कोलकाता
| link=#top|center|oopar jayean |
kolakata
| |
| vivaran | kolakata ka bharat ke itihas mean mahathvapoorn shthan hai. kolakata shahar bangal ki kha di ke oopar hugali nadi ke poorvi tat par sthit hai. |
| rajy | pashchim bangal |
| zila | kolakata zila |
| sthapana | san 1690 ee. mean j aaub charnok dvara sthapit |
| bhaugolik sthiti | uttar- 22°33′ - poorv -88°20′ |
| marg sthiti | yah shahar rashhtriy rajamarg tatha rajhy rajamarg se poore desh se ju da hua hai. yah s dak marg bhuvaneshhvar se 468 kilomitar uttar-poorv, patana se 602 kilomitar dakshin-poorv tatha raanchi se 404 kilomitar dakshin-poorv mean sthit hai. |
| prasiddhi | rasagulla, bangali sa diyaan, taant ki sa diyaan |
| kab jaean | akhtoobar se pharavari |
| kaise pahuanchean | havaee jahaz, rel, bas adi se pahuancha ja sakata hai. |
| havaee adda | netaji subhash chandr bos aantarrashtriy havaee adda v damadam havaee adda |
| relave steshan | hav da jankshan, siyaladah jankshan. |
| bas adda | bas adda, kolakata |
| yatayat | saikil-riksha, aauto-riksha, mitar-taiksi, siti bas, tram aur metro rel |
| kya dekhean | paryatak sthal |
| kahaan thaharean | kolakata pravas |
| kya khayean | rasagulla, bhat |
| kya kharidean | haiandaloom k aautan sa diyaan, silhk ke kap de, hashtashilhp se nirmit vashtuean bhi kharid sakate haian. |
| e.ti.em | lagabhag sabhi |
| chitr:Map-icon.gif | googal manachitr, netaji subhash chandr bos aantarrashtriy havaee adda v damadam havaee adda |
| kolakata | kolakata paryatan | kolakata zila |
kolakata shahar, pashchim bangal rajy ki rajadhani hai aur bhootapoorv british bharat (1772-1912) ki rajadhani tha. yah bharat ka sabase b da shahar hai aur pramukh bandaragahoan mean se ek haian. kolakata ka purana nam kalakatta tha. 1 janavari, 2001 se kalakatta ka nam adhikarik taur par kolakata hua.[1] yah shahar bangal ki kha di ke muhane se 154 kimi. oopar ko hugali nadi ke poorvi tat par sthit hai, jo kabhi ganga nadi ki mukhy nahar thi. yahaan par jal se bhoomi tak aur nadi se samudr tak jahazoan ki avajahi ke kendr ke roop mean bandaragah shahar vikasit hua. mukhy shahar ka kshetraphal lagabhag 104 varg kimi. hai, halaanki mahanagariy kshetr (kolakata shahari sankedran) kafi b da hai aur lagabhag 1,380 kimi. mean phaila hai. vanijy, parivahan aur nirman ka shahar kolakata poorvi bharat ka pramukh shahari kendr hai. is shahar ka aangrezi nam kalakatta hai.
- kuchh logoan ke anusar kalikata ki utpatti baangla shabd kalikshetr se huee hai, jisaka arth hai 'kali (devi) ki bhoomi'.
- kuchh kahate haian ki shahar ka nam ek nahar (khal) ke kinare par usaki mool basti hone se p da.
- tisara vichar yah hai ki choona (kali) aur siki huee sipi (kata) ke lie baangla shabdoan se milakar yah nam bana hai, kyoanki yah kshetr paki huee sipi se uchch gunavatta vale choone ke nirman ke lie vikhyat hai.
- ek any mat yah hai ki is nam ki utpatti baangla shabd kilakila (samatal kshetr) se huee hai, jisaka ullekh prachin granthoan mean milata hai.
sthapana
british adhikari j aaub charanak ka kolakata aj ek mahanagar ke rup mean tabhdil ho chuka hai. j aaub charanak ne 1690 ee. mean tin gaanvoan kolikata, sutanati tatha govinhdapuri namak jagah par kolakata ki nianv rakhi thi. vahi kolakata aj ek bhavhy shahar ka rup le chuka hai. kolakata ka bharat ke itihas mean mahathvapoorn shthan hai. yah kee aitihasik ghatanaoan ka sakshi raha hai. yahaan par hi 1756 ee. mean prasiddh kalakothari ki ghatana ghati thi. isake alava 1757 ee. mean yahian phlasi ka prasiddh yuddh hua tha. isi yuddh ne age chalakar bharat ke itihas ko badal diya. pahale is shahar ka nam kalakatta tha. lekin 2001 ee. mean ise badal kar kolakata kar diya gaya.
itihas
prarambhik kal
kalikata nam ka ullekh mugal badashah akabar (shasan kal, 1556-1605) ke rajasv khate mean aur bangali kavi bipradas (1495) dvara rachit 'manasamangal' mean bhi milata hai. ek british basti ke roop mean kolakata ka itihas 1690 mean british eest iandiya kampani ke ek adhikari jab charnok dvara yahaan par ek vyapar chauki ki sthapana se shuroo hota hai. hugali nadi ke tat par sthit bandaragah ko lekar poorv mean charnok ka mugal samrajy ke adhikariyoan se vivad ho gaya tha aur unhean vah sthan chho dane ke lie vivash kar diya gaya tha. jisake bad unhoanne nadi tat par sthit any sthanoan par svayan ko sthapit karane ke kee asaphal prayas kie.
[[chitr:Belur-Math-Kolkata.jpg|thumb|beloor math, kolakata,
Belur Math, Kolkata|left]]
mugal adhikariyoan ne british kampani ke vanijy se hone vale labh ko n khone ki chah mean jab j aaub charnok ko punah lautane ki anumati di, tab unhoanne kolakata ko apani gatividhiyoan ke kendr ke roop mean chuna. sthal ka chunav savadhanipoorvak kiya gaya pratit hota hai, kyoanki yah pashchim mean hugali nadi, uttar mean jvar nad aur poorv mean lagabhag char kimi. ki doori par lavaniy jhil dvara sanrakshit tha. nadi ke pashchimi tat par ooanche sthano par dach, fraansisi v any pratidvandviyoan ki bastiyaan sthit thian. chooanki yah hugali ke bandaragah par sthit tha, isalie samudr se pahuanchane ke marg ko koee khatara nahian tha. is sthal par nadi chau di aur gahari bhi thi. keval ek hi hani thi ki yah atyant daladali kshetr tha, jisase yah jagah asvasthyakar ho gee. isake atirikt, aangrezoan ke ane ke pahale, tin sthaniy gaanvoan, sutanati, kalikata aur govindapur, jo bad mean samoohik roop mean kolakata kahalane lage, ka chayan un bharatiy vyapariyoan ke dvara basane ke lie kiya gaya tha, jo gad se bhare satagaanv ke bandaragah se pravasit hue the. charnok ke sthal chayan mean in vyapariyoan ki upasthiti bhi kuchh had tak uttaradayi rahi hogi.
1696 mean nikatavarti barddhaman zile mean ek vidroh hone tak mugal prantiy prashasan ka is badhati huee basti ke prati dostana vyavahar ho gaya tha. kampani ke karmachariyoan ne jab vyapar chauki ya faiktri ki qilebandi ki anumati maangi, tab unaki suraksha ki samany shartoan par unhean ijazat de di gee. mugal shasan ne vidroh ko asani se daba diya, kintu upaniveshiyoan ka eeant v mitti se bana surakshatmak dhaancha vaisa hi bana raha aur 1700 mean yah fort viliyam kahalaya. 1698 mean aangrezoan ne ve patr prapt kar lie, jisane unhean tin gaanvoan ke zamiandari adhikar (rajasv sangrahan ka adhikar, vastavik svamitv) kharidane ka visheshadhikar pradan kar diya.
shahar ka vikas
[[chitr:Nivedita-Setu-Kolkata.jpg|thumb|nivedita setu, kolakata
Nivedita Setu, Kolkata|220px]]
1717 mean mugal badashah farrukhasiyan ne eest iandiya kampani ko 3,000 rupaye varshik bhugatan par vyapar ki anumati de di. is vyavastha ne kolakata ke vikas ko bahut badhava diya. b di sankhya mean bharatiy vyapari shahar mean ekatr hone lage. kampani ke jhande ke niche kampani ke karmachari shulk-mukt niji vyapar karane lage. 1742 mean marathoan ne jab dakshin-pashchim se bangal ke pashchimiziloan mean mugaloan ke viruddh akraman shuroo kiya, tab aangrezoan ne bangal ke navab (shasak) alivardi khaan se shahar ke uttari aur poorvi bhag mean ek khaee khodane ki anumati prapt kar li. yah maratha khaee ke nam se jani gee. halaanki yah basti ke dakshin chhor tak poori tarah nahian ban paee, par isane shahar ki poorvi sima ka nirman kiya. 1756 mean navab ke uttaradhikari, sirajuddaula ne qile par qabza kar liya aur shahar ko loota. bharat mean british shakti ke sansthapakoan mean se ek rabart klaiv aur british nausenadhyaksh charls vatasan ne janavari 1757 mean kolakata par phir se adhikar kar liya. tho de samay ke bad plasi (joon 1757) mean navab har ge. jisake bad bangal mean british raj sunishchit ho gaya. govindapur ke jangaloan ko kat diya gaya aur hugali ki upeksha kar vartaman sthal kolakata par ne fort viliyam ka nirman kiya gaya, jahaan yah british sattarohan ka pratik ban gaya.
1772 tak kolakata british bharat ki rajadhani nahian bana, us varsh pratham gavarnar-janaral varen hestigz ne prantiy mugal rajadhani murshidabad se sabhi mahatvapoorn karyalayoan ka sthanantaran is shahar mean kiya. 1773 mean banbee aur madras, fort viliyam sthit shasan ke adhin a ge. british qanoon ko lagoo karane vale uchchatam nyayalay ne apana prarambhik kshetradhikar shahar mean maratha khaee (vartaman achary praphull chandr aur jagadish chandr bos margoan) tak lagoo karana prarambh kar diya.
[[chitr:Marble-Palace-Kolkata.jpg|thumb|marbal pailes, kolakata
Marble Palace, Kolkata|left]]
1706 mean kolakata ki janasankhya lagabhag 10,000 se 12,000 thi. 1752 mean yah lagabhag 1,20,000 tak aur 1821 mean yah 1,80,000 tak pahuanchi. shvet (british) nagar ka nirman us bhoomi par kiya gaya, jo kee bar basi aur kee bar uj di thi. british bhag mean itane mahal the ki shahar ka nam hi mahaloan ka shahar p d gaya. british upanagar ke bahar navadhanadhy logoan ke bhavy avasoan ke sath-sath jhop diyoan ke samooh nirmit kie ge. nagar ke vibhinn bhagoan ke nam, jaise kumaratuli (kumharoan ka kshetr) aur saankaripa da (shankh-sip karigaroan ka kshetr) ab bhi alag-thalag vyavasayik jatiyoan ke logoan ko darshate haian, jo badhate hue mahanagar ke nivasi ban ge. do alag-alag prajatiyaan, aangrez aur bharatiy, kolakata mean ek sath nivas karane lagian.
us samay kolakata ko asuvidhajanak shahar mana jata tha. s dakean bahut hi kam thian. janakary mean sudhar ke lie l aautari ke madhyam se vitt prabandh ke lie 1814 mean ek l aautari samiti ka gathan kiya gaya, usane halat sudharane ke lie 1814 se 1836 ke bich kee prabhavi kary kie. 1814 mean nigam ki sthapana ki gee. yadyapi 1864, 1867 aur 1870 ke chakravat ne nichale kshetr mean rah rahe garib logoan ko tabah kar diya. kramik charanoan mean jaise-jaise british shakti ka prayadvip mean vistar hota gaya, sampoorn uttar bharat kolakata bandaragah ka prishth kshetr ban gaya. 1835 mean aantarik chuangi shulk samapt kie jane se ek khula bazar nirmit hua aur relave ke nirman (prarambh 1854 mean) ne vyapar evan udyog ke vikas ko aur adhik badhava diya. isi samay kolakata se peshavar (ab pakistan) tak graiand trank rod ko poora kiya gaya. british vyapar, baiankig aur bima vyavasay phale-phoole. kolakata ka bharatiy upakshetr bhi vyavasay ka vyast kendr ban gaya aur bharat ke sabhi bhagoan aur eshiya ke kee any bhagoan ke logoan se bhar gaya. kolakata prayadvip ka bauddhik kendr ban gaya.
20vian shatabdi mean kolakata
20vian sadi mean kolakata ke durbhagy ka uday hua. bharat ke vaisaray lard karjan ne 1905 mean bangal ko vibhajit kiya v dhaka ko poorv bangal aur asam ki rajadhani banaya. vibhajan ko radd karane ke lie tivr andolan kie ge. kintu 1912 mean british bharat ki rajadhani kolakata se hatakar dilli laee gee, jahaan se sarakar apekshakrit shanti se chal sakati thi. 1947 mean bangal ka vibhajan antim prahar tha. chooanki kolakata ki janasankhya badh gee thi, yahaan samajik samasyaean bhi tivr ho geean aur bharat ke lie svashasan ki maang bhi. 1926 mean sampradayik dange hue aur jab 1930 mean mahatma gaandhi ne anyayapoorn qanoonoan ki avajna karane ka ahvan kiya, tab phir se dange hue. dvitiy vishv yuddh ke dauran kolakata bandaragah par hue japani havaee hamaloan se bahut nukasan hua aur janahani bhi huee. sabase bhayanak sampradayik dange 1946 mean hue, jab british bharat ka vibhajan tay tha aur musalamanoan aur hinduoan ke bich tanav charam par tha.
- REDIRECT saancha:daanyabaksavrihad kolakata mean 30 se adhik sangrahalay hai, jo vividh vishayoan par adharit haian. 1814 mean sthapit iandiyan myooziyam bharat mean sabase purana aur apani tarah ka desh ka sabase b da sangrahalay hai. puratatv aur mudravishayak khandoan mean sabase moolyavan sangrah haian.
- REDIRECT saancha:baksaband
1947 mean bangal ke bharat aur pakistan ke bich vibhajan se kolakata bahut pichh d gaya, kyoanki yah apane poorv prishthabhag ke ek hisse ka vyapar khokar, keval pashchim bangal ki rajadhani banakar rah gaya. isi samay poorvi pakistan (vartaman baangla desh) se hazaroan sharanarthi kolakata a ge, jisase samajik samasyaean v janasankhya aur bhi badh gee, jo pahale hi chiantajanak anupat mean pahuanch chuki thi. 1960 ke dashak ke madhy tak arthik gatihinata ne nagar ke samajik v rajanitik jivan mean asthirata ko badha diya aur shahar se pooanji ke nikas ko badhava diya. rajy shasan ne kee kampaniyoan ka prabandh apane hathoan mean liya. visheshakar 1980 ke dashak mean b di sankhya mean lok nirman karyakram aur kendrikrit kshetriy yojanaoan ne shahar ki arthik aur samajik sthiti ke sudhar mean yogadan diya.
atit ke jharokhe se
bharat ki bauddhik rajadhani mana jane vala kolakata british shasan ke dauran british bharat ki rajadhani thi, kolakata ko landan ke bad british empayar ka doosara sabase b da shahar mana jata tha. is shahar ko kisi jamane mean poorab ka moti pukara jata tha. aangrez ise bhale hi 'kailakata' pukarate the lekin bangal aur baangla mean ise hamesha se kolakata ya kolikata ke nam se hi pukara jata raha hai jabaki hindi bhashi isako kalakatta ya kalakatte ke nam se pukarate rahe hai.
[[chitr:Howrah-Bridge-Kolkata-2.jpg|thumb|hav da brij, kolakata
Howrah Bridge, Kolkata|left]]
samrat akabar ke chuangi dastavejoan aur pandrahavi sadi ke baangla kavi vipradas ki kavitaoan mean is nam ka bar bar ullekh milata hai. lekin phir bhi nam ki utpatti ke bare mean kee tarah ki kahaniyaan mashahoor haian. sabase lokapriy kahani ke anusar hianduoan ki devi kali ke nam se is shahar ke nam ki utpatti huee hai. is shahar ke astitv ka ullekh vyaparik bandaragah ke roop mean chin ke prachin yatriyoan ke yatra vritaant aur pharasi vyapariyoan ke dastavezoan mean bhi ullekh hai. mahabharat mean bhi bangal ke kuchh rajaoan ke nam hai jo kaurav sena ki taraph se yuddh mean shamil huye the.
bauddhik virasat se bharapoor kolakata bharatiy svadhinata aandolan mean kendriy bhoomika rah itihas mean apana nam darj karava chuka hai. bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ke sath-sath kee pramukh rajanaitik evan saanskritik sansthanoan jaise 'hindoo mela' aur kraantikari sangathan 'yugaantar', 'anushilan' ki sthapana isi shahar mean huee sath hi is shahar ko bharat ki bahut si mahan hastiyoan jaise praranbhik rashtravadi araviand ghosh, iandira devi chaudharani, vipinachandr pal the. rashtravadiyoan ke prerana ke kendr bindu bane ramkrishna paramahans ke shishy svami vivekanand bhi. bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ke pahale adhyaksh shri vyomesh chandr bainarji aur svaraj ki vaqalat karane vale shri surendranath bainarji bhi the. 19 vi sadi ke uttararddh aur 20 vian shatabdi ke praranbh mean prakhyat baangla sahityakar bankimachandr chatarji jinaka likha anandamath ka git 'vande mataram' aj bharat ka rashtr git hai aur netaji subhashachandr bos, isake alava rashtakavi raviandranath taigor jaise mahan rachanakar se lekar saik doan svadhinata ke sipahiyoan ka ghar hone ka gaurav prapt hai.
bhautik evan manav bhoogol
shahar ka svaroop
thumb|220px|kolakata shahar ka ek drashy
A View Of Kolkata City
upaniveshavadi aangrezoan ke dvara bhavy yooropiy rajadhani ke roop mean abhikalpit kolakata ab bharat ke sabase adhik nirdhan aur sarvadhik janasankhya vale kshetroan mean se ek hai. yah atyadhik vividhataoan aur aantarvirodhoan ke shahar ke roop mean vikasit hua hai. kolakata ko apani alag pahachan pane ke lie tivr yooropiy prabhav ko atmasat karana tha aur aupaniveshik virasat ki simaoan se bahar ana tha. is prakriya mean shahar ne poorv aur pashchim ka ek sanyog bana liya, jise 19vian shatabdi ke kulin bangaliyoan ke jivan karyoan mean abhivyakti mili. is varg ke sabase vishisht vyaktitv the, kavi aur rahasyavadi ravindranath taigor. bharatiy shaharoan mean sabase b da aur sabase adhik jivant yah shahar ajey lagane vali arthik, samajik v rajanitik samasyaoan ke bich phala-phoola hai. yahaan ke nagarikoan ne atyadhik jivantata dikhaee hai, jo kala v sanskriti mean unaki abhiruchi aur ek star ki bauddhik ojasvita mean pradarshit hoti hai. yahaan ki rajanitik jagarukata desh mean anyatr durlabh hai. kolakata ke pustak meloan, kala pradarshaniyoan aur sangit sabhaoan mean jaisi bhi d hoti hai, vaisi bharat ke kisi any shahar mean nahian hoti. divaroan par vad-vivad ka achchha-khasa adan-pradan hota hai, jisake karan kolakata ko ishtaharoan ka shahar kaha jane laga hai.
[[chitr:Hooghli-River-Kolkata.jpg|thumb|left|hugali nadi, kolakata
Hooghli River, Kolkata]]
prabal jivan shakti ke bavajood kolakata shahar mean kee nivasi saanskritik paryavaran se bahut door khasi kharab sthitiyoan mean jivan-yapan karate haian. halaanki shahar ki oorja, sabase pichh di jhop diyoan tak bhi pravahit hoti hai, kyoanki bahut b di sankhya mean kolakatavasi aise logoan ki sahayata gambhiratapoorvak karate haian, jo garib v pi dit logoan ki madad mean jute haian. sankshep mean, kolakata videshiyoan ke sath-sath anek bharatiyoan ke lie bhi rahasyamay bana hua hai. yah navagatoan ke lie paheli hai aur vahaan rahane vale logoan ke man mean ek sthayi lagav utpann karata hai.
bhoo-akriti
shahar ki avasthiti vastav mean shahar ke sthan ke chayan aanshatah usaki asan rakshatmak sthiti aur aanshatah usaki anukool vyaparik sthiti ke karan kiya gaya pratit hota hai. anyatha nimn, daladali, garm v ardr nadi tat par shahar basane ki bahut kam paristhitiyaan upalabdh haian. isaki adhikatam ooanchaee samudr ki satah se lagabhag nauan mitar oopar hai. hugali nadi se poorv ki or bhoomi kich d vale aur daladali kshetr ki or dhaloo hoti jati hai. isi tarah ki sthalakriti nadi ke pashchimi tat par hai, jisase nadi ke donoan kinaroan par tin se ath kimi. chau di patti par mahanagariy kshetr parisimit hai. shahar ke poorvottar kinare par sthit salt lek kshetr ke vikas ne yah darshaya hai ki shahar ka vishesh vistar vyavaharik hai aur madhy kshetr ke poorvi, dakshini v pashchimi bhag mean any vikas pariyojanaean bhi chalaee ja sakati haian. kolakata ke pramukh upanagar haian -
- hav da (pashchimi tat par),
- uttar mean baranagar,
- poorvottar mean dakshini damadam,
- dakshin mean dakshin upanagariy nagarapalika (behala),
- dakshin-pashchim mean gardan rich, sampoorn shahari sankul apas mean samajik-arthik roop se ju da hua hai.
jalavayu
manasoon ki mausami pravritti ke sath kolakata ki jalavayu uposhn katibandhiy hai. adhikatam tapaman 42 digri se. aur nyoonatam tapaman 7 digri se. tak pahuanch jata hai. ausat varshik varsha lagabhag 1,625 mimi hoti hai, jisamean adhikaansh varsha manasoon kal ke joon se sitambar ke bich hoti hai. ye mahine atyadhik ardr aur kabhi-kabhi umas bhare hote haian. aktoobar v navambar ke dauran varsha kam hoti jati hai. shit rritu ke mahinoan mean, lagabhag navambar ke ant se faravari ke ant tak mausam khushanuma aur varsharahit hota hai. kabhi-kabhi is mausam mean bhor ke samay kohare v ghuandh se kam dikhaee deta hai. isi prakar sham ko kohare ki moti parat chhaee rahati hai. 1950 ke dashak ke prarambhik varshoan se vatavaran mean pradooshan badh gaya hai. karakhane, vahan aur tap bijalighar, jinamean koyala jalaya jata hai, is pradooshan ke pramukh karan haian, kintu logoan ke lie tazi havaean lakar manasooni havaean svachchhata karak ka kam karati haian aur jal pradooshan hatane ko tivrata pradan karati haian.
nagar yojana
[[chitr:Victoria-Memorial-Kolkata-2.jpg|thumb|viktoriya memoriyal, kolakata
Victoria Memorial, Kolkata|220px]]
kolakata ki nagar yojana ka sabase ullekhaniy pahaloo, usaka uttar-dakshin disha mean ayatakar anusthapan hai. kendriy kshetr ke apavad sahit, jahaan pahale yooropiy rahate the, shahar ka betaratib vikas hua hai. kolakata shahar aur hav da upanagar se milakar bane kendriy bhag ke charoan or ke bahari kshetr mean yah betaratib vikas sabase adhik dikhaee p data hai. shahar ki sabhi prashasakiy aur vyavasayik gatividhiyaan b da bazar kshetr ke asapas kendrit hoti haian. jo maidan[2] ke uttar mean ek chhota-sa kshetr hai. isaki vajah se ek dainik avajahi ki vyavastha ka vikas hua, jisase kolakata ki parivahan pranali, upayogitaean aur any nagarik suvidhaoan par atyadhik dabav p da. kolakata mean margoan v s dakoan ka tantr shahar ke aitihasik vikas ko darshata hai. aantarik marg sakare haian. yahaan keval ek drut rajamarg qazi nazarul islam marg hai, jo kolakata se damadam tak jata hai. pramukh s dakean ek jal banati haian, mukhyatah purane yooropiy bhag mean, parantu shesh sthanoan par marg niyojan avyavasthit hai. isaka karan hai, nadi par puloan ka abhav, aur isi vajah se adhikaansh s dakean aur pramukh marg uttar se dakshin ki or jate haian. jin jalamargoan aur naharoan par pul banane ki avashyakata hai, ve bhi marg sanrachana ko prabhavit karane vale mahatvapoorn karak rahe haian.
avas
kolakata shahar mean avas ki bahut kami hai. jitane vyakti kolakata mahanagariy zile ke sansthagat avasoan mean rahate haian, usamean se do-tihaee se bhi adhik log shahar mean rahate haian. nagar ki lagabhag tin-chauthaee avasiy ikaiyoan ka upayog keval rahane ke uddeshy se kiya jata hai. yahaan saik doan bastiyaan ya jhop dapattiyaan haian, jahaan nagar ki lagabhag ek-tihaee janasankhya rahati hai. basti ko adhikarik roop se is prakar paribhashit kiya jata hai, 'kam se kam ek ek d bhoomi ke chhathe bhag par sthit jhop diyoan ka samooh', yahaan ek ek d ke chhathe bhag se bhi kam sthan par nirmit bastiyaan haian. ek ek d ke pandrahavean bhag mean adhikatam jhop diyaan chhoti, vayuruddh aur zyadatar jirn-shirn ek manzila kamare haian. yahaan svasthy suvidhaean bahut kam haian aur khula sthan kafi kam hota hai. sarakar ne ek basti sudhar karyakram prayojit kiya hai.
sthapaty
| nam | sthapaty | chitr |
|---|---|---|
| gaganachumbi imaratean | samakalin kolakata ki rooparekha mean kee sthanoan par gaganachumbi imaratean aur ooanche bahumanzila khand vidyaman haian. nagar-paridrishy tezi se parivartit hua hai. | |
| chaurangi kshetr | madhy kolakata ka chaurangi kshetr, jo kabhi bhavy avasoan ki pankti tha, karyalayoan, hotaloan aur dukanoan mean badal gaya hai. | |
| uttari aur madhy kolakata | uttari aur madhy kolakata mean aj bhi imaratean mukhyatah do ya tin manzil ooanchi hoti haian. | |
| dakshin v dakshin-madhy kolakata | dakshin v dakshin-madhy kolakata mean bahumanzila imaratean adhik prachalit ho gee haian. | |
| smarak | kolakata ke sthapaty smarakoan mean pashchimi prabhav adhik jhalakata hai. | |
| kedalaston h aaul | rajabhavan (rajyapal ka nivas sthan) darbishayar ke kedalaston h aaul ka pratiroop hai. | |
| kl aauth h aaul | uchch nyayalay ipres, beljiyam ke kl aauth h aaul se samy rakhata hai. | |
| taun h aaul | dorik-helenik mandap ke sath taun h aaul yoonani shaili mean hai. | |
| sent p aaul girajaghar | sent p aaul girajaghar sthapaty iando-g aauthik shaili mean hai. | |
| bildiang g aauthik shaili | shirsh par moortiyoan ke sath raitars bildiang g aauthik shaili ka hai. | |
| bharatiy sangrahalay | bharatiy sangrahalay italavi shaili mean hai. | |
| bhavy gumbad | pradhan dakaghar mean bhavy gumbadoan ke sath korithiyaee stambh haian. | |
| shahid minar | shahid minar (aauktaraloni manyoomeant) ke khoobasoorat stambh 50 mitar ooanche haian. isaka adhar misr, stambh siriyaee aur gumbad turki shaili mean hai. | |
| viktoriya memoriyal | viktoriya memoriyal pashchimi shastriy prabhav ke mugal sthapaty ke sath mishran ke prayas ko pradarshit karata hai. | |
| nakhuda masjid | nakhuda masjid, agara ke sikandara sthit akabar ke maqabare ke adhar par banaee gee hai. | |
| bi dala taragrih | bi dala taragrih (pleniteriyam), saanchi ke stoop (bauddh avashesh golak) par adharit hai. | |
| pashchim bangal vidhanasabha | pashchim bangal vidhanasabha bhavan adhunik sthapaty shaili ki ek bhavy imarat hai. | |
| ramkrishna mishan saanskritik sansthan | svatantrata pashchatt ke nirman ka sabase mahatvapoorn udaharan, ramkrishna mishan saanskritik sansthan, pashchimottar bharat ki prachin mahal sthapaty shaili mean bana hai. |
janajivan
kolakata shahar mean janasankhya ka ghanatv bahut adhik, lagabhag 33,000 vyakti prati varg kimi. hai. shahar ke kee ilaqoan mean bhi dabha d asahaniy anupat mean pahuanch gee hai. kolakata mean lagabhag ek sadi se adhik samay se uchch janasankhya vriddhi dar rahi hai, kintu 1947 mean bharat ke vibhajan aur 1970 ke dashak ke prarambhik varshoan mean hue baangladesh yuddh ne janasankhya ke avakshep ko tezi se badhaya. uttari v dakshini upanagaroan mean b di sharanarthi bastiyaan ekaek ubhar aeean. isake sath hi, doosare rajyoan se b di sankhya mean apravasi, adhikaanshatah p dosi rajy bihar, u disa aur poorvi uttar pradesh se rozagar ki talash mean kolakata a ge. yahaan ki 4/5 bhag se adhik janasankhya hindoo hai. muslim aur eesaee sabase b de alpasankhyak samuday haian, par kuchh sikkh, jain aur bauddh matavalanbi bhi rahate haian. mukhy bhasha baangla hai, lekin urdoo, u diya, tamil, panjabi aur any bhashaean bhi boli jati haian. kolakata ek sarvadeshiy nagar hai; yahaan par rahane vale any samoohoan mean eshiyaee (mukhyatah baanglodeshi aur chini), yooropiy, uttar ameriki aur astraliyaee logoan ki upajatiyaan shamil haian. kolakata mean prajatiy vibhajan british shasan mean prarambh hua, yooropavasi shahar ke madhy mean rahate the aur bharatiy uttar aur dakshin mean rahate the. yah vibhajan ne shahar mean bhi vidyaman hai, halaanki ab vibhajan ke adhar par dharm, bhasha, shiksha aur arthik haisiyat haian. jhuggiyaan aur nimn ay avasiy kshetr sampann kshetroan ke sath-sath hi mauzood haian.
arthavyavastha
[[chitr:Kali-Temple-Kolkata.jpg|thumb|left|dakshineshvar kali mandir, kolakata
Dakshnineshwar Kali Temple, Kolkata]]
bharat ke ek mukhy arthik kendr ke roop mean kolakata ki j dean usake udyog, arthik evan vyaparik gatividhiyoan aur mukhy bandaragah ke roop mean usaki bhoomika mean nihit hai; yah mudran, prakashan aur samachar patr vitaran ke sath-sath manoranjanak ka kendr hai. kolakata ke bhitari pradesh ke utpadoan mean koyala, loha, maianganiz, abhrak, petrol, chay aur joot shamil haian. 1950 ke dashak se berozagari ek satat v badhati huee samasya hai. kolakata mean berozagari bahut had tak mahavidyalay shiksha prapt aur lipik v any safedaposh vyavasayoan ke lie prashikshit logoan ki samasya hai.
udyog
vishv mean zyada joot-prasanskaran kolakata mean kiya jata hai. sarvapratham 1870 ke dashak mean joot udyog ki sthapana huee thi aur hugali nadi ke donoan tatoan par shahar ke kendr uttar aur dakshin tak joot milean phaili huee haian. abhiyaantriki is shahar ka ek pramukh udyog hai. isake atirikt yahaan karakhane kee prakar ki upabhokta vastuoan, mukhyatah khady padarth, pey, tambakoo, vastr aur rasayanoan ka nirman v vitaran karate haian. 1947 mean bharat ki azadi ke bad se kolakata ke udyogoan ka patan ho raha hai. isake mukhy karan haian, svatantrata ke samay poorvi bangal ko kho dena, kolakata ke samagr audyogik utpadakata mean kami aur shahar mean audyogik vaividhy ka patan.
vitt evan vyapar
desh ke sangathit vitt bazar mean kolakata sheyar bazar mahatvapoorn bhoomika nibhata hai. kolakata mean videshi baiankoan ka bhi mahatvapoorn vyaparik adhar hai, halaanki aantarashtriy baiankig kendr ke roop mean shahar ka dava kamazor ho gaya hai. koyala khadanoan, joot miloan aur kee vrihad abhiyaantriki udyogoan ki niyantrak ejeansiyaan kolakata mean sthit haian. bangal udyog evan vyapar mandal (beangal cheanbar af kamars aiand iandastri), bangal rashtriy udyog evan vyapar mandal (bangal neshanal cheanbar aauf kamars aiand iandastri) aur bharatiy vyapar mandal ke mukhyalay yahian par sthit haian. shahar ki arthavyavastha mukhyatah vyapar par adharit hai. yah is tathy se spasht hai, ki lagabhag 40 pratishat mazadoor vyapar evan vanijy gatividhiyoan mean sanlagn haian. any mahatvapoorn vyavasayoan mean sarvajanik kshetr mean shasakiy vibhag, vittiy sansthan aur chikitsa evan shiksha sansthanoan mean sevaean shamil haian. niji kshetr ki sevaoan mean sheyar bazar, chikitsa evan shiksha sevaean, lekha evan rrinadata sansthaean, vyapar mandal aur vibhinn upayogi sevaean shamil haian.
parivahan
thumb|siti bas, kolakata
City Bus, Kolkata|220px
kolakata shahar mean s dakoan ki halat dayaniy hai, halaanki yatayat ka dabav bahut adhik hai. jan yatayat vyavastha mukhy roop mean basoan aur mahanagariy relave (metro) par nirbhar hai. basean sarakar aur niji kampaniyoan ke dvara chalaee jati haian. desh ki pahali bhoomigat relave pranali, metro ki shuruat 1986 mean huee thi, aur ab yah nagar mean yatayat ka pramukh sadhan hai, jisase lagabhag 20 lakh yatri pratidin yatra karate haian.
apane pashchimi prishth bhag se sambandh ke lie kolakata keval hugali nadi par bane kuchh puloan par nirbhar hai. hav da pul aur sudoor uttar mean bali aur naihati mean bane pul. kolakata ko prishth bhag se jo dane vali mukhy k di hav da pul par vahan yatayat ki ath panktiyaan haian aur yah vishv mean adhik upayog kie jane vale puloan mean se ek hai. hav da aur kolakata ke bich ek doosare pul, vidyasagar setu ka prayog bhi kiya jata hai. graiand trank rod (rashtriy rajamarg sankhya-2) bharat ke sabase purane margoan mean se ek hai. yah hav da se kashmir tak jata hai aur shahar ko uttar bharat se jo dane vala mukhy marg hai. any rashtriy rajamarg kolakata ko bharat ke pashchimi tat, uttari bangal aur baangladesh ki simaoan se jo date haian. do relave tarminal, pashchimi tat par hav da aur poorv mean siyaladah, uttar aur dakshin ke sath-sath poorv aur pashchim mean phaile relave sanjal ko sanchalit karate haian. kolakata ka pramukh havaee adda damadam mean sthit hai, jahaan se aantarashtriy v ghareloo u danoan ka avagaman hota hai. akar ke sandarbh mean kolakata bandaragah bharat ke ayatit jahazi mal ke 1/10 bhag aur usake niryatit jahazi mal ke lagabhag 1/12 bhag ko niyantrit karata hai. halaanki, kuchh aanshoan mean nadi se gad nikalane ki samasya aur aanshatah shramik samasyaoan ka samana karane ke karan yatayat mean kuchh kami aee hai. parivahan, bhandaran, thok vikram aur kherachi vikray, niryat aur ayat sambandhi avashyakataoan ka sankeandran kolakata aur hav da mean hai. kolakata bandaragah bharat ke sabase pramukh jahazi mal niyantrak ki 1960 ke dashak ki apani sthiti ab kho chuka hai, kintu aj bhi yah aur haldiya bandaragah (lagabhag 64 kimi. niche ki or) desh ki videshi vinimay mudra ka ek b da bhag arjit karate haian.
prashasan evan samajik visheshataean
prashasan
kolakata shahar mean shasan ka dayitv kolakata nagar nigam ka hai; shahar ke 100 vardoan se chune hue pratinidhi nigam ki sabha ka nirman karate haian. nigam parshad har varsh ek mahapaur, ek upamahapaur aur nigam ki gatividhiyaan chalane ke lie kee samitiyoan ka chunav karate haian. nigam ka karyakari pramukh ayukt, nirvachit sadasyoan ke prati uttaradayi hota hai. shahar bhi kolakata mahanagar zile ka ek bhag hai, jise kshetriy adhar par yojana banane aur vikas ke paryavekshan ke lie banaya gaya tha.
[[chitr:National-Museum-Kolkata.jpg|thumb|left|rashtriy sangrahalay, kolakata
National Museum, Kolkata]]
pashchim bangal ki rajadhani hone ke karan kolakata shahar ke aitihasik rajabhavan mean rajyapal nivas karate haian. rajy vidhanasabha bhi yahian par sachivalay ke sath raitars bildiang mean sthit hai aur kolakata uchch nyayalay bhi yahian par hai. kee rashtriy shasakiy sansthaean kolakata mean hi sthit haian, jinamean neshanal laibreri, bharatiy sangrahalay, bharatiy bhoo-vaijnanik sarvekshan shamil haian.
sevaean
kolakata shahar mean palta sthit mukhy jal sanyantr ke sath-sath lagabhag 200 mukhy kuoan aur 3,000 chhote kuoan se svachchh jal ki apoorti ki jati hai. kolakata se 386 kimi. door ganga nadi par bana pharakka baandh samanyatah shahar mean lavanayukt jalapoorti sunishchit karata hai. kintu jalapoorti ki aparyaptata ke karan garmi ke mahinoan mean lavanata ki samasya bani rahati hai. isake atirikt agnishaman ko die jane vale asvachchh jal ka upayog bhi yahaan ke anek nivasi apani dainik avashyakataoan ki poorti ke lie karate haian. kolakata nigam kshetr mean saik doan kimi. mean mal nikasi vyavastha v satahi jal nikasi vyavastha hai, lekin isake anek hissoan mean aj tak mal nikasi ki uchit vyavastha nahian hai. gad ke jamav ne kee nikasi naliyoan ko sakara bana diya hai. koo da hatane aur pheankane ki vyavastha bhi santoshajanak nahian hai. kolakata mean bijali ki apoorti vibhinn srotoan se hoti hai, jinamean kolakata vidyut praday nigam, pashchim bangal rajy vidyut mandal, durgapur pariyojana, bandal tap bijalighar, santaladih bijalighar aur damodar ghati nigam grid shamil haian. halaanki abhi bhi utpadan kshamata aur maang ke bich antar hai, jise hal ke varshoan mean kuchh had tak kam kiya gaya hai. kolakata pulis bal ka prashasan shahar ke pulis ayukt ke adhikar kshetr mean hai, vahi upanagariy pulis bal ko nirdeshit karata hai. nagar ko char pulis kshetroan mean vibhajit kiya gaya hai. agnishaman mukhyalay madhy kolakata mean hai.
- REDIRECT saancha:daanyabaksayahaan ke nagarikoan ne atyadhik jivantata dikhaee hai, jo kala v sanskriti mean unaki abhiruchi aur ek star ki bauddhik ojasvita mean pradarshit hoti hai. yahaan ki rajanitik jagarukata desh mean anyatr durlabh hai. kolakata ke pustak meloan, kala pradarshaniyoan aur sangit sabhaoan mean jaisi bhi d hoti hai, vaisi bharat ke kisi any shahar mean nahian hoti. divaroan par vad-vivad ka achchha-khasa adan-pradan hota hai, jisake karan kolakata ko ishtaharoan ka shahar kaha jane laga hai.
- REDIRECT saancha:baksaband
svasthy
kolakata se chechak ka poornataya unmoolan kar diya gaya hai aur maleriya v aantrashoth se hone vali mautoan ko bhi bahut had tak niyantrit kar liya gaya hai. kshayarog ke mamale bhi kam ho ge haian. kolakata nagar nigam aur sevarth nyasoan dvara chalae ja rahe saik doan aspatal, niji chikitsalay, niahshulk aushadhalay aur rajy dvara chalae ja rahe bahuuddeshyiy aspatal (p aauliklinik) kolakata kshetr mean apani sevaean de rahe haian. 1979 mean nobel shanti puraskar se sammanit madar teresa dvara 1948 mean sthapit ek sanstha, d ardar af mishanariz af chairiti, shahar ke sabase vipann vargoan ke netrahin, vriddh, maranasann aur kushth rogiyoan ki dekhabhal karati hai. shahar mean chikitsakiy shodh kendr ke atirikt kee chikitsa mahavidyalay bhi haian. prati 1,000 vyaktiyoan par chikitsoan ki sankhya desh ke adhikaansh bhagoan se kolakata mean adhik hai, kintu unaka vitaran asaman hai; chooanki yah shahar bharat ke sampoorn poorvottar kshetr ka chikitsa kendr hai, atah svasthy sevaoan par hamesha atyadhik dabav rahata hai.
shiksha
[[chitr:Kolkata-University.jpg|thumb|220px|kalakatta vishvavidyalay, kolakata
Calcutta Universtiy, Kolkata]]
shiksha lambe samay se kolakata mean uchch samajik star ka parichayak rahi hai. yah shahar bharatiy shiksha ke punarjivan kal se, jisaki shuruat 19vian shatabdi ke prarambhik varshoan mean bangal mean huee, shiksha ka ek kendr raha hai. aangrezi shaili ka pahala vidyalay, d hindoo kalej (jo bad mean prezideansi kalej kahalaya) 1817 mean sthapit hua. shahar mean prathamik shiksha ka sanchalan pashchimi bangal shasan ke dvara kiya jata hai aur nagar nigam dvara chalae ja rahe vidyalayoan mean yah niahshulk hai. bahut b di sankhya mean bachche niji prabandhan dvara sanchalit manyata prapt vidyalayoan mean shiksha pate haian. adhikaansh uchchatar madhyamik vidyalay, pashchim bangal madhyamik shiksha mandal ke adhin haian aur kuchh kendriy madhyamik shiksha bord v bharatiy madhyamik shiksha parishad ke adhin haian.
kolakata ke vishvavidyalay
- kalakatta vishvavidyalay,
- jadavapur vishvavidyalay,
- ravindr bharati vishvavidyalay,
- rashtriy nyayik vijnan vishvavidyalay,
- netaji subhash mukt vishvavidyalay,
- bangal abhiyaantriki evan vijnan vishvavidyalay,
- svasthy vijnan vishvavidyalay aur
- pashupalan evan matasy palan vijnan vishvavidyalay
in vishvavidyalayoan se sambandhit pramukh mahavidyalay evan sansthan nimnalikhit haian:-
- eshiyatik sosayati,
- bharatiy saankhyiki sansthan,
- bharatiy prabandhan sansthan,
- meghanath saha anvik bhautiki sansthan,
- satyajit re philm evan telivijan sansthan,
- ramkrishna mishan sanskriti sansthan,
- eanthropolojikal sarve aph iandiya,
- bos sansthan,
- botainikal sarve aph iandiya,
- jiyolajikal sarve aph iandiya,
- iandiyan ianstityoot aph inapharmeshan teknaloji,
- rashtriy homiyopaithi sansthan,
- shriramapur kalej,
- presideansi kalej aur
- skatish charch kalej
1857 mean sthapit kolakata vishvavidyalay mean 150 se adhik sambandhit mahavidyalayoan ke sath-sath kala (manaviki), vanijy, vidhi, chikitsa vijnan v takanik aur snatakottar shikshan evan shodh mahavidyalay shamil haian. jadavapur vishvavidyalay mean tin dharaean haian, kala (manaviki), vijnan aur abhiyaantriki aur isaka mukhy lakshy ek hi parisar mean snatak v snatakottar star ki shiksha pradan karana hai. ravindr bharati vishvavidyalay manaviki aur lalit kalaoan mean, jinamean nrity, natak v sangit shamil haian, visheshajnata pradan karata hai. shodh sansthanoan mean bharatiy saankhyiki sansthan, bharatiy vijnan parishkaran sangh, bos sansthan (prakritik vijnan) aur akhil bharatiy svasthy vijnan evan janasvasthy sansthan shamil haian.
saanskritik jivan
kolakata bharat ka sabase mahatvapoorn saanskritik kendr hai. yah adhunik bharat ke sahityik evan kalatmak vicharoan aur bharatiy rashtravad ka janmasthal hai aur yahaan ke nagarikoan dvara bharatiy sanskriti v sabhyata ke sanrakshan ke prayas ki misal desh mean anyatr nahian milati. sadiyoan se poorv aur pashchimi saanskritik prabhavoan ke sammimishran ne asankhy vividh sangathanoan ke nirman ko prerit kiya, jinhoanne kolakata ke saanskritik jivan mean yogadan kiya. inamean eshiyatik sosaiti, bangiy sahity parishad, ramkrishna mishan saanskritik sansthan, lalit kala akadami, bi dala kala evan saanskritik akadami aur mahabodhi sosaiti shamil hean. nandan, nazarool manch aur girish manch nee aur sarvadhik sakriy sansthaean haian shahar ka ek pramukh akarshan hai, sains siti, eshiya mean apane prakar ka sabase pahala shahar hai.
sangrahalay evan pustakalay
[[chitr:National-Library-Calcutta.jpg|thumb|rashtriy pustakalay, kolakata
National Library, Kolkata|left]]
vrihad kolakata mean 30 se adhik sangrahalay hai, jo vividh vishayoan par adharit haian. 1814 mean sthapit iandiyan myooziyam bharat mean sabase purana aur apani tarah ka desh ka sabase b da sangrahalay hai. puratatv aur mudravishayak khandoan mean sabase moolyavan sangrah haian. viktoriya memoriyal mean pradarshit vastuean bharat ke sath briten ke sambandh ko darshati haian. kolakata vishvavidyalay mean bharatiy kala ka ashutosh sangrahalay apane sangrah mean bangal ki lokakala ka pradarshan karata hai. moolyavan granthoan ka sangrah eshiyatik sosaiti, bangiy sahity parishad aur kalakatta vishvavidyalay mean vidyaman haian; neshanal laibreri bharat mean sabase b di hai aur isamean durlabh granthoan aur hastalipiyoan ka shreshth sangrah hai.
- REDIRECT saancha:daanyabaksais andolan ke mahatvapoorn pranetaoan mean se ek ravindranath taigor the, jinhean 1913 mean sahity ka nobel puraskar pradan kiya gaya.
- REDIRECT saancha:baksaband
kala
kolakata vasi lambe samay se sahity v kala kshetroan mean sakriy rahe haian. 19vian shatabdi ke madhy mean yahaan pashchimi shiksha se prabhavit sahityik andolan ka uday hua, jisane sampoorn bharat mean sahityik punarjagaran kiya. is andolan ke mahatvapoorn pranetaoan mean se ek ravindranath taigor the, jinhean 1913 mean sahity ka nobel puraskar pradan kiya gaya. unaki kavita, sangit, natak aur chitrakala mean ullekhaniy srijanatmakata ne shahar ke saanskritik jivan ka samriddh kiya. kolakata paramparik evan samakalin sangit aur nrity ka bhi kendr hai. 1937 mean taigor ne kolakata mean pahale akhil bangal sangit samaroh ka udghatan kiya tha. tabhi se prativarsh yahaan par kee bharatiy shastriy sangit samaroh ayojit kie jate haian. kee shastriy nartakoan ka ghar kolakata paramparik nrity kala mean pashchim ki manchiy takanik ko apanane ke uday shankar ke prayog ka sthal bhi tha. 1965 se unake dvara sthapit nrity, sangit aur natak shalaean shahar mean vidyaman haian. 1870 ke dashak mean neshanal thietar ki sthapana ke sath hi kolakata mean vyavasayik natakoan ki shuruat huee. shahar mean natakoan ke adhunik roopoan ki shuruat girishachandr ghosh aur dinabandhu mitr jaise natakakaroan ne ki. kolakata aj bhi vyavasayik v shauqiya rangamanch aur prayogadharmi natakoan ka ek mahatvapoorn kendr hai. yah shahar bharat mean chalachitr nirman ka prarambhik kendr bhi raha hai. prayogadharmi film nirdeshak satyajit ray aur mrinal sen ne aantarrashtriy star par prashansa paee hai. shahar mean kee sinemaghar haian, jinamean niyamit roop se aangrezi, baangla aur hindi filmean dikhaee jati haian.
kolakata se sambandhit kala kshetr ke vyakti
| kalakar | nirdeshak / natakakar | sangitakar | gayak |
|---|---|---|---|
| jemini r aauy (chitrakar) | satyajit ray | rahul dev barman | dvijendr lal r aauy |
| samir r aauy chaudhari (chitrakar) | mrinal sen | sachin dev barman | ke. si. dev |
| paritosh sen | rritvik ghatak | pritam | kazi nazarul islam |
| jogen chaudhari (chitrakar) | buddhadeb dasagupta | chandan | gauhar jan |
| anil kumar dattta | gautam ghosh | shaantanu moitra | pankaj malik |
| sudip r aauy (chitrakar) | aparna sen | aanjan chakravarti | kanan devi |
| uttam kumar (abhineta) | rituparno ghosh | bappi lahari | ritu guha |
| utpal datt (abhineta) | nitin bos | ali akabar khan | kanika bandyopadhyay |
| pramathesh barua (abhineta) | anis ghosh (natak kar evan nirdeshak) | ravi shankar | suhchitra mitr |
| robi ghosh (abhineta) | sambhoo mitr (natak kar evan nirdeshak) | anand shankar | hemant kumar mukhopadhyay |
| kanan devi (abhinetri) | bibhas chakravarti (natak kar evan nirdeshak) | vilayat khan | manna de |
| ruma guha thakur (abhinetri) | b de gulam ali khan | kishor kumar | |
| suchitra sen (abhinetri) | rashid khan | sandhya mukhopadhyay | |
| prasonajit (abhineta) | nikhil banarji | begam akhtar | |
| viktar banarji (abhineta) | amazad ali khan | aj aauy chakravarti | |
| saumitra chatarji (abhinetri) | bahadur khan | oosha utthup | |
| mithun chakravarti (abhineta) | sumitra ghosh | ||
| sharmila tegaur (abhinetri) | shreya ghoshal | ||
| uday shankar (nartak) | ruma guha | ||
| amala shankar (nartak) | svagatalakshmi dasagupta | ||
| anand shankar (nartak) | suman chatarji | ||
| pi. si. sorakar (jadoogar) | salil chaudhari | ||
| pi. si. sorakar (joo॰) (jadoogar) | aanjan datt | ||
| manik sorakar (jadoogar) | nachiketa |
manoranjan
[[chitr:Eden-Gardens-Kolkata.jpg|thumb|220px|eeden gardan, kolakata
Eden Garden, Kolkata]]
kolakata nagar nigam 200 se adhik bagichoan, chaurahoan aur khule maidanoan ki dekharekh karata hai. halaanki shahar ke bhi d bhare hissoan mean bahut kam sthan hai. lagabhag 3.2 kimi. lamba aur 1.6 kimi. chau da maidan sabase prasiddh khula sthan hai. yahian par phutabal, kriket aur h aauki ke pramukh maidan haian. maidan se laga hua hai, vishv ke sabase purane kriket maidanoan mean se ek, eedan gardan mean ranaji stediyam; charadivari mean khele jane vale kheloan ke lie netaji stediyam pas hi hai. nagar ke poorv mean bane salt lek stediyam mean ek lakh darshak baith sakate haian. shahar mean do ghu dadau d maidan aur do golf maidan haian aur nauka vihar ke lie lek klab aur bangal naukayan sangh lokapriy hai. lagabhag 20 hekteyar se adhik kshetr mean chi diyaghar phaila hua hai. ganga nadi ke pashchimi tat par bharatiy vanaspatik udyan sthit hai. isake vanaspati sangrahalayoan mean paudhoan ki lagabhag 40 hazar prajatiyaan haian.
kolakata se sambandhit khila di evan khel prashasak
| khila di | olanpik padak vijeta | khel prashasak |
|---|---|---|
| saurav gaanguli (kriketar) | norman prichard (ethalit) 1900 | pankaj gupta |
| pankaj r aauy (kriketar) | lesil kl aaudiyas (h aauki) 1924, 1928, 1936 | jagamohan dalamiya |
| mihir sen (tairak) | gurabaks sianh (h aauki) 1964, 1968 | |
| jyotirmoyi sikadar (ethalit) | ves pes (h aauki) 1980 | |
| arjun ataval (golphar) | lieandar pes (tenis) 1996 | |
| sury shekhar gaanguli (shantaranj) |
kalakatta film sabha
bharat ke pashchim bangal praant ke kolakata nagar mean kalakatta film sabha ka praranbh 1947 mean satyajit ray, chidanand dasagupta aur kuchh any logoan ne kiya tha.
kolakata se sambandhit pramukh filmean
| bangali filmean | aangrezi filmean | hindi filmean |
|---|---|---|
| pather paanchali (satyajit ray) | Calcutta (Louis Malle) | hav da brij |
| apur sansar- d varld aauf apu (satyajit ray) | 36 Chowringhee Lane (Aparna Sen) | amar prem |
| mahanagar- d big siti (satyajit ray) | City of Joy (Roland Joffe) | do bigha zamin |
| agantuk (satyajit ray) | Citi Life- Calcutta My El Dorado (Mrinal Sen) | devadas (1936) |
| kalakatta 71 (mrinal sen) | 10 Days in Calcutta (Gerhard Hauff) | devadas (1955) |
| iantaravyoo (mrinal sen) | Bow Barracks Forever (Anjan Dutt) | devadas (2002) |
| ek din pratidin (mrinal sen) | Call Cutta (Anjan Dutt) | ram teri ganga maili |
| aantahin (mrinal sen) | 15 Park Avenue (Aparna Sen) | kalakatta mel |
| meghe dhak tara- d klaud kaippad star (rritvik ghatak) |
hazar chaurasi ki maan | |
| jukti takko ar gappo- lojik, dibet end stori (rritvik ghatak) |
parinita | |
| parama (aparna sen) | yuva (maniratnam) | |
| unshi aprel-nainatinth epril (aparna sen) | renakot | |
| chokher bali- send in d aee (rituparno ghosh) |
khanapan
bhojan
kolakata bhojan ke mamale mean ek prasiddh shahar hai. kolakata mean bhojan kafi sashta milata hai. kolakata mean kalighat ki taraph 'komal vilas hotal' mean kele ke patte par dakshin bharatiy bhojan parosa jata hai. jatin das rod par sthit 'ray udupi hom' mean bhi achhchha bhojan milata hai.
| bhojan | |
|---|---|
| samish bhojan | agar ap samish bhojan khana pasand karate haian to kalakatta mean rasabihari rod par sthit 'bachhchan m aaurdan hotal' mean apako laziz reshami kabab tatha murg tikhka mil jaega. |
| bangali bhojan | agar ap bangali bhojan karana pasand karate hai to jatin das rod par apako machhali se bane vibhinhn prakar ke vhyanjan mil jaeange. sauth kotala mean eligan len par sthit 'khyoopiz' bangali bhojan ke lie prasiddh hai. yahaan bhojan kele ke patte par parosa jata hai. |
| shakahari bhojan | agar ap shakahari bhojan khana pasand karate haian to bangal mean shakahariyoan ke lie dokar-dalana namak vhyanjan milata hai. |
| chainij bhojan | agar ap chainij bhojan khana pasand karate haian to laiansadaun rod par apako kee aise reshtoreant mil jaeange jahaan apako chainij bhojan mil jaega. chaina taun mean kuchh behatarin chainij reshtoreant hai. bijiang, kimaliang tatha kafook aise hi reshtorenht hai. yahaan sabhi prakar ke chainij khana mil jate hai. |
| rajashthani tatha uttari bharatiy bhojan | agar ap rajashthani tatha uttari bharatiy bhojan khana pasand karate haian to rasel shtrit mean sthit hotal taj mean apako rajashthani tatha uttar bharatiy bhojan mil jaega. |
yahaan sthit markopolo hotal mean apako har tarah ka vhyanjan mil jaega. park shtrit par sthit 'mokanbo' hotal k aaunhtinenhtal phish ke lie prasiddh hai. yahian par 'sauravs' hai jo kriketar saurav gaanguli ka restoreant hai. yahaan bhi sabhi prakar ka bhojan milata hai. lekin sabase vishesh bat yah ki agar ap kolakata jaean to yahaan ka rasagulhla khana n bhoolean. kolakata ka rasagulhla poore bharat mean prasiddh hai.
mithaee
kolakata ki prasiddh mithaee rasagulla hai. rasagulle ka nam sunakar sabhi ke muanh mean pani bhar ata hai. rasagulle ko mithaiyoan ka raja kaha ja sakata hai. yah to ap janate hi hogean ki rasagulla ek bangali mithaee hai. bangali log rasagulla ko roshogulla kahate haian. isake janm ke bare mean ek rochak katha hai jo is prakar hai:-
bat sanh 1858 ee. ki hai. kolakata (un dinoan-kalakatta) mean sutaputti ke samip ek halavaee ki dukan par navinachandr das nam ka ek l daka kam karata tha. char-paanch varshoan tak jab malik ne navinachandr ka vetan nahian badhaya to usane naukari chho d di. phir navinachandr ne kolakata ke ek sunasan se ilake kalighat mean apani hi dukan khol li. sunasan ilake ke karan dukan mean bikri adhik nahian hoti thi. dukan mean aksar chhena bach jata tha. navinachandr us chhene ke gole banakar chashani mean paka leta. lekin usaki yah mithaee bikati nahian thi. navin yah mithaee apane dostoan ko muft mean khila deta. apani pasand ki mithaee ke n bikane ke karan vah dukhi bhi hota.
bat sanh 1866 ee. ki hai. ek din usaki dukan ke samane ek seth ki bagghi akar ruki. seth ka naukar dukan par aya aur bola, 'chhote bachchoan ke lie koee narm-si mithaee de do.' nam lekar to mithaee maangi nahi gee thi, isalie navinachandr ne use apani vahi mithaee de di. bachchoan ko mithaee bahut pasand aee. ve mithaee khakar bahut khush hue. unhoanne vahi mithaee aur mangavaee. seth ki bhi ichchha huee ki is nee mithaee ka nam jana jae, jise bachchoan ne itana pasand kiya hai. naukar ne akar navinachandr se mithaee ka nam poochha to vah ghabara gaya. ras mean gola dalakar banata tha mithaee, isalie kah diya, ras-gola. naukar ne kaha, 'seth ji abhi apane bag mean ja rahe haian, vapasi par ek haandi ras-gola ghar le jaeange, taiyar rakhana.
navinachandr das ras-gole ki pahali bikri se bahut prasann tha. ras-gole ke pahale grahak bharat ke bahut b de vyapari the, nam tha bhagavan das bagala. itane b de vyapari ke grahak ban jane se 'ras-gola' ki bikri teji se badhane lagi. kesar ki bhini-bhini khushaboo vala ras-gola to logoan ko bahut bhaya. samay ke sath 'ras-gola' ka nam big dakar rasagulla ho gaya. isamean bahut kuchh naya bhi hua.
yatayat aur parivahan
[[chitr:Howrah-Bridge-Kolkata.jpg|left|thumb|hav da brij, kolakata
Howrah Bridge, Kolkata]]
- kolakata mean jan yatayat kolakata upanagariy relave, kolakata metro, tram aur basoan dvara upalabdh hai. vyapak upanagariy jal sudoor upanagariy kshetroan tak phaila hua hai. bharatiy rel dvara sanchalit kolakata metro bharat mean sabase purani bhoomigat yatayat pranali hai. ye shahar mean uttar se dakshin disha mean hugali nadi ke samanaantar shahar ki lanbaee ko 16.45 ki.mi. mean napati hai. yahaan ke adhikaansh logoan dvara basoan ko prathamik taur par yatayat ke lie prayog kiya jata hai. yahaan sarakari evan niji aauparetaroan dvara basean sanchalit haian. bharat mean kolakata ekamatr shahar hai, jahaan tram seva upalabdh hai. tram seva kailkata tramavez kanpani dvara sanchalit hai. tram mand-gati chalit yatayat hai, v shahar ke kuchh hi kshetroan mean simit hai. manasoon ke samay bhari varsha ke chalate kee bar lok-yatayat mean vyavadhan p data hai.
- bha de par upalabdh yaantrik yatayat mean pili mitar-taiksi aur aauto-riksha haian. kolakata mean lagabhag sabhi pili taiksiyaan embesaidar hi haian. kolakata ke alava any shaharoan mean adhikatar tata iandika ya phiet hi taiksi ke roop mean chalati haian. shahar ke kuchh kshetroan mean saikil-riksha aur hath-chalit riksha abhi bhi sthaniy chhoti dooriyoan ke lie prachalan mean haian. any shaharoan ki apeksha yahaan niji vahan kafi kam haian. aisa anek prakaroan ke lok yatayat ki adhikata ke karan hai. halaanki shahar ne niji vahanoan ke panjikaran mean achchhi b dottari dekhi hai. varsh 2002 ke aank doan ke anusar pichhale sat varshoan mean vahanoan ki sankhya mean 44% ki badhat dikhi hai. shahar ke janasankhya ghanatv ki apeksha s dak bhoomi matr 6% hai, jahaan dilli mean yah 23% aur muanbee mean 17% hai. yahi yatayat jam ka mukhy karan hai. is disha mean kolakata metro relave tatha bahut se naye phlaee-ovaroan tatha nayi s dakoan ke nirman ne shahar ko kafi rahat di hai.
- shahar ke viman sanpark hetu netaji subhash chandr bos aantarrashtriy havaee adda dam dam mean sthit hai. yah vimanakshetr shahar ke uttari chhor par hai v yahaan se donoan, antardeshiy aur antarrashtriy u danean chalati haian. yah nagar poorvi bharat ka ek pradhan bandaragah hai. kolakata port trast hi kolakata pattan aur haldiya pattan ka prabandhan karata hai. yahaan se aandaman nikobar dvipasamooh mean port bleyar ke liye yatri jahaj aur bharat ke any bandaragahoan tatha videshoan ke lie bharatiy shipiang nigam ke mal-jahaj chalate haian. yahian se kolakata ke dvi-shahar hav da ke lie pheri-seva bhi chalati hai. kolakata mean do b de relave steshan haian jiname ek hav da aur doosara siyaladah mean hai, hav da tulanatmak roop se jyada b da steshan hai jabaki siyaladah se sthaniy sevaean jyada haian. shahar mean uttar mean damadam mean netaji subhashachandr bos aantarrashtriy havaee adda jo shahar ko desh videsh se jo data hai.
kolakata metro rel
thumb|220px|metro steshan, kolakata
Metro Station, Kolkata
kolakata mean do mukhy lanbi dooriyoan ki ga diyoan vale relave steshan haian- hav da jankshan aur siyaladah jankshan. kolakata nam se ek naya steshan 2006 mean hi banaya gaya hai. kolakata shahar bharatiy relave ke do mandaloan ka mukhyalay hai:-
- poorvi relave aur
- dakshin-poorv relave.
kaise pahuanche
havaee marg
- yahaan damadam havaee adda hai. yahaan desh ke lagabhhag har rajhy tatha har mahathvapoorn shahar se sidhi u danean upalabhdh hai. sath hi yah havaee adda videshoan se bhi niyamit u dan dvara ju da hua hai.
rel marg
- hav da tatha siyaladah yahaan ke do mahathvapoorn relave shteshan hai. yahaan se desh ke lagabhag har shahar ke lie rel seva upalabhdh hai.
s dak marg
- yah shahar rashhtriy rajamarg tatha rajhy rajamarg se poore desh se ju da hua hai. yah rashhtriy rajamarg sankhhya 2 se dilli tatha rashhtriy rajamarg sankhhya 6 se muanbee aur chenhnee se ju da hua hai. yahaan se dhaka, nepal tatha bhootan sima ke nikatavarti shthanoan ke lie bhi basean jati hai.
paryatan
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
[[chitr:Jain-Temple-Kolkata.jpg|thumb|jain mandir, kolakata
Jain Temple, Kolkata]]
kolakata ek dharmik shahar hai. yahaan apako har gli mean mandir, masjid, charch, gurudvara, yahoodi sabhagar adi mil jaeange. in mandiroan aur masjidoan ke alava bhi yahaan dekhane layak bahut kuchh hai. yahaan sangrahalay, aitihasik bhavan, art gailariyaan bhi haian jinhhean ap dekh sakate hai.
kolakata ke sandarbh mean likhi kitabean
| kitab ka nam | lekhak ka nam |
|---|---|
| siti aauf dedaful naits end amerikan tels | rudayard kipaliang |
| siti aauf j aauy | domaniq lepiyar |
| kalakatta:d liviang siti bhag-1 & 2 | sukaant chaudhari |
| kalakatta 1981 | jin resin |
| kalakatta:siti aauf pailesez- e sarve aauf d siti in d dej aauf d eest iandiya kanpani 1690-1858 |
jeremiyaha pi. losti |
kolakata ke prasiddh vyakti
| lekhak / kavi | upanyasakar | alochak aur darshanik | samaj sudharak | svatantrata senani soochi | vaijnanik |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| rabindranath taigor | viliyam maikapis thakare | e. si. bi. svami prabhupad | raja ram mohan ray | ras bihari bos | jagadish chandr bos |
| buddhadev bos | taslima nasarin | rajendr prasad | madar teresa | subhash chandr bos | praphull chandr r aauy |
| subhash mukhopadhyay | satyajit ray | gayatri chakravarti spivak | keshav chandr sen | badal gupta | si. vi. raman |
| jibananand das | samaresh majoomadar | sharat chandr chattopadhyay | henari chandr sen | bin aauy basu | ke. es. krishnan |
| vishnu de | shirashendu mukhopadhyay | kazi nazarul islam | devid hare | vipin chandr pal | |
| joseph imin | divyendu palit | bankim chandr chattopadhyay | alekjeandar daf | chittaranjan das | meghanad saha |
| shakti chattopadhyay | mani shankar mukhopadhyay | bibhuti bhooshan bandopadhyay | eeshvar chandr vidyasagar | jatiandranath das | satyendr nath bos |
| sunil gangopadhyay | tarashankar bandyopadhyay | shishir kumar mitr | viliyam kere | dinesh gupta | shishir kumar mitr |
| malay ray chaudhari | pramendr mitr | dinabandhu mitr | moti lal sil | jogesh chandr chattopadhyay | prashant chandr mahanobis |
| lili chakravarti | saiyad mustafa siraz | maikal madhusudan datt | vidhan chandr r aauy | amal kumar ray chaudhari | |
| ashapoorna devi | dhan gopal mukharji | shyama prasad mukharji | subhash mukhopadhyay | ||
| lila majoomadar | saiyad muzataba ali | ashok kumar sen | je. bi. es. halden | ||
| anita desaee | sharadindu bandyopadhyay | ||||
| sanjiv chattopadhyay | pramath chaudhari | ||||
| vikram seth | nirad si. chaudhari | ||||
| sunil gangopadhyay | svami vivekanand | ||||
| upamanyu chatarji | |||||
| raj kamal jha | |||||
| amita ghosh | |||||
| bharati mukharji | |||||
| vimal kar | |||||
| suketu mehata | |||||
| amit chaudhari | |||||
| guanthar gras |
kolakata se sambandhit udyogapati, raman maigasese evan nobel puraskar vijeta
| udyogapati | nobel puruskar vijeta | raman maigasese puraskar vijeta |
|---|---|---|
| adity vikram birala | sar ronald r aaus (1902, medisan) | satyajit ray |
| ram prasad goyanaka (RPG Group) | ravindr nath taigor (1913, sahity) | madar teresa |
| lakshmi nivas mittal | madar teresa (1979, shaanti) | samaresh majoomadar |
| puranendu chatarji | amarty sen (1998, arthashastr) | mahashveta devi |
janasankhya
2001 ki ganana ke anusar kolakata ki janasankhya 45,80,544 hai.
tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ kolakata ka itihas (aangrezi) (ech ti em el). . abhigaman tithi: 8 julaee, 2010.
- ↑ ek bagicha, jisamean fort viliyam aur shahar ki kee saanskritik v manoranjak suvidhaean vidyaman haian
bahari k diyaan
kolakata (aangrezi) (ech ti em el). . abhigaman tithi: 8 julaee, 2010.
mukesh. kolakata-vibhinhn dharmalanbiyoan ka aitihasik shahar (hindi) (e ais pi) yatra salah. abhigaman tithi: 8 julaee, 2010.
kolakata-kolakata aur jab charnak (hindi) (ech ti em el). . abhigaman tithi: 8 julaee, 2010.
kolakata-ek shahar roomaniyat se bhara (hindi) (ech ti em el). . abhigaman tithi: 8 julaee, 2010.
| link=#bottom|center|niche jayean |
| niche jayean |
vithika
- chitr:Tram-Kolkata.jpg
tram, kolakata
Tram, Kolkata - chitr:Kolkata-taxi.jpg
kolakata, taiksi
Kolkata, Taxi - chitr:Birla-Temple-Kolkata.jpg
bi dala mandir, kolakata
Birla Temple, Kolkata - chitr:Metro-Kolkata.jpg
metro kolakata
Metro Kolkata - chitr:Dakshnineshwar-Kali-Temple-Kolkata-1.jpg
dakshineshvar kali mandir, kolakata
Dakshnineshwar Kali Temple, Kolkata - chitr:Salt-Lake-Stadium-Kolkata.jpg
salt lek siti stediyam, kolakata
Salt Lake Stadium, Kolkata - chitr:Parasnath-Jain-Temple-Kolkata.jpg
parasanath jain mandir kolakata, kolakata
Parasnath Jain Temple, Kolkata - chitr:Dakshnineshwar-Kali-Temple-Kolkata.jpg
dakshineshvar kali mandir, kolakata
Dakshnineshwar Kali Temple, Kolkata - chitr:Kolkata.jpg
kolakata ke bajar mean choo diyaan
Bangles in Kolkata Market - chitr:Kolkata-1.jpg
chana chat, kolakata
Chana Chat, Kolkata - chitr:Kolkata-Port-Trust-building.jpg
kolakata port trast
Kolkata Port Trust Building - chitr:Victoria-Memorial-Kolkata-3.jpg
viktoriya memoriyal, kolakata
Victoria Memorial, Kolkata - chitr:Kolkata-2.jpg
kolakata ke bajar mean tauliyaan
Tawal in Kolkata Market - chitr:Durga-Puja.jpg
durga pooja, kolakata
Durga Puja, Kolkata - chitr:Dakshineswar-Kali-Temple-Kolkata.jpg
dakshineshvar kali mandir, kolakata
Dakshnineshwar Kali Temple, Kolkata - chitr:Rasogolla-Kolkata.jpg
rasagulla, kolakata
Rasogolla, Kolkata - chitr:Bengali-Sweets.jpg
bangali mithaee, kolakata
Bengali Sweets, Kolkata - chitr:Kali-Puja-Kolkata.jpg
kali pooja, kolakata
Kali Puja, Kolkata - chitr:Science-City-Kolkata.jpg
saians siti, kolakata
Science City, Kolkata - chitr:Taxi-Kolkata.jpg
taiksi, kolakata
Taxi, Kolkata - chitr:Kolkata-3.jpg
kolakata ki s dakoan par bachcha
A child on Kolkata streets - chitr:Banyan-Tree-Kolkata.jpg
kolakata mean baragad ka pe d
Banyan Tree in Kolkata - chitr:Rickshaw-Kolkata.jpg
hath-chalit riksha, kolakata
Human Rickshaw, Kolkata - chitr:Victoria-Memorial-Kolkata-4.jpg
viktoriya memoriyal
Victoria Memorial - chitr:Science-City-Dinosaurs-Kolkata.jpg
saians siti mean dayanasor, kolakata
Dinosaurs in Science City, Kolkata - chitr:Book-Mall-Kolkata.jpg
pustak m aaul, k aaulej strit, kolakata
Book Mall, College Street, Kolkata - chitr:Goddess-Durga-Kolkata.jpg
durga maan ki chhavi, salt lek, kolakata
Image of Goddess Durga, Salt Lake, Kolkata - chitr:Kali-Picture.jpg
kolakata ke bajar mean kali maan ke chitroan ki bikri
The sell of Kali Maa pictures in kolkata market
sambandhit liank