote, keval vachy hote haian. vakyavinyas atyant saral hai, vakyaansh pray: 'aur' shabd se sahare jo de jate haian. ibrani mean arth ke sookshm bhed vyakt karana du:sadhy hai. vastav mean ibrani bhasha darshanik vivechana ki apeksha kathasahity tatha kavy ke lie kahian adhik uparyukt hai.

pratham shatabdi ee. mean yahoodi shastriyoan ne ibrani bhasha ko lipibaddh karane ki ek nee pranali chalaee jisake dvara bolachal mean shatabdiyoan se aprayukt ibrani bhasha ka svaroop tatha usaka uchcharan bhi nishchit kiya gaya. athavian 10vian sadi mean unhoanne samast ibrani baibil ka isi pranali ke anusar sanpadan kiya hai. yah masora ka paranparagat path batalaya jata hai aur pichhali das shatabdiyoan se ibrani baibil ka yah sabase prachalit path hai. isaka sarvadhik prasiddh sanskaran ben hyim ka hai jo 1524 ee. mean venis mean prakashit hua tha. sanh‌ 1947 ee. mean philistin ke kumaram namak sthan par ibrani baibil tatha any sahity ki atyant prachin hastalipiyaan mil gee. inaka lipikal pray: doosari shatabdi ee.poo. mana jata hai vidvanoan ko yah dekhakar ashchary hua ki baibil ki ye prachin pothiyaan masora ke path se adhik bhinn nahian haian. pashchim ke vishvavidyalayoan mean ajakal ibrani ka adhyayan apekshakrit lokapriy hai.

madhyakal mean ek vishesh ibrani boli ki utpatti huee thi jise jarmani ke ve yahoodi bolate the jo polaiand aur roos mean jakar bas ge the. is boli ko 'yahoodi jarman' athava 'yiddish' kahakar pukara jata hai. vastav mean yah ek jarmani boli hai jo ibrani lipi mean likhi jati hai or jisamean bahut se aramiy, polish tatha roosi shabd bhi sammilit haian. isaka vyakaran asthir hai, kiantu isaka sahity samriddh hai.

pratham mahayuddh ke bad philistin (yahoodiyoan ka izarayal namak naya rajy) ki rajabhasha adhunik ibrani hai. sanh‌ 1925ee. mean jeroosalam ka ibrani vishvavidyalay sthapit hua jisake sabhi vibhagoan mean ibrani hi shiksha ka madhyam hai. izarayal rajy mean kee dainik patr bhi ibrani mean nikalate haian.

sahity

(1) baibil-rachanakal ki drishti se baibil ka pramanik roop ibrani bhasha ka prachinatam sahity hai. isaka drishtikon mukhyataya sahityik ne hokar dharmik hi hai; kalatmak abhivyanjana ki apeksha shiksha ka pratipadan ya upadesh isaka pradhan uddeshy hai (dr. baibil).

(2) apramanik dharmik sahity-doosari shatabdi ee. poo. se lekar doosari shatabdi ee. tak bahut se aise granthoan ki rachana huee thian jinaka uddeshy hai baibil mean pratipadit vishayoan ki vyakhya athava unaka vistar. inamean pray: baibil ke pramukh patroan ki bhavishy sanbandhi uktiyoan ka samavesh hai. udaharanarth, adam aur hauva ki jivani. in rachanaoan ko baibil mean sthan nahian mila. inhean apramanik sahity kaha jata hai. is prakar ke sahity ki mool bhasha pray: ibrani thian, kiantu ajakal yah keval aramiy athava paravarti anuvadoan mean hi milata hai.

(3) shastriy sahity-eesaee dharm ke pravartan ke pashchath‌ yahoodi shastri (ibrani mean inaka nam rabbi hai), jo eesaee dharm svikar karate the, ek atyant vistrit sahity ki rachana karane lage. yah shastriy sahity ke nam se vikhyat hai. isaka tin vargo mean vibhajan kiya ja sakata hai:

(a) mishna-yah parv, sanskar, pooja, kanoon adi ke vishay mean yahoodiyoan ke yahaan prachalit maukhik paranparaoan ka sangrah hai jise doosari shatabdi ee. mean yoodah hanasi ne sankalit kiya tha. 'tosephta' isaka arvachin parishisht hai.

(a) talamood-yah mishna ki vyakhya hai jo sthaniy paristhitiyoan ke anusar vibhinn roop dharan kar leti hai. jeroosalam ke shastriyoan ne apana jeroosalami talamood tisari chauthi eesavi mean likha hai. babiloniya ke talamood ka nam babli athava gemara hai; isaka rachanakal chauthi chhathi shatabdi eesavi hai. babli talamood sabase vistrit (10,000 pri.) tatha sarvadhik mahatvapoorn hai. talamood ki bhasha ibrani tatha aramiy hai.

(i) midrashim-ye moosa ke niyam ki vyavaharik tatha upadeshatmak vyakhean haian. gaun midrashim sanh‌ 500 ee. ke haian, unamean se mekhilata saphrai tatha saphrei ullekhaniy haian. paravarti midrashim (rabbot) apekshakrit vistrit haian. unaki rachana chhathi shatabdi se lekar 12vian shatabdi tak hoti rahi.

(4) madhyakalin sahity-vibhinn deshoan mean basanevale yahoodiyoan mean kee sanpraday utpann hue jinaka ibrani sahity ab tak surakshit hai. babiloniya ke soora namak sthan par 600 ee. se lekar geonim sanpraday hai jisaka kanoon, mina tatha baibil vishayak sahity vistrit hai. isake pramukh vidvanh‌ sadiyah 942 ee. mean chal base. kara-vadi athavian shatabdi ee. ka yahoodi shastriyoan ka ek sanpraday hai jisaka sahity mukhyataya baibil ki vyakhya hai.

navian shatabdi ee. mean spen musalamani aur yahoodi sanskriti ka keandr bana; vahaan visheshakar vyakaran, baibil ki vyakhya tatha arastoo ke darshan par sahity ki srishti huee. is sanbandh mean moosa ibn ejhऱa (1140 ee.) tatha joodah hallevi (1140 ee.) ullekhaniy haian, kiantu us samay ke sabase mahanh‌ yahoodi darshanik maimonides (1135-1204 ee.) haian. maimonides ne arastoo ki kuchh rachanaoan ke arabi anuvad ka vishesh adhyayan karane ke bad dharmik vishvas tatha buddhi ke samanvay ki avashyakata dikhalane ka prayatn kiya. yahoodiyoan ne ibn sina (1137 ee.) tatha ibn roos (1198 ee.) jaise arabi vidvanoan ki rachanaean madhyakalin yoorop tak pahuanchakar arabi tatha yoonari jnan vijnan ke prachar mean mahatvapoorn yog diya hai.

(5) adhunik sahity-moosa meandelason (1729-1786) ke buddhivad se prabhavit hokar ibrani sahity ka drishtikon uttarottar udar tatha sahityik hota jata raha hai. 19vian shatabdi mean ek navin rashtravadi dhara utpann huee jo bad mean sionavadi (zionist) aandolan mean parinat huee. yah philistin desh ko pun: yahoodi jati ka saanskritik keandr banana chahati hai. adhunikatam ibrani sahity mean pratibha, kalatmakata tath vidvatta ka bhandar hai; usaka vishvasahity tatha vishvavyapi aandolanoan ke sath gahara sanbandh hai. eliejeraban yahoodah (1923) apana 'ibrani bhasha ka kosh' (10 khand) likhakar vishvavikhyat ban ge. jeroosalam ke ibrani vishvavidyalay ki or se ek suvistrit ibrani vishvakosh ka sanpadan sanh‌ 1950 ee. mean praanrabh hua. dvitiy mahayuddh ke bad ibrani sahityik jivan ka keandr poorvi yoorop se hatakar pashchimi yoorop, amarika tatha izarayal mean a gaya hai.

ibrani bhasha ke svaroop ke varnan mean yiddish ka oopar ullekh ho chuka hai. abramovich ke yiddish upanyas prasiddh haian. idhar sholem asha ke bahut se etihasik upanyas aangreji mean anoodit ho chuke haian. ai.el. perez ek adhunik rahasyavadi lekhak tatha maris rosenapheld ek lokapriy kavi haian. sanh‌ 1897 ee. mean abraham kahan ne amarika mean yiddish patrakarita ka praranbh kiya tha.

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