चंद्रगुप्त मौर्य
chandragupt maury ko darshati huee bharatiy dak tikat
Indian postage stamp depicting Chandragupta Maurya|thumb
chandragupt ke vansh aur jati ke sambandh mean vidvan ekamat nahian haian. kuchh vidvanoan ne brahman granthoan, mudrarakshas, vishnupuran ki madhyakalin tika tatha 10vian shatabdi ki dhundiraj dvara rachit mudrarakshas ki tika ke adhar par chandragupt ko shoodr mana hai. chandragupt ke vansh ke sambandh mean brahman, bauddh evan jain paramparaoan v anushrutiyoan ke adhar par keval itana hi kaha ja sakata hai ki vah kisi kulin gharane se sambandhit nahian tha. videshi vrittaantoan evan ullekhoan se bhi sthiti kuchh aspasht hi bani rahati hai.
arambhik jivan
chandragupt ke vansh ke saman usake arambhik jivan ke punargathan ka bhi adhar kianvadantiyaan evan paramparaean hi adhik haian aur thos praman kam haian. is sambandh mean chanaky chandragupt katha ka saraansh ullekhaniy hai. jisake anusar nand vansh dvara apamanit kie jane par chanaky ne use samool nasht karane ka pran kiya. sanyogavash usaki bheant chandragupt se ho gee aur vah use takshashila le gaya. kaha jata hai ki uttar-pashchimi bharat mean hi chanaky ki sikandar se bheant huee thi. shiksha-diksha ke pashchat chanaky ki kootaniti aur chandragupt ke shaury evan ranakaushal ke sangam dvara nand vansh ke antim raja dhananand ka unmoolan kiya gaya. isase pahale hi chandragupt ne panjab aur siandh mean bhi sikandar ke videshi shasan se aprasann janata ke manobhavoan ka labh uthakar un kshetroan mean apana adhikar sthapit karane mean saphalata prapt kar li thi.
lekhakoan ke vrittaant
maury samrat chandragupt ko nand vansh ke unmoolan tatha panjab-siandh mean videshi shasan ka aant karane ka hi shrey nahian hai varan usane bharat ke adhikaansh bhag par apana adhipaty sthapit kiya.
- plootark ne likha hai ki chandragupt ne 6 lakh sena lekar samooche bharat par apana adhipaty sthapit kiya.
- jastin ke anusar sara bharat usake qabze mean tha.
- mahavansh mean kaha gaya hai ki kautily ne chandragupt ko janboodvip ka samrat banaya.
- plini ne, jisaka vrittant maigasthaniz ki iandika par adharit hai, likha hai ki magadh ki sima siandhu nadi hai. pashchim mean saurashtr chandragupt ke adhikar mean tha. isaki pushti shak mahakshatrap rudradaman ke joonagadh abhilekh se hoti hai.
abhilekh
- maisoor se prapt kuchh shilalekhoan ke anusar uttari maisoor mean chandragupt ka shasan tha.
- ek abhilekh mila hai jisake anusar shikapur talluke ke nagarakhand ki raksha mauryoan ki zimmedari thi.
- yah ullekh 14vian shatabdi ka hai. ashok ke shilalekhoan se bhi spasht hai ki maisoor maury samrajy ka mahatvapoorn aang tha.
- plootark, jastin, tamil granthoan tatha maisoor ke abhilekhoan ke sammilit pramanoan se spasht hai ki pratham maury samrat ne vidhy par ke kafi bharatiy hissoan ko apane samrajy mean mila liya tha.
rajanitik paristhitiyaan
jis samay chandragupt maury samrajy ke nirman mean tatpar tha, sikandar ka senapati selyookas apani mahanata ki nianv dal raha tha. sikandar ki mrityu ke bad usake senaniyoan mean yoonani samrajy ki satta ke lie sangharsh hua, jisake parinamasvaroop selyookas, pashchim eshiya mean prabhutv ke mamale mean, aintigonas ka pratidvandvi bana. ee0 poo0 312 mean usane bebilon par apana adhikar sthapit kiya. isake bad usane eeran ke vibhinn rajyoan ko jitakar baiktriya par adhikar kiya. apane poorvi abhiyan ke dauran vah bharat ki or badha. ee0 poo0 305-4 mean kabul ke marg se hote hue vah siandhu nadi ki or badha. usane siandhu nadi par ki aur chandragupt ki sena se usaka samana hua. selyookas panjab aur siandhu par apana prabhutv punah sthapit karane ke uddeshy se aya tha. kintu is samay ki rajanitik sthiti sikandar ke akraman ke samay se kafi bhinn thi.
panjab aur siandhu ab paraspar yuddh karane vale chhote-chhote rajyoan mean vibhikt nahian the, balki ek samrajy ka aang the. ashchary ki bat hai ki yoonani tatha roman lekhak, selyookas aur chandragupt ke bich hue yuddh ka koee vistrit byaura nahian dete. keval eppiyanas ne likha hai ki "selyookas ne siandhu nadi par ki aur bharat ke samrat chandragupt se yuddh chhe da. aant mean unamean sandhi ho gee aur vaivahik sambandh sthapit ho gaya." jastin ke anusar chandragupt se sandhi karake aur apane poorvi rajy ko shant karake selyookas entigonas se yuddh karane chala gaya. eppiyanas ke kathan se spasht hai ki selyookas chandragupt ke viruddh saphalata prapt nahian kar saka. apane poorvi rajy ki suraksha ke lie selyookas ne chandragupt se sandhi karana hi uchit samajha aur us sandhi ko usane vaivahik sambandh se aur adhik pusht kar liya.
vivah
- straibo ka kathan hai ki selyookas ne airiyana ke pradesh, chandragupt ko vivah-sambandh ke phalasvaroop die. isase yah nishkarsh nikalata hai ki yoonani rajakumari maury samrat ko byahi gee aur ye pradesh ke roop mean die ge. itihasakaroan ka amataur par yah mat hai ki selyookas nan chandragupt ko char prant - eriya, arakosiya, jedrosiya aur paripemisadaee (arthath kabul, kandhar, makaran aur herat pradesh) dahej mean die. ashok ke lekhoan se siddh hota hai ki kabul ki ghati maury samrajy ke aantargat thi. in abhilekhoan ke anusar yon (yavan) gaandhar bhi maury samrajy ke aantargat the.
- plootark ke anusar chandragupt ne selyookas ko 500 hathi upahar mean die. sambhavatah is sandhi ke parinamasvaroop hi hindukush maury samrajy aur selyookas ke rajy ke bich ki sima ban gaya. 2000 se adhik varsh poorv bharat ke pratham samrat ne us prakritik sima ko prapt kiya jisake lie aangrez tarasate rahe aur jise mugal samrat bhi poori tarah prapt karane mean asamarth rahe. vaivahik sambandh se maury samratoan aur selyookas vansh ke rajaoan ke bich maitripoorn sambandh sootrapat hua. selyookas ne apane rajadoot megasthaniz ko chandragupt ke darabar mean bheja. ye maitri sambandh donoan ke uttaradhikariyoan ke bich bhi bane rahe.
yogy shasak
chandragupt ek kushal yoddha, senanayak tatha mahan vijeta hi nahian tha, varan ek yogy shasak bhi tha. itane b de samrajy ki shasan - vyavastha koee saral kary nahian tha. atah apane mukhyamantri kautily ki sahayata se usane ek aisi shasan - vyavastha ka nirman kiya jo us samay ke anukool thi. maury shasan paddhati ka vistrit vivechan age kiya jaega. yah shasan vyavastha ek had tak magadh ke poorvagami shasakoan dvara vikasit shasanatantr par adharit thi. kintu isaka adhik shrey chandragupt aur kautily ki srijanatmak kshamata ko hi diya jana chahie. kautily ne likha hai ki us samay shasan tantr par jo bhi granth upalabdh the aur bhinn-bhinn rajyoan mean shasan - pranaliyaan prachalit thian un sabaka bhali-bhaanti adhyayan karane ke bad usane apana prasiddhagranth "arthashastr" likha. vidvanoan ka vichar hai ki maury shasan vyavastha par tatkalin yoonani tatha akhamini shasan pranali ka bhi kuchh prabhav p da. chandragupt ne aisi shasan vyavastha sthapit ki jise paravarti bharatiy shasakoan ne bhi apanaya. is shasan ki mukhy visheshataean thian -
- satta ka atyadhik kendrikaran,
- vikasit adhikarik tantr,
- uchit nyay vyavastha,
- nagar-shasan, krishi, shilp udyog, sanchar, vanijy evan vyapar ki vriddhi ke lie rajy ke dvara anek karagar upay.
chandragupt ke shasan prabandh ka uddeshy lokahit tha. jahaan ek or arthik vikas evan rajy ki samriddhi ke anek thos qadam uthae ge aur shilpiyoan evan vyapariyoan ke jan - mal ki suraksha ki gee, vahian doosari or janata ko unaki anuchit tatha shoshanatmak kary-vidhiyoan se bachane ke lie kathor niyam bhi banae ge. dasoan aur karmakaroan ko malikoan ke atyachar se bachane ke lie vistrit niyam the. anath, daridr, mrit sainikoan tatha rajakarmachariyoan ke parivaroan ke bharan - poshan ka bhar rajy ke oopar tha. tatkalin mapadand ke anusar chandragupt ka shasan - prabandh ek kalyanakari rajy ki dharana ko charitarth karata hai. yah shasan nirakuansh tha, dand vyavastha kathor thi aur vyakti ki svatantrata ka sarvatha abhav tha, kintu yah sab navazat samrajy ki suraksha tatha praja ke hitoan ko dhyan mean rakhakar kiya gaya tha. chandragupt ki shasan vyavastha ka charam lakshy arthashastr ke nimn uddharan se vyakt hota hai—
"praja ke sukh mean hi raja ka sukh hai aur praja ki bhalaee mean usaki bhalaee. raja ko jo achchha lage vah hitakar nahian hai, varan hitakar vah hai jo praja ko achchha lage."
uparyukt uddharan se spasht hai ki kautily ne raja ke samaksh prajahitaishi raja ka adarsh rakha.
dharmik ruchi
chandragupt dharm mean bhi ruchi rakhata tha. yoonani lekhakoan ke anusar jin char avasaroan par raja mahal se bahar jata tha, unamean ek tha yajn karana. kautily usaka purohit tatha mukhyamantri tha. hemachandr ne bhi likha hai ki vah brahmanoan ka adar karata hai. megasthaniz ne likha hai ki chandragupt van mean rahane vale tapasviyoan se paramarsh karata tha aur unhean devataoan ki pooja ke lie niyukt karata tha. varsh mean ek bar vidvanoan (brahmanoan) ki sabha bulaee jati thi taki ve janahit ke lie uchit paramarsh de sakean. darshanikoan se sampark rakhana chandragupt ki jijnasu pravritti ka soochak hai. jain anuyayiyoan ke anusar jivan ke antim charan mean chandragupt ne jain dharm svikar kar liya. kaha jata hai ki jab magadh mean 12 varsh ka durbhiksh p da to chandragupt rajy tyagakar jain achary bhadrabahu ke sath shravan belgola (maisoor ke nikat) chala gaya aur ek sachche jain bhikshu ki bhaanti usane nirahar samadhisth hokar pranatyag kiya (arthat kevaly prapt kiya). 900 ee0 ke bad ke anek abhilekh bhadrabahu aur chandragupt ka ek sath ullekh karate haian.
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