आधुनिक भारत का इतिहास

bharatavarsh prachin kal se hi su-sanskrit tatha unnat desh raha hai. isaki saindhav sabhyata vishv ke kisi bhi desh ki sabhyata se kam mahattv ki nahian thi. isaki dharati par hi bhagavan buddh jaise mahapurush paida hue, jinhoanne sampoorn vishv ko hi apana kutumb mana tatha samast jivoan par daya karane ka shashvat sandesh diya. yahian 'devanaanpriy' ashok ne shasan kiya, jisane shakti ke bal par nahian, prem-bal par apane samrajy ka vistar kiya aur jan-jan ke hriday ka samrat ban gaya. bangal ke pal nareshoan evan thaneshvar ke rajaoan ke kal mean bharatavarsh mean aisi pronnat shiksha-pranali tatha shikshan sansthaoan ka sangathan hua, ki sansar ke vibhinn deshoan ke jijnasu chhatr aur jnan-pipasu vidvan, apani manasik bubhuksha ki tripti tatha jnan-prapti ke lie yahaan aye.

bharat par muslim shasan

kalantar mean samay ne palata khaya aur bharatavarsh par musalamanoan ka shasan-bhar lad gaya. arambhik madhy yugoan mean turk aur bad mean chagataee mugal sthayi samrajy sthapit kar shasan karane lage. sthayi shasan ke poorv evan madhy bhag mean bharat par kee asthayi evan toophani akraman hue. pallavoan, shakoan aur hoonoan ki ghusapaith alpakalin siddh huee. sikandar, nadirashah aur ahamadashah abdali ke toophani akraman hue aur samapt hue. sthayi roop se turk aur mugal hi shasan sthapit kar sake. anekoan ka khoon bahakar aur sadiyoan tak shasan karake bhi muslim vijeta bharatiy sanskriti ko vikrit n kar sake. isake viparit, ve bharatiy sanskriti ke rang mean rangate gaye. apane videsh sthit thikanoan se unhoanne apane purane sambandhoan ko to d dala aur bharatiyoan ke sath apana bhagy jo d liya. jivan ki vyavaharik avashyakataoan ne unhean apani praja ke sath adhikadhik samajik sambandh sthapit karane ko vivash kiya. naye vatavaran ke anusar aur prashasan ke hit mean, unhoanne shasan aur vyavastha sambandhi apane siddhantoan tatha manyataoan mean bhi parivartan kiye. apane kitane hi videshi riti-rivajoan ko unhoanne tyag diya aur bharatiy jivan tatha suanskriti ke tattvoan ko grahan kar liya. keval kahane bhar ko bharatiy gaurav aur desh ka itihas unaki talavar tatha dharm (islam) ke samane shrihin hua tha. ve bharatiy ban ge the, bharat unaka desh ho chuka tha. d aau. ramamanohar lohiya ne likha hai : 'ram aur rahim ek the, hindoo aur musalaman ek hi dharati ki do santanean thian.'

muslimoan ka yogadan

muslim shasakoan ne bharatiy sanskriti evan prashasan ke vikas mean mahattvapoorn yogadan kiya. gayasuddin balavan ne sanprabhuta ka siddhant diya, alauddin khilaji ne uttari tatha dakshin bharat ke vividh rajyoan ko jitakar 'akhil bharat' ka sandesh diya. sherashah soori shreshth prashasan ki sthapana karake british shasakoan ka bhi adarsh ban gaya, akabar ne hindoo-muslim ekata evan samanvay ka sadprayas kiya aur shahajahaan ne kalatmak unnati evan shreshthata ko parakashtha par pahuancha diya. kintu is shasan mean bhi bharatiyata ka adhar yathavat raha. yadyapi muslim adhipaty ke karan bharat ke prachin samajoan mean kee rajanitik tatha saanskritik parivartan aye, tathapi usaki prachin sanskriti ka adhar aur svaroop adhikaanshatah jyoan-ka-tyoan raha. bharatiyoan ne navagantukoan ko prabhavit kiya aur ve unase prabhavit bhi hue. unhoanne vijataoan dvara prachalan mean laee gee nee samajik paddhatiyaan sikhian. kattar ekeshvaravad aur samatavadi samaj par bal dene vale islam dharm ke prabhav ne katipay pratikriyaean utpann kian, aur hindoo dharm tatha samajik paddhatiyoan mean ek alo dan paida hua. musalamanoan ki bhashaoan aur sahityoan ne hinduoan ki vani aur lekhan par vyapak prabhav dala. naye shabd, muhavare aur sahityik vidhaoan ne is desh ki dharati mean j de jamaee aur naye pratikoan tatha dharanaoan ne unaki vichar-shaili ko sampann kiya. ek nee sahityik bhasha vikasit huee aur madhyakalin bharat mean kitane hi vastukala, chitrakala aur sangit kalaoan ke sath-sath any kalaoan mean bhi bhari parivartan aye aur aisi nee shailiyoan ne janm liya, jinamean donoan ke hi tattv vidyaman the. terahavian shatabdi mean yah jo prakriya arambh huee, vah paanch sau varsh tak chalati rahi.

aangrezoan ka adhikar

age ke ane vale charanoan mean bharat ke itihas mean parivartan aya. bharatiyoan ki phoot tatha vighatanakari tattvoan ke karan atharahavian shatabdi mean bharat par aangrezoan ka prabhutv jam gaya. bharat ke itihas mean lagabhag pahali bar aisa hua ki, isake prashasan aur bhagy-nirnay ki dor ek aisi videshi jati ke hathoan mean chali gee, jisaki matribhoomi kee hazar mil door avasthit thi. is tarah ki paradhinata bharat ke lie ek sarvatha naya anubhav thi, kyoanki yoan to atit mean bharat par kee akraman hue the, samay-samay par bharatiy pradesh ke kuchh bhag asthayi taur par vijetaoan ke upaniveshoan mean shamil ho gaye the, par aise avasar kam hi aye the aur unaki avadhi bhi atyalp hi rahi thi. bharat par aangrezoan ne ek videshi ki tarah shasan kiya. aise kam hi aangrez shasak hue, jinhoanne bharat ko apana desh samajha aur kalyanakari bhavana se utprerit hokar shasan kiya. unhoanne vyapar aur rajanitik sadhanoan ke madhyam se bharat ka arthik shoshan kiya aur dhan-nikasi niti apanakar desh ko khokhala kar dala. unhoanne bharatiyoan ke naitik manobal par sadaiv aghat kiya. is kal ke itihas ke panne is bat ko siddh karate haian ki, ek or jahaan british satta ke bharat mean sthapit ho jane ke bad desh mean ghor andhakarapoorn aur nirashajanak vatavaran sthapit ho gaya, vahian doosari or desh ko gulami ki or dhakel diya gaya.

bharat ka patan

bharat ke prati ianglaind ki adhikar lipsa ki bhavana ubharane lagi thi, tatha aangrez log bharat ko apane adhikar ki vastu aur sab prakar se patit desh manane lage. bharat ka upayog ianglaind ke lie karana unaka pramukh drishtikon ban gaya. aangrez prashasan, n bharatiy janata ke prati sahanubhooti rakhata tha aur n hi bharatavasiyoan ke kalyan ke prati sajag tha. ianglaind mean jo qanoon ya niyam bharat ke sambandh mean banaye jane lage the, unake prati yah british niti bani ki, bharat ke hitoan ka ianglaind ke lie sadaiv balidan kiya jana chahie. aangrezoan ki is niti ke karan bharat uttarottar arthik drishti se nirdhan aur saanskritik drishti se hin hota chala gaya. bharat ke patan ke sambandh mean kee prasiddh vyaktiyoan ne apane vichar rakhe haian, unamean se kuchh is prakar se haian-

• keshav chandr sen ke anusar - "aj ham apane charoan or jo dekhate haian, vah hai ek gira hua rashtr. ek aisa rashtr, jisaki prachin mahanata khandaharoan mean g di huee p di hai. usaka rashtriy sahity aur vijnan, usaka adhyatm jnan aur darshan, usaka udyog aur vanijy, usaki samajik samriddhi aur garhasthik sadagi aur madhurata aisi hai, jisaki ginati lagabhag atit ki vastuoan mean ki jati hai. jab ham adhyatmik, samajik aur bauddhik drishti se uj de hue, shokayukt aur udasin drishy, jo hamare samane phaila hua hai, ka nirikshan karate haian, to ham vyarth hi usamean kalidas ke desh-kavita, vijnan aur sabhyata ke desh ko pahachanane ka prayatn karate haian."

• d aau. thyodor" ke anusar - "pradhanatah arthik labh ke lie eest indiya kampani ne british rajy ki sthapana ki aur usaka vistar kiya."
• tarachandr ke anusar - "satrahavian shatabdi mean bharat ka gaurav apani parakashtha par tha aur usaki madhyugin sanskriti apani charam sima par pahuanch gee thi. parantu jaise-jaise ek ke bad ek shatabdiyaan bitian, vaise-vaise yooropiy sabhyata ka soory tezi se akash ke madhy ki or badhane laga aur bharatiy gagan mean andhakar chhane laga. phalatah jaldi hi desh par andhera chha gaya aur naitik patan tatha rajanitik arajakata ki parachhaiyaan lambi hone lagian.

bharatiyoan ka virodh

yah sahi hai ki, prashasan evan yatayat tatha shiksha ke kshetr mean bharatavasiyoan ne is videshi shasan se anek tattv grahan kiye, kintu is bat se inkar nahian kiya ja sakata ki, aangrezoan ne adhikadhik arthoparjan karane ki niti ka hi anushilan kiya. yahi karan tha ki, jahaan bharatiyoan ne musalamanoan ke shasan ko svikar karake use bharatiy shasan ke itihas mean shamil kiya, vahian unhoanne aangrazoan ko apana sanprabhu nahian mana. hriday ki gaharaiyoan se unake shasan ko svikar nahian kiya aur prarambh se hi unake prati apana virodh prakat kiya. aangrez kabhi bhi bharatiy n ban sake, sadaiv videshi bane rahe aur samay ane par sab ke sab svadesh chale gaye. yah videshi shasan bharatiyoan ko katee svikar nahian tha. bangal ke siraj ke kal se lekar dilli ke bahadurashah dvitiy ke kal tak bharatiy shaktiyoan ka virodh jari raha tha.

aangrezoan ki ekata evan niti

yah bat shuroo mean hi saph ho gee thi ki saphalata aangrezoan ke hath lagegi, aur usake karan spasht the. ve rashtravad mean vishvas rakhate the, jabaki bharat mean n yah bhavana thi aur n hi anushasan. yuddh-kaushal tatha rananiti mean aangrez bharatiyoan ki apeksha kahian age the. bharatiy sainik nishthavan to the, par inhean bhi apane raja ke prati poorn eemanadar aur vaphadar nahian kaha ja sakata. bharatiy itihas mean n jane kitane hi sahayakoan aur vishvasapatroan ne apane hi rajaoan ko dhokha diya aur unake sath vishvasaghat karake unhean maut ke ghat utar diya. inhian sab batoan se bharatiyoan ka apani bhoomi par hi patan hua. udhar aangrezoan ke samane naitikata jaisi koee chij nahian thi. bangal, avadh, maisoor, maharashtr, panjab aur siandh in sabhi ka vilay aangrezi samrajy mean ho gaya tha. jo bhi aangrez shasak aye, chahe vah varen hestiangs ho ya l aaurd k aaurnav aaulis, l aaurd velezali ho ya l aaurd hestiangs, l aaurd viliyam baiantik ho ya l aaurd dalahauzi in sabhi ne apane shasakiy evan sainik sudharoan par atyadhik bal diya. in sabhi ka sirf ek hi makasad tha, sampoorn bharat par adhikar aur british satta mean vriddhi. apane is lakshy ko prapt karane ke lie aangrezoan ne apani apasi soojhaboojh banaye rakhi aur har sambhav prayatn kiya.

bharatiy samaj ki kuritiyaan

bharatiy samaj anek kuritiyoan ka shikar tha. jati-pratha, shishu-bali, bal-vivah, sati pratha, vidhava vivah-nishedh adi ke karan bharatiy samaj khokhala ho raha tha. apani aandhavishvasi parampara evan riti-rivajoan ke ghere mean p de bharatiy adhunikata se sarvatha aparichit the. eest indiya kampani ne shuroo mean to bharatiy samaj ke mamale mean tatasthata ki niti apanayi, parantu 13 vian shatabdi ke antim charan mean aangrez bharatiy samaj mean sudhar lane ki sochane lage. bharat ke prati sudharavadi drishtikon apanane ke pichhe jo bhi karan rahe hoan, parantu isase bharat mean punarjagaran ka marg khula. samajik qanoon banane ka kram shuroo hua. shishu-vadh, vidhava vivah-nishedh, nar bali, sati pratha adi aisi batean thian, jinake nivaran mean sarakar ko raja ramamohan ray tatha eeshvarachandr vidyasagar jaise bharatiy netaoan ka sahayog bhi mila.

bharat ka arthik shoshan

eest indiya kampani ke kal mean arthik parivartan hue. aangrezoan ke ane se pahale bharatiy gram atmanirbhar the. bharatiy karigari ki khyati door-door tak thi. bharat ke saman se deshi aur videshi mandiyaan bhari rahati thian. 18 vian shatabdi ke arambh tak bharat se utkrisht sooti aur reshami vastr, masale, nil, chini, davaean aur javaharat adi b di matra mean videsh bheje jate the, aur badale mean sona aur chaandi hindustan mean ata tha. shuroo mean eest indiya kampani ne bhi bharatiy chijoan ka khoob niryat kiya, parantu kalantar mean bharatiy vyapar aur kala-kaushal ka gala ghoantane ki niti apanayi gayi. krishi-bhoomi par bhoo-rajasv lagaya gaya, jisaki kathorata ke karan krishi ki pragati samapt ho gee. is prakar kampani ke shasan kal mean krishi, vyapar v udyog tinoan ka patan hua. 19 vian shatabdi ke poorv bharat mean pooanji lagakar aangrezoan ne yahaan ki arthavyastha par apani pak d kar li. doosari or vah bharat ka dhan ianglaind le gaye. in donoan batoan se hi bharat ka arthik shoshan hua. dhan ke is nirgaman ne jahaan bharat ko daridr banaya, vahaan ianglaind ke audyogik vikas ne gati pak di.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh