केरल
keral
| |
rajadhani | tiruvanantapuram |
rajabhasha(ean) | malayalam bhasha |
sthapana | 1956/11/01 |
janasankhya | 31,838,619 |
· ghanatv | 819 /varg kimi |
kshetraphal | 38863 ki.mi |
bhaugolik nirdeshaank | 8.5074°N 76.972 °E |
· grishm | 36.7 °C |
· sharad | 19.8 °C |
varsha | 3017 mimi |
zile | 14 |
mukhy aitihasik sthal | munnar |
mukhy paryatan sthal | kovalam, varakala, kapp d, bekal, munnar, piramed |
liang anupat | 1000:1058 ♂/♀ |
saksharata | 90.92% |
· stri | 87.86% |
· purush | 94.20% |
rajyapal | ar es gavee |
mukhyamantri | vi es achchutanandan |
lokasabha kshetr | 20 |
rajyasabha sadasy | 9 |
bahari k diyaan | adhikarik vebasait |
adyatan | 2010/05/20 |
itihas aur bhoogol
keral bharatiy upamahadvip ke dakshin-pashchimi sire par sthit hai. shvatantr bharat mean jab chhoti chhoti riyasatoan ka vilay hua tab travanakore tatha kochin riyasatoan ko milakar 1 julaee, 1949 ko 'travanakor kochin' rajhy bana diya gaya, lekin malabar madras praant ke adhin hi raha. rajhy punargathan adhiniyam, 1956 ke aantargat 'travanakor-kochin rajhy tatha malabar' ko milakar 1 navanbar, 1956 ko 'keral rajhy' ka nirman kiya gaya. hinduoan aur musalamanoan ke atirikt yahaan eesaee bhi b di sankhya mean rahate haian. is rajy ka kshetraphal 38863 hazar varg kilomitar hai.
[[chitr:Vizhinjam-Port-Site.jpg|thumb|220|left|vizianjam pattan, tiruanantapuram
Vizhinjam Port, Tiruvananthapuram]]
poorv mean ooanche pashchimi ghat aur pashchim mean arab sagar ke madhy mean sthit is pradesh ki chau daee 35 ki. mi. se 120 ki. mi.tak hai. bhaugolik drishti se keral parvatiy kshetroan, ghatiyoan, madhhyavarti maidanoan tatha samudr ka tatavarti kshetr haian. keral nadiyoan aur talaboan ke sambandh mean bahut hi samriddh hai. keral mean 44 nadiyaan bahati haian jinamean 41 nadiyaan pashchim ki or aur tin poorv ki or bahane vali nadiyaan haian. ye nadiyaan apani sahayak nadiyoan aur upadharaoan ke sath keral ki prakritik sanpada ko badhati haian. samudri jhilean keral ka mukhy akarshan haian. arthik drishti se bhi prakritik sansadhan bahut mhathvapoorn haian.
rajadhani
keral ki rajadhani tiruvanantapuram (trivendram) hai.
bhasha
yahaan ki mukhy bhasha malayalam hai. yahaan malayalam bhasha boli jati hai . apani sanskriti aur bhasha-vaishishty ke karan bharat ke dakshin mean sthit char rajyoan mean keral ka pramukh sthan hai . isake p dosi rajy tamilanadu aur karnatak haian. keral rajy mean aangrezi bhasha ko pramukh sthan prapt hai . malayalam bhasha ki bhaanti aangrezi bhasha bhi shiksha ka pramukh madhyam hai . tamil aur kann d bhashaoan ko alpasankhyak bhasha kaha jata hai. keral pradesh ki bhasha malayalam hai. malayalam dravi d parivar ki bhashaoan mean se ek hai. malayalam bhasha ki utpatti ke vishay mean anek mat haian -
- ek mat hai ki kisi adi dravi d bhasha se vikasit hokar malayalam ek svatantr bhasha huee .
- doosara mat hai ki malayalam tamil se utpann bhasha hai.
- sabhi vidvan manate haian ki bhasha ke parivartan ke karan malayalam bhasha ka uday hua. tamil aur sanskrit donoan hi bhashaoan ke sath malayalam ka bahut hi gahan sambandh hai. sahityik bhasha ke roop mean malayalam bhasha ka vikas 13 vian shatabdi se hi prarambh hua. 13 vian shatabdi mean likhit 'ramacharitamh' ko malayalam bhasha ka adi kavy mana jata hai .
jalavayu
[[chitr:Fort-Cochin-Kochi.jpg|thumb|250px|fort kochin, kochchi
Fort Cochin, Kochi]]
keral rajy mean garm mausam hai kyoanki yah bhoomadhyarekha se matr 8 digri ke aantaral par sthit hai. keral rajy ki jalavayu ki mukhy visheshata hai- shital mand hava aur bhari varsha . pashchimi manasoon se pramukh varsha kal prarambh hota hai. doosara varshakal uttari-pashchimi manasoon hai . pratyek varsh lagabhag 120 se lekar 140 din tak varsha hoti rahati hai . keral ki ausat varshik varsha 3017 mili mitar mani jati hai . keral mean bhari varsha se badh bhi ati haian jisase jan aur dhan ki bhi bahut hani hoti hai .
krishi
keral rajy mean krishi ki visheshata hai ki yahaan vhyaparik phasalean adhik ugaee jati haian. rajhy ke lagabhag 50 pratishat nagarik krishi par nirbhar hai. nariyal, rabad, kali mirch, adarak, chay, ilayachi, kajoo tatha k aauphi adi ka utpadan keral mean pramukh roop se hota hai. doosari phasaloan mean supari, kela, adarak tatha halhdi adi haian. keral rajhy mean jayaphal, dalachini, lauang adi masaloan ke vriksh bhi ugae jate hai. chaval tatha taipiyoka keral ki mukhhy khady phasalean haian.
krishi utpadan aank de
- athavian panchavarshiy yojana mean chaval ke kshetr mean varshik kami 22,000 hekhteyar thi.
- nauvian yojana mean yah ghatakar 13000 hekhteyar rah gee.
- 2003 - 04 ke 2.87 lakh hekhteyar ki tulana mean yah badhakar 2004 - 05 mean 2.90 lakh hekhteyar ho gee. yah vridvi 2,634 hekhteyar thi. chaval ka uthpadan 5.70 mitrik tan se badhakar 6.67 lakh tan ho gaya. yah vriddhi 17 pratishat thi.
- sookhe ki vajah se dhan uthpadan mean 2003 se 2004 mean kami aee kiantu 2004 se 05 mean uthpadan mean vridvi huee. 2004 se 05 mean chaval ke uthpadan mean vriddhi alhlapujhja (75 pratishat), palakhkad (37 pratishat) mean darj ki gee.
left|thumb|250px|nauka dau d, keral
Boat Race, Kerala
- ay aur rojagar mean nariyal keral ki gramin arthavyavashtha ka mukhhy adhar hai. nariyal ka phasal kshetr nau lakh hekhteyar tak hai, jo kul phasal kshetr ka lagabhag 41 pratishat hai. keral mean nariyal 35 lakh logoan ki ay ka sadhan hai.
- mukhhy niryat kali mirch ka hai jisamean keral anhy rajhyoan mean sadaiv se hi sarvashreshhth hai. desh bhar mean kali mirch ke uthpadan ka 98 pratishat keral mean hota hai aur is prakar kali mirch ke kshetr mean keral ka ekadhikar bana hua hai.
- keral ki arthvyavastha mean chay bagani phasaloan, rabad, k aauphi, chay aur ilayachi ka vishesh yogadan hai. in char phasaloan ki lagabhag 6.53 lakh hekhteyar mean kheti hoti hai. yah rajhy ke kul krishi kshetr ka 29 pratishat hai aur rajhy mean in phasaloan ke adhin kshetr ka 43 pratishat hai.
- keral mean kul rab d kshetr (desh bhar) ka 83 pratishat kshetr hai. varsh 2004 - 05 mean rab d ka kul phasal kshetr lagabhag 4.81 lakh hekhteyar tha, jo pichhale varsh se 2141 hekhteyar adhik raha. keral mean rab d ka uthpadan 6.91 lakh tan raha jo pichhale varsh se 5 pratishat adhik tha. uthpadakata mean vriddhi 2004 - 05 mean bhi bani rahi.
- varsh 2004 - 05 mean desh mean k aauphi ka uthpadan kshetr 3.28 lakh hekhteyar tha jisamean se 0.846 lakh hekhteyar keral mean hai jo kul kshetr ka 26 pratishat hai. varsh 2004 - 05 mean keral ki hishsedari 19.7 pratishat rahi. desh ke kul 2.75 lakh mitrik tan k aauphi uthpadan ke mukabale keral ka uthpadan 0.54 lakh mitrik tan tha, desh mean 5.11 lakh hekhteyar kshetraphal mean chay ke kul baganoan ki tulana mean keral mean keval 0.37 lakh hekhteyar kshetr mean chay ki kheti ki gee. chay uthpadan mean keral ki hishsedari 2004 mean pichhale varsh ke 7 pratishat se girakar 6 pratishat rah gee. pichhale tin varshoan se uthpadan mean giravat chal rahi hai. b di kanpaniyoan ke chay baganoan mean sangathit kshetr ke 84,000 se jhyada majadoor kam karate haian.
- ilayachi ek anhy bagani phasal hai jisaka uthpadan 2004 - 05 mean 28 pratishat se badhakar 76 pratishat ho gaya.
udyog
|
keral mean audyogik vikas ki apar sanbhavanaean hai. yahaan par panabijali, ghane van, durlabh khanij, parivahan aur achchhi sanchar pranali, sabhi buniyadi suvidhaean upalabhdh haian. yahaan ke paranparagat udyog haian- hathakaragha, kajoo, nariyal jata tatha hashtashilhp. anhy mahathvapoorn udyogoan mean rabad, chay, chini mitti ke bartan, bijali tatha ilekhtr aaunik upakaran, telifon ke tar, traansapharmar, eeant aur tails, aushadhiyaan aur rasayan, samanhy ianjiniyari vashtuean, phlaeevud, rangarogan, bi di aur sigar, sabun, tel, urvarak tatha khadi aur gramodyog uthpad shamil haian. isake alava mahin upakaran, mashini auzar, petroliyam padarth, peant, lugadi, kagaj, akhabari kagaj, kaanch tatha alauh dhatuoan ke uthpadan ke lie rajhy mean kee karakhane haian. niryat ki jane vali vashtuoan mean pramukh haian- kajoo, chay, masale, leman gras aauyal, samudri khady uthpad, shisham aur nariyal resha. rajhy mean ilhmenait, ratal, monajait, jirakon, silimenait, chikani mitti tatha shphatik yukht baloo jaise mahathvapoorn khanij bhi prachur matra mean pae jate hai. lagabhag sabhi mukhhy uthpadoan mean audyogik niryat mean lagatar vriddhi huee hai.-
- s aauphtaveyar ka niryat 2003 - 04 ke dauran 240 karo d rupe ka tha, jo 2004 - 05 mean 400 karo d rupe ka ho gaya. yah vriddhi 66 pratishat thi. 2004 - 05 mean nipatare ke lie 2658 audyogik vivad the jo 2003 - 04 ki tulana mean kaphi kam the. isi tarah 2004 - 05 mean h datalean aur talabandi bhi 2003-04 ki tulana mean kam rahe.
- 31 march 2005 tak keral mean 14655 j aauiant sht aauk kanpaniyaan thian jinamean se 13210 praivet limited aur 1445 pablik limited thi. keral mean sarvadhik sankhhya mean sarvajanik kshetr ke upakram haian (1071 mean se 113) jinamean 115697 logoan ko rojagar mila hua hai. inamean se 63 upakramoan mean ianjiniyariang, bijali ka saman, vashtr, ilekhtr aaunik, chin-mitti, krishi tatha lak di ke saman ka kam kiya jata hai.
- keral sarakar audyogik ikaiyoan ko vittiy sahayata aur prashikshan / paramarsh sevaean pradan karati hai. audyogik prothsahan ke kary mean lagi mahathvapoorn ejeansiyaan aur vibhag haian- ke. eph. si., ke. es. aee. di. si., sidabi kinaphara, udyog aur vanijhy nideshalay, es.aee.di.si., es.aee.es.aee., kitako aur si.em.di..
- udyog aur vanijhy nideshalay bhoomi adhigrahan karake, use vikasit karake, s dak, jalapoorti, bijali tatha avashhyak imaratean banakar, sari suvidhaean laghu udyogoan ko upalabhdh karata hai. laghu udyog vikas nigam apani b di audyogik sanpadaoan v laghu audyogik sanpadaoan ke jarie laghu udyogoan ko mool sanrachanathmak suvidhaean upalabhdh karata hai.
- niryat sanvarddhan ke lie mukhhyat: vishesh dhyan arthik kshetr par diya ja raha hai. is yojana ka uddeshhy niryat ke lie mukht vatavaran aur aantararashhtriy shtar ka pratishpardhi mahaul upalabhdh karane ke lie vishesh arthik kshetr shthapit karana hai.
- kochchi mean tin vishesh arthik kshetr haian-
- kalamasari ke kinaphara mean ilekhtranik park,
- kochin vishesh arthik kshetr,
- bandaragah adharit vishesh arthik kshetr.
- isake alava anhy haian -
- malhlapuram phood park,
- taikhnopark,
- tiruvanantapuram mean epral park, philhm aur vidiyo park, enimeshan vishesh arthik kshetr.
- bharatiy arthavhyavashtha mean laghu udyog ek bahut gatishil aur jivant kshetr hai. 31 march 2005 tak keral mean 2,80,584 laghu audyogik ikaiyaan panjikrit thian jisamean 4230.03 karo d rupe ka nivesh tha aur 12,60,007 logoan ko rojagar mila tha. 2004 - 05 mean 4935 ikaiyaan panjikrit hueean jinamean 198.63 karo d rupe ka nivesh hua hai aur 22585 log kam kar rahe haian.
- keral sarakar ne 'zila audyogik keandroan' ke madyam se 'prathyasha' shirshak ke aantargat keral shthaniy udyog sanvarddhan karyakram prarambh kiya hai. is yojana ka uddeshhy 25,00 laghu udyog shthapit karana hai jinamean varsh 2005 - 06 mean 1,00,000 logoan ko rojagar milega.
soochana praudyogiki
[[chitr:Munnar-Hill-Station-Kerala.jpg|thumb|250px|munnar
Munnar]]
soochana praudyogiki aur isaka adhikadhik upayog karane ki kshamata ek mahathvapoorn pahaloo hai. keral sarakar ne rajhy mean soochana praudyogiki ke vikas ke lie anek kadam uthae haian. jinamean se pramukh haian-
- tekhnopark, tiruvanantapuram. yah bharat ka pahala aantararashhtriy shtar ka soochana praudyogiki keandr hai.
- kochchi mean kinaphara sthit soochana praudyogiki park,
- keral soochana praudyogiki mishan ka akshay karyakram
- rajhy sarakar ki ee-shasan pahal, jaise - phraiands
- tekhnopark ki samanvit soochana ke sath praudyogiki vatavaran ke roop ki avadharana ki gee hai jisamean udyog ki avashhyakata ki sabhi moolabhoot aur adhunik suvidhaean upalabadh haian. sarakar ne is parisar ko sabhi vhyavadhanoan se mukht kar diya hai, keval bijali ki suraksha ke lie mukhhy vidyut nirikshak se pramanapatr lena hota hai. bharat sarakar ki adhikaansh shvikritiyoan ke lie tekhnopark ekamatr sanpark ki bhoomika nibhata hai. tekhnopark ne 2004 mean soochana praudyogiki parisar ke lie mool sanrachanathmak aur anhy sevaoan ke srijan aur vipanan ki achhchhi pranali kayam karane aur usake rakh-rakhav ke lie pramanapatr prapht kiya. tekhnopark aisi pahali seva sanshtha hai jise 2004 mean amerika ki 'karanegi mailhtan yoonivarsiti' se si.em.em.aee. leval 4 pramanapatr mila.
- vartaman samay mean is parisar mean 84 aantarrashhtriy aur shvadeshi kanpaniyaan haian, jinamean 634.25 karo d rupe ka nivesh hai. pichhale varsh tekhnopark se 350 karo d rupe ka niryat hua. 2004-05 mean parisar ke vishtar ke lie aur bhoomi adhigrahit ki gee. 86 ek d bhoomi adhigrahit ki gee aur is par kabhza liya ja raha hai. keandr sarakar ne is ne parisar (86 ek d) ko vishesh arthik kshetr ghoshit kiya hai.
- kochchi mean 92 ek d ke kshetraphal mean ek ianpho park hai jisamean 3.5 lakh varg phit ka nirmit hishsa hai. b di kanpaniyoan jaise vipro, o.pi.aee, e.si.es., aee.bi.es. aur ti.si.es ne ianpho park mean kary aranbh kar diya hai. yahaan ianpho park suvidhaoan mean 1400 karmachari karyarat haian. kanpani ka kul nivesh 80.43 karo d ru. hai. ianpho park kanpaniyoan ka kul niryat 32 karo d ru hai.
- keral ko ee-shasan ke mamale mean bharat ka doosara sarvashreshhth rajhy hone ka gaurav prapht hai. phraiands (phasht rilayabil ianshtaiant ephishieant netavark phar dishbarsameant sarvis) ek hi shthan par nipatan pranali hai jahaan nagarik sabhi kar aur anhy vittiy dey sarakar ko dete hai.
- agasht 2004 mean malhlapuram zile mean 'phraiands pariyojana' ke vishtar ke roop mean akshay ee-keandroan ke madhyam se keral sarakar ne biloan ke bhugatan ki suvidha shuroo ki hai.
- desh mean apani tarah ka pahala k aaul seantar rajhy ki rajadhani mean shthapit kiya gaya hai. isase am nagarik telifon ke madhyam se vibhinhn sarakari vibhagoan mean hue len-den ke bare mean jnan prapht kar sakeange.
sianchaee
- keral bhi jalapoorti ke lie bhootal jal sianchaee pranali par nirbhar hai, jo guroothvakarshan bal ke dvara sanchalit hoti hai. bahut b da bhookhand b di aur manjholi sianchaee pariyojanaoan ke lie niyat hai. march 2005 tak kul 3572.40 karo d ke nivesh mean se 2,462.51 karo d rupe ka nivesh (69 pratishat) b di aur manjholi sianchaee pariyojanaoan ke lie tha.
[[chitr:Kovalam.jpg|left|thumb|220px|kovalam
Kovalam]]
- keral mean sianchaee vhyavashtha b di, manjholi aur laghu sianchaee pariyojanaoan ka bhoojal vikas karyakramoan ke madhhyam se hoti hai. poori ki gee pramukh pariyojanaean- malamapoojaha, chalakuddi, pichi, panpa, periyar, chittoorapooja, kuttiyadi, neyyar aur chimhmani, pajhari, kaanjarapooja tatha kalhlad haian. pothu di, gayatri, valayar vazani, mangalam aur chira kujhi manjholi pariyojanaean haian. char b di pariyojanaoan- muvattupooja, idamalayar, karapooza tatha kutiyar kutti - karapara tatha karapooja tatha vanasur sagar, tirathala mean pul tatha jal niyamak tatha chamaravattom mean manjholi yojanaoan par kam chal raha hai.
- dasavian yojana mean sianchaee par nivesh 930 karo d rupe nirdharit tha. isamean se pramukh nivesh b di tatha madhhyam sianchaee yojanaoan par 600 karo d rupe tatha usake bad laghu sianchaee yojanaoan par 205 karo d rupe tatha badh niyantran aur samudr ksharan avarodhi yojanaoan par 50 karo d rupe nirdharit kie ge. pahale tin varshoan mean 435.95 karo d rupe bajat mean avantit the aur 494.63 karo d rupe vhyay hue. isamean se adhikaansh b di aur manjholi sianchaee ke lie tha.
- 'kamaand kshetr vikas karyakram' mukhhy roop se is uddeshhy se shuroo kiya gaya tha ki arjit sianchaee kshamata aur upayog mean laee gee kshamata ke aantaral ko kam kiya ja sake. 2003 - 04 mean karyakram ki punarrachana ki gee aur ise ek naya nam diya gaya - 'kaman kshetr vikas aur jal prabandhan karyakram'.
- kamaand kshetr vikas karyakram pradhikaran ka mukhhy kary naliyaan, nale banavana aur ba dabandi lagoo karana hai. pradhikaran ki pramukh gatividhiyaan 16 poori ho chuki sianchaee pariyojanoan mean huee, jaise- 2.03 lakh hekhteyar ke kul kshetraphal mean malamapujha, mangalam, pothuandi, valayar, chirakujhi, vajhani, pichi, chalakudi, naiyar, gayatri, panpa, periyar ghati, chittarapujha, kuttiyadi, pajhachi aur kaanjirapujha. kamaand kshetr vikas ke karyakram bharat sarakar ki vittiy sahayata se chalae jate hai. *2004-05 ki upalabdhiyoan mean 1998 hekhteyar mean naharean, 6156 hekhteyar kshetr ke lie naliyaan, 10 hekhteyar mean is pranali ki parakh karana tatha 2302 hekhteyar mean 83 prashikshan karyakram ayojit karana shamil hai. pani ko, roke ge kshetroan ke pun: uddhar ke lie 1033 hekhteyar sanchit jal ko upayogi banaya gaya aur 3 moolhyaankan riport prakashit ki geean.
bijali
keral mean pichhale do dashakoan se vidyut pranali mean ulhlekhaniy pragati huee hai. vikas ke aranbhik charanoan mean rajhy ki panabijali kshamata par dhhyan keandrit kiya gaya. keral vidyut pranali mean 30 bijali uthpadan keandr hai, jinamean se 24 megavat panabijali ki, 5 tapabijali ke aur 1 pavanachakhki hai. inamean se bhi keral rajhy vidyut bord ke pas 24 panabijali, do tapabijali aur 1 pavanachakhki hai.
[[chitr:Napier-Museum-Thiruvananthapuram.jpg|thumb|250px|nepiyar sangrahalay, tiruanantapuram
Napier Museum, Thiruvananthapuram]]
31.3.05 tak keral mean kul shthapit kshamata 2,671.22 megavat thi, jisamean se keral rajhy vidyut bord ki 1,820.60 megavat panabijali ki, kojhikod ki 2.0 megavat pavan chakhki ki aur 234.60 megavat tapabijali sanyantroan ki thi.
malanakara panabijali pariyojana 23 akhtoobar 2005 ko shuroo ki gee, jisase shthapit kshamata mean 10.5 megav aaut ki vriddhi huee.
maikro-jalavidyut karyakram ke tahat bahut chhoti panabijali pariyojanaoan ko do zila panchayatoan-kasaragod mean kamhmadi aur kojhikod zile mean chakrakuandu mean lagoo karane ka kam e.en.ee.ar.ti. ne apane hath mean liya hai. yoonido ne bijali prabandhan keandr mean laghu panabijali ka ek kshetriy keandr shthapit kiya hai. keandr ne rajhy mean 30 chhoti panabijali pariyojanaoan ke bare mean vishtrit pariyojana riport taiyar ki hai. inamean se 13 chhoti panabijali pariyojanaean pratibandhit bijali pariyojanaoan tatha shvatantr bijali pariyojanaoan ke aantargat nivedakoan ko boot adhar par avantit ki gee haian. 100 kilov aaut ki chhoti bijali yojanaoan mean se pahali idukhki zile ke manikulam mean chaloo ho gee hai. rashhtriy pavan oorja sansadhan akalan ke aantargat adhhyayan ke lie do kshetroan - kasaragod mean pasavaee kuanb tatha idukhki zile mean kalhyanathaandu ko chuna gaya hai.
bharat sarakar dvara shuroo ki gee 'rajiv gaandhi gramin vidyutikaran yojana' ke pariprekshhy mean keral ke 14 ziloan ke 9.30 gaanvoan ke 3578 gharoan ko bijali pahuanchane ke lie 348.79 karo d rupe ke parivhyay ka prashtav bharat sarakar ko prashtut kiya gaya. bharat sarakar ne pahale charan ke lie 221.75 karo d rupe ki shvikriti di, jisamean sat ziloan mean bijali pahuanchane ka kam hoga. ye zile hai- kasaragau d vayanad, kanhnoor, kojhikod, malaphpuram, idukhki aur palakhk d.
parivahan
- keral rajhy ki yatayat pranali mean 1.61 lakh ki.mi. sadakean,
- 1,148 ki.mi. rel lainean,
- 1,687 ki.mi. jalamarg aur *18 havaee addoan ke 111 shtechoo mil vayumarg haian.
keral mean rashhtriy rajamarg
nam | lamhbaee (ki.mi) |
---|---|
en.ech. 17 – rashhtriy rajamarg | 420.777 |
en.ech. 47 – valayar kalimakavila | 416.800 |
en.ech. 47 A – vailiangatan dvip se kochchi baeepas | 5.920 |
en.ech. 49 – bodimettoo muvathtapujha kochchi | 167.593 |
en.ech. 208 – kolhlam ayanikavoo muvathtapujha | 81.280 |
en.ech. 212 – kojhikod kalhlegad | 117.600 |
en.ech. 213 – kojhikod kalapalakhkad | 125.300 |
en.ech. 220 –kolhlam kottayam kumini | 190.300 |
- keral rajhy parivahan pariyojana ne joon 2002 mean vishhv baiank ki sahayata se 584 ki. mi. lanbi vidyaman s dakoan ko sudharane tatha chauda karane, 993 ki. mi. s dakoan ki bhari maramhmat karane tatha 150 ki. mi. ke nishhpadan se sanbandhit rakharakhav ke lie karyakram aranbh kiya hai. isamean 93 kilomitar lanbi aantarvarti jal nahar ki yojana bhi shamil hai.
s dakean- keral desh ka pahala rajhy hai jahaan isake dooradaraj ke gaanvoan tak shat pratishat s dakean maujood haian. rajhy s dakoan ki kul lanbaee 138196.471 ki.mi. hai, jisamean se 21467.492 ki.mi. lok nirman vibhag ke pas, 1523.954 ki.mi. rashhtriy rajamarg ke pas aur 95515.888 ki.mi. panchayat ke adhin hai.
relave- rajhy mean 1,148 kilomitar lanbi rel lainoan ke aantargat 13 relave marg haian. b di rel lain 1,053.86 kilomitar or chhoti lain 94;14 kilomitar lanbi hai.
uddayan- rajhy mean tin pramukh havaee adde 'tiroovanantapuram', 'kochchi' (neduanbaseri) aur 'kojhikod' mean haian. unamean se pratham do aantarrashhtriy havaee adde haian.
bandaragah- 585 ki. mi; lanbi tatavarti pankti mean keral mean ek bada bandagah kochchi mean hai aur 17 chhote madhhyavarti bandaragah hai.
- pradhanamantri ne 16.12.2005 ko valhlarapadam aantarrashhtriy malavahak pot tarminal ka shilanhyas kiya. isake poora ho jane par kochchi bandaragah hiand mahasagar ka ek vishal bandaragah ban jaega.
shiksha
[[chitr:Chandrasekharan-Nair-Football-Stadium.jpg|thumb|220px|chandrashekhar naiyar phutab aaul stediyam, tiruanantapuram
Chandrasekharan Nair Football Stadium, Tiruvananthapuram]]
- keral mean akhil bharatiy 65.38 pratishat ki tulana mean 90.92 pratishat (2001 ki janaganana), ki uchhch saksharata dar hai. keral mean ziloan ke bich kottayam zile mean 95.90 pratishat ki uchhchatam saksharata dar aur palhlak d mean 84.31 pratishat nimhnatam saksharata dar hai. saksharata daroan mean kshetriy aur laiangik bhedabhav keral mean sabase kam hai.
- jila prathamik shiksha karyakram, sarvashiksha abhiyan ke tahat srijit mool sanrachana aur shthaniy sarakaroan ke yogadan se suvidhaoan ke sudhar mean yogadan mila hai.
- keral mean sat vishhvavidyalay aur do manad vishhvavidyalay haian. pichhale 5 varshoan mean keral mean takaniki shiksha sanshthanoan ki sankhhya mean apar vriddhi huee hai.
prarambhik shiksha
- keral mean 2005 mean kul 12650 shkool the, jinamean se 6827 loar praimari, 3042 apar praimari aur 2781 haeeshkool the. isake alava 483 sibiesee shkool, 78 aeesiesee shkool, 27 keandriy vidyalay aur 13 javahar navoday vidyalay the.
- keral mean anudan prapht shkool pranali bhi abhi tak vidyaman hai. kul 12650 shkooloan mean se 7287 sahayata prapht niji shkool (57.60 pratishat) haian. kul 3042 apar praimari shkooloan mean se 31.36 pratishat sarakari, 61.47 pratishat sahayata prapht niji shkool aur 7.17 pratishat gair sahayata prapht niji shkool haian. kul 2781 haeeshkooloan mean se 35.78 pratishat sarakari, 51.17 pratishat sahayata prapht niji tatha 13.05 pratishat gair sahayata prapht niji shkool haian.
[[chitr:Kowdiar-Palace-Tiruvananthapuram.jpg|left|thumb|220px|vizianjam pattan, tiruanantapuram
Vizhinjam Port, Tiruvananthapuram]]
- shvatantrata prapti se ab tak ki sarvadhik mahathvakaankshi shaikshik pariyojana sarv shiksha abhiyan ka uddeshhy 2010 tak 6 se 14 sal tak ke ayu-varg ke samasht bachhchoan ko upayogi aur prasangik moolabhoot shiksha pradan karana hai.
- 2004-05 mean sarakari aur sahayata prapht donoan tarah ke shkooloan mean sanrakshit adhhyapakoan ki sankhhya 3148 thi. isamean 524 haeeshkool adhhyapak, 1904 pidi adhhyapak aur 720 vishesh adhhyapak the.
- rashhtriy shiksha niti ke anusar madhhyamik shtar ki shiksha ko manhyata dene ke lie rajhy mean uchhchatar madhhyamik pathyakram shuroo kiya gaya. pratham charan mean, 1990-91 ke dauran 31 sarakari skooloan ka darja badhakar uchhchatar madhhyamik shkool bana diya gaya. 2005-06 ke akadamik varsh se uchhchatar madhhyamik shtar par grediang pranali shuroo kar di gee hai.
- adhik kushal aur rojagaronhmukh janashakti taiyar karake rojagar ke adhikadhik avasar jutane ke uddeshhy se rajhy mean vhyavasayik uchhchatar madhhymik shiksha shuroo ki gee. shurooat mean yah pathyakram 1983-84 mean 19 sarakari shkooloan mean shuroo kiya gaya. 2004-05 mean shvikrit chhatr sankhhya 26874 thi aur vashtavik chhatroan ki sankhhya 25382 thi.
- keral mean rajhy ke gathan ke samay ki tulana mean 'uchhch shiksha pranali' mean k aaulejoan aur vishhvavidyalayoan ki sankhhya ke mamale mean kaphi vriddhi huee hai. is pranali mean 7 vishhvavidyalay aur 2 manad vidyalay haian. keral ke vishhvavidyalay ki amadani ka mukhhy srot rajhy sarakar se milane vala yojanagat aur gair yojanagat anudan haian. vishhvavidyalay ka yojanagat vhyay 2003-04 mean 11014.6 lakh roope tha jo 2004-05 mean badhakar 12858.1 lakh rupe ho gaya.
shvashthhy
thumb|250px|keral ka khana
Kerala Food
- keral ne janhmadar, mrithyudar, shishu mrithyu dar, prasooti mrithyu, janhm par ausat ayu tatha tikakaran ke kshetr mean bahut hi achhchha shvashthhy shtar prapht kar liya hai. keral mean prati hazar janasankhhya par janhm dar 16.90, mrithyu dar 6.40, shishu mrithyu dar 10, prasooti mrithyudar 0.87 thi. yadyapi keral ne behatar shvashthhy dekhabhal sanketak prapht kar lie haian, phir bhi log sankramak aur gair sankramak donoan tarah ki bimariyoan se ashvashth hote ja rahe haian.
- keral ki shvashth pranali mean elopaithi, ayurved aur homhyopaithi shamil haian. in tinoan pranaliyoan ke sarakari kshetr mean 2696 sanshthan haian aur 48834 bishtar haian. keral ke tikakaran ka sarvajanik shtar prapht kar liya hai. 2004-05 mean bisiji ki kavarej 104.3 pratishat thi. ekatrit aankadoan ke anusar kaiansar ka ilaj karane vale jhyada log 55 se 64 varsh ke ayu varg ke the.
pey jalapoorti
- keral mean 2004 - 05 tak 82.59 pratishat shahari tatha 62.24 pratishat gramin logoan ko naloan ka pani upalabhdh kara diya gaya. kul milakar 67.52 pratishat logoan ko pani upalabhdh karaya gaya. jabaki 2003 - 04 mean yah 65.2 pratishat ke lie tha. 2003-04 mean gramin aur shahari logoan ko jalapoorti kramash: 60 aur 80 pratishat thi. 2004 - 05 mean 7.43 lakh atirikht logoan ko sanrakshit jal upalabhdh karaya gaya. isamean se 66887 (9 pratishat) anusoochit jati ke aur 8175 (1 pratishat) anusoochit janajati ke the.
- keral jal apoorti pradhikaran ki 1 aprail 2005 tak 1895 jal apoorti yojanaean karyarat thian. inamean 65 shahari yojanaean, 952 gramin bahu panchayat yojanaean aur 878 gramin ekal panchayat yojanaean thian. 2004-05 mean 40 yojanaean shuroo ki geean jinamean 6 shahari aur 34 gramin thian. keral sarakar ne bahari sahayata se 2 jalapoorti yojanaean shuroo ki haian, ve haian-
- jebiaeesi se sahayata prapht keral jal apoorti pariyojana, aur
- vishhv baiank se sahayata prapht keral gramin jalapoorti aur saphaee yojana (jalanidhi)
garibi unhmoolan
garibi door karane ke lie garibi unhmoolan karyakram banaya gaya hai. keral shthaniy prashasan aur rajhy garibi unhmoolan mishan dvara lagoo 'kutuanbashri' mean bhag lekar mahathvooparn kam kar raha hai. eneseso ke 55 vean charan (1999 - 2000) ke anusar keral mean 9.35 pratishat garibi gramin ilakoan mean aur 20.27 pratishat garibi shahari ilakoan mean hai. 1999 - 2000 ke aank de darshate haian ki keral mean 12.72 pratishat garibi thi, jab ki poore desh mean 26.36 pratishat. 'kutuanbashri' pranali garibi door karane aur isake lie uthae ge kadamoan ki nigarani karata hai. isi karyakram ke vishtar ke roop mean ashray namak karyakram keral ke ek tihaee bhag mean lagoo kiya gaya hai jo athyant garib logoan ko samajik suraksha pradan karata hai.
thyohar
[[chitr:Onam.jpg|thumb|onam
Onam]]
keral mean anek rangarang thyohar manae jate haian. inamean se adhikatar thyohar dharmik haian jo hiandoo puranoan se prerit haian.
- onam keral ka vishishht thyohar hai, jo phasal kataee ke mausam mean manaya jata hai. yah thyohar khagolashashtriy navavarsh ke avasar par ayojit kiya jata hai.
- keral mean navaratri parv sarashvati pooja ke roop mean manaya jata hai.
- mahashivaratri ka thyohar periyar nadi ke tat par bhavhy tarike se manaya jata hai aur isaki tulana kumbh mela se ki jati hai.
- sabarimala ke ayyaphpa mandir mean isi dauran makaravilakhku bhi ayojit hota hai. 41 din ke is uthsav mean desh-videsh ke lakhoan log sammilit hote haian. valamakali ya nauka dau d keral ka apane dhang ka anokha ayojan hai. punhnamada jhil mean ayojit hone vali neharoo tr aauphi nauka dau d ko chho dakar shesh sabhi nauka dau d uthsavoan ka koee n koee dharmik mahathv hai. *trichoor ke badakhkumanath mandir mean har varsh aprail mean pooram thyohar manaya jata hai, jisamean saje-dhaje hathiyoan ki bhavhy shobhayatra nikalati hai aur atishabaji ka pradarshan kiya jata haian.
- krisamas aur eeshtar eesaiyoan ka sabase b da thyohar haian. pumhba nadi ke tat par har varsh maramon samhmelan hota hai, jahaan eshiya mean eesaiyoan ka sabase b da jamav da lagata hai.
- musalaman milade shariph, ramazan roze, bakarid aur eed-ul-phitar ka thyohar manate hai.
paryatan
[[chitr:Kathakali-Dance.jpg|thumb|250px|kathakali nrity, keral
Kathakali Dance, Kerala]]
- paryatan gatividhiyoan ke lie keral mean shthayi aur saphal vriddhi ke lie apekshit vatavaran pahale se vidyaman hai. paryatan kshetr ke lie mahathvapoorn tathv hai - prakritik sauandary, samanhy jalavayu, shvachhchh paryavaran, maitri bhav vale shaantipriy log haian jo saanshkritik vividhata ke prati behad sahishhnu haian aur anoothe paryavaran ko nirmit karane ki kshamata rakhate haian. keral desh mean sarvapriy paryatan shthal ke roop mean ubhara hai. samudr tat, garm mausam, samudri jhilean, parvatiy shthal, jal prapat, vanhy jivan, ayurved, varsh bhar thyohar tatha vividh pe d paudhe keral ko paryatakoan ke lie ek anootha gantavhy shthal banate haian.
- paryatan vibhag, keral paryatan vikas nigam, zila paryatan sanvarddhan parishad, bekal paryatan vikas nigam, shthaniy prashasanoan tatha niji kshetr ki paryatan mean mahathvapoorn bhoomika hai. vartaman mean jo mukhhy kshetr vikas ke lie dekhe ja rahe hai: ve haian gramin paryatan, mais paryatan (em.aee.si.ee - mitiang, ianseantiv, kanhveanshas tatha iveants/ekhsibishan tred shoz) yani - baithak, prothsahan, samhmelan aur pradarshaniyaan/vhyapar pradarshaniyaan, saanshkritik paryatan, virasat paryatan, paryavaran paryatan tatha chikithsa paryatan.
- thenamala paryatan suvidha kenhdr ke sath paryatan pariyojana hai, jisamean sh aaup kort gardan, phlaja, pikanik kshetr, chattan par chadhaee, nadi par ka mukht prekshagrih, reshtaraan, jhoolate pul, kamal ke talab, sangitamay nrithy, phavhvare, shilhpamoorti vale bag, hiran punarvas keandr, naukayan, baitari chalit vahan adi haian. van vibhag ke samanhvay se pakaroovi mean dhaanchagat suvidhaean upalabhdh karaee ja rahi haian. varsh 2004-05 mean, 104622 paryatak thenamala paryavaran (iko) paryatan shthal dekhane ge aur 3563820 lakh rupe ki rajashv prapti huee.
- rajhy mean 2004 mean videshi paryatakoan se videshi mudra mean 1266.77 karo d rupe ki ay huee aur ghareloo paryatakoan se 3881.92 karo d rupe ki ay huee. paryatan se prathyaksh aur paroksh roop se kul ay lagabhag 6829 karo d rupe huee. paryatan mean 8 lakh logoan ko rojagar mila hua hai aur prativarsh 500 karo d rupe ka nivesh kiya jata hai.
kovalam
yah prasiddh aantarrashtriy paryatan sthal hai. kovalam mean tin arddhachandrakar samudr tat haian. in tinoan samudr tatoan mean se sarvadhik prasiddh kinara 'laitahaus' hai. is samudri tat par pahuanchana bhi saral hai. yah keral ki rajadhani tiruvanantapuram se solah kilomitar ki doori par hai.
varakala
yahaan ka shaant samudri tat , ret ka vistar, svachchh jharanoan tatha chattani pahadi़yaan haian. shri janardan svami mandir aur nechar keyar seantar bhi akarshan ka keandr hai. yah tiruvanantapuram se 40 ki.mi. ki doori par hai aur tiruvanantapuram se yahaan ke lie niyamit bas seva haian. yahaan ke lie rel suvidha bhi upalabdh hai.
kapp d
isi sthan par 1498 ee. mean vasko d gama aya tha. aitihasik dant kathaean aur riti-rivaj se bhara hai yah sthan. kapp d mean ayurvedik svasthy keandr suvidhaoan ki bhi prasiddhi hai. kapp d kojhikod se 14 ki.mi. ki doori hai.
bekal
keral ka ek any samudri tat hai, jo paryatakoan ke lie akarshan ka kendr bana hua hai, jahaan bekal ka qila lanbe suandar nariyal ke pe doan se ghire do dvipoan ke bich mean hai. keral mean yah sabase b da v sanrakshit qila hai. yah qila vibhinn takatoan jaise vijayanagar samrajy, tipoo sultan tatha aangrezi hukoomat ki kahani kahata hai. yah kojhikod se 160 kilomitar door hai.
parvatiy sthal
[[chitr:Ponmudi-Hills-Thiruvananthapuram.jpg|thumb|220px|left|ponamudi parvat, tiruanantapuram
Ponmudi Hills, Tiruvananthapuram]]
apane samudri tatoan ke atirikt keral parvatiy paryatak sthaloan ke lie bhi jana jata hai. in parvatiy sthaloan ka adhikaansh akarshan poorvi ghatoan ke oopari kshetroan mean basa hua hai. 1520 mitar ausat ooanchaee vale in ghatoan mean ushn katibandhiy van, vanaspati tatha jiv-jantuoan se yukt haian. chay, k aauphi, rabar tatha khushaboodar ilayachi ke bagan haian.
munnar
keral ka mukhy parvatiy sthal munnar hai. samudri tal se lagabhag 1600 mitar ooanchaee par sthit hai. dakshin bharat ka yah sthan aangrezi sarakar ka grishmakalin avas hota tha. chay bagan, darshaniy shahar, ghumavadar raste tatha avas-grih se yah lokapriy parvatiy sthal hai. vanoan ki vanaspati tatha hare ghas ke maidanoan mean yahaan 'nilakuranji' namak phool paya jata hai. yah phool barah varshoan mean keval ek bar poori paha di ko nila kar deta hai. munnar mean dakshini bharat ki sabase ooanchi choti anaimu di bhi hai jisaki ooanchaee lagabhag 2695 mitar hai. trekiang ke raste mean 'iravikulam neshanal park' hai. yah abhayarany nilagiri ki jati ko bachane ke lie sthapit kiya gaya tha. munnar ka any akarshan 'medoopatti' baandh hai. vishal pani ka bhandar charoan taraph ki khoobasoorat pahadi़yoan se ghira hua hai. yahaan nauka vihar aur spid motar bot ki suvidha hai. munnar kochchi se lagabhag 130 ki.mi. ki doori par hai.
piramed
keral ka yah suandar parvatiy sthal samudri tal se 915 mitar ki ooanchaee par hai. periyar vanyaprani udyan ke raste mean p data hai. kisi samay mean travanakor ke maharajaoan ka grishmakalin avas grih hua karata tha. s dak kinare yahaan chay, k aauphi, ilayachi, rabar v yookliptas ke bagan aur sath mean prakritik ghas ke maidan v ghane jangal milate haian. yah sthan kottayam se 75 ki.mi. door hai.
vithiri
yah parvatiy sthal keral ke uttar-poorvi bhag mean samudr tal se 1300 mitar ooanchaee par sthit hai. vithiri k aauphi, chay, ilayachi, kali mirch v rabar ke lie prasiddh hai. kohare se dhaki pahadi़yaan tatha vismayakari drishy paryatakoan ko apani or akarshit karate haian. kojhikod se 100 ki.mi. door hai.
ponamudi
samudr star se 915 mitar ooanchaee par sthit ponamudi ek sankirn, ghumavadar rastoan vala parvatiy sthal hai. suandar paha di phooloan, vilakshan titaliyoan, chhoti-chhoti nadiyoan tatha jharanoan ke lie prasiddh yah sthan trekiang ke lie bhi prasiddh hai. yah sthal tiruvanantapuram se 61 ki.mi. ki doori par hai.
periyar
yah vanyaprani udyan bharat ke b de vany prani udyanoan mean se ek hai. periyar vanyaprani udyan bagh sanrakshan ke lie hai. 777 varg kilomitar mean phaile is abhayarany ki suandarata yahaan ke ghane jangal aur 20 varg kilomitar mean phaili jhil hai. nauka vihar dvara is vanyaprani udyan ko dekh sakate haian. hathiyoan ke jhuand yahaan ka akarshan haian jo jhil ke pani mean utar ate haian. bagh, saanbhar, jangali bhaiansa, dhabbedar hiran, chita, malabar gilahariyaan tatha dharidar gardan vala nevala adi bhi yahaan dikhtean haian. ek mahatvapoorn masala vyapar keandr, kumali bhi pas mean hai. yah sthan kochchi se 190 kilomitar ki doori par hai.
jalakri da kolam
malabar tat ka prachinatam bandaragah kolam kabhi aantarrashtriy masala vyapar keandr tha. tiruanantapuram ke uttar mean is aitihasik shahar ka 30 pratishat hissa asthamudi jhil se ghira hai. kolam tatha alappuja ke bich yah 8 ghante ka saphar sabase lanba tatha keral ke jalaprapatoan ka mohak anubhav hai. kolam tiruanantapuram se lagabhag 72 kilomitar door hai.
alappuja
thumb|250px|hausabot, keral
Houseboat, Kerala
nauka dau d, hausabot, samudri kinaroan, samudri utpad tatha joot udyogoan ke lie prasiddh alappuja ko 'poorab ka venis' bhi kaha jata hai. keral mean kattan d hi shayad vishv ka aisa sthan hai jahaan samudr tal se niche kheti ki jati hai.
kumarakam
kottayam se 12 kilomitar door yah tanban d sthal jhil ke kinare sthit hai. ise kattan d ke jalaprapatoan ka pravesh dvar bhi kaha jata hai. 'kumarakam pakshi udyan' vishv ke pravasi pakshiyoan ka manapasand basera hai.
kochchi
keral ki vyavasayik tatha audyogik rajadhani kochchi vishv ke behatarin prakritik bandaragahoan mean se ek hai. is shahar mean rashtramandal ka prachinatam yahoodi prarthana bhavan tatha anek prachin charch v mandir bhi haian. is yahoodi prarthana bhavan ke as-pas jiu taoon hai jo masala vyapar tatha kalakritiyoan ki dukanoan ka keandr hai. is suandar tapuoan vale shahar mean arab, chin, halaiand, briten tatha purtagal ke anek samudri yatriyoan ka prabhav dekhane ko milata hai. kochchi mean ghoomane ka poora anand sadharan naukaoan mean baithakar hi liya ja sakata hai. kochchi bharat ke sabhi shaharoan se vayu, samudr tatha relave lainoan se poori tarah ju da hua hai.
sanbandhit lekh