पतंजलि (महाभाष्यकार)

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is lekh ka punarikshan evan sampadan hona avashyak hai. ap isamean sahayata kar sakate haian. "sujhav"

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maharshi panini ne 'ashtadhyayi' ki rachana ki jisamean vyakaran ke niyam haian. ye sootr atyant sankshipt haian. unaka arth janane ke lie arth bodhak vivechan ki avashyakata pratit hoti hai.

maharshi panini ke lagabhag do sau sal bad katyayan maharshi ne lagabhag barah sau sootroan par vartik likhe. panini par yahi sabase purani tika aj upalabdh hai. in vartikoan mean sootrarth ki charcha, kahian mandan aur kabhi-kabhi khandan bhi kiya gaya hai. phir chh: sau sal ke bad patanjali ne panini ke sootroan ka vivechan karane vali ek vistrit tika likhi. yahi tika 'vyakaran mahabhashy' ke nam se prasiddh hai. jin sootroan par katyayan ke vartik haian, un sabaka aur jin par vartik nahian haian, aise lagabhag 400 sootroan ka isamean vivechan hai. isase yah spasht hota hai ki samanyat: ashtadhyayi ke 40 pratishat sootroan ka is tika mean vivechan hai. sambhav hai ki avashisht 2400 sootroan ka arthath ashtadhyayi ke 60 pratishat sootroan ka vivechan karane ki avashyakata patanjali ko prapt nahian huee.

aantarang aur bahirang sakshy se ee. poo. 150 patanjali ka kal adhyetaoan ne nishchit kiya hai.

mahabhashy ke anusar

mahabhashy ke anusar patanjali gonard pradesh ke vasi pratit hote haian. aj ke panjab ka ek bhag us samay gonard nam se prasiddh tha. agar aj ka goand desh prachin gonard ho to yah ayodhya ke samip hai. is prakar isake bare mean vidvanoan ke vibhinn mat haian. mahabhashy mean gaandhar, udichy, bahik, panjab adi pradeshoan ke gaanvoan, nadiyoan aur naloan adi ka ullekh hone se yah nishchit hota hai ki unaka janm kahian bhi hua ho, kintu unaki shiksha, adhyapan, lekhan adi mahattvapoorn kary panjab mean ya usake samip kahian hua hoga.

mahabhashy mean paye jane vale nirdeshoan se yah maloom hota hai ki patanjali ke pahale bhi panini ke sootroan par vivaran granth upalabdh the, jinamean se ek bhashy nam se prasiddh tha. patanjali ka vivaran us bhashy se bhi adhik vistrit aur mahattvapoorn hone ke karan unake granth ko 'mahabhashy' kahane lage hoange.

mahabhashy ki bhasha saral aur subodh hai. anek shastr vishayoan ki charcha vicharoan ki gaharaee ityadi is granth ki anek visheshataean haian. prashnottari paddhati ke karan is granth mean ki gee shastracharcha jivant pratit hoti hai. kahian tho da hasy, kahian vyangy, kahian prachin drishtant, kahian kalpit katha hone se is granth ka svaroop bahuroopiya jaisa pratit hota hai.

isi patanjali ne yogasootr ki rachana tatha charak sanhita ka pratisanskaran kiya tha, aisi prachin paramparagat manyata hai. bhartuhari ne vakyapadiy mean yah janakari di hai tatha 'yogen chittasy paden vachamh...' adi shlok vyakaran parampara mean bahut prachin kal se prasiddh haian. mahabhashy mean yog aur vaidyakashastr ke kuchh ullekh paye jate haian. purane logoan ka kahana hai ki in sab pramanoan ke karan yah prachin vishvas saty hai, lekin adhunik vidvanoan ka kahana hai ki bhartuhari ka kal mahabhashy ke lagabhag chh: sau varsh bad hai aur usaka kiya hua nirdesh bhi asandigdh nahian hai. 'yogen...' yah shlok to gyarahavian shatabdi ka hoga. charakaprati sanskaran ka aur yogasootr ka kal kramash: tisara aur chauthi ee. shatak nishchit kiya gaya hai. isilie yah spasht hai ki ye tin patanjali alag alag hi haian. keval nam sadrishy ke karan ye sab akhyayikaean prachalit huee hoangi aur agale granthakaroan ne un sabako praman manakar unaka nirdesh kiya hoga.

mahabhashy ka mukhy aur ekamev kshetr shabd hi hai. tathapi shabd svaroop, shabd se jnat hone vale arth ka svaroop, arth ke prakar, arth ke prakar ke anusar shabd ke prakar, logoan mean shabd ke vishay mean samajh aur galat samajh adi vishayoan ka vivechan bhi patanjali ne sookshmata se kiya hai. svarg, mrityu, punarjanm, pratyaksh, anuman, shabd praman ityadi vishayoan ka nirdesh prasangavash kiya hai.

shabdasvaroop

prarambh mean patanjali ne shabd svaroop ka vivechan kiya hai. jisake abhivyakt hone par arth jnan hota hai, vah shabd hai, aisa shabd ka tatasth lakshan pahale kaha gaya hai.

logoan mean arth jnan karane vali dhvani ki sanjna shabd hai- aisa svaroop lakshan logoan ko samajhane ke lie kaha gaya hai. mahabhashyakar ne anyatr bahut sthaloan par 'shabd nity hai', dhvani kary anity hai, karyaroop dhvani se arth bodhak nity shabd abhivyakt hota hai, aisa vyakaranashastriy siddhaant prasthapit kiya hai.

yah vishay vartikakar ne pratham vartik mean hi 'siddhe shabdarthasanbandh' in shabdoan mean sankshep mean prastut kiya hai. ye shabd sandehajanak haian. at: vartikakar ki shabd svaroop ke vishay mean nishchit roop se kya ray hai, yah samajh mean nahian ata. 'siddh' shabd ke nity, poorvanishpann, poorvajnat, ityadi arth vanmay mean prasiddh haian. is vartik mean jis 'siddh' shabd ka prayog hai, usaka arth 'nity' hi vartikakar ko abhipret hai, aisa patanjali ka abhipray hai. shabdarth sanbandh samahar dvandv hai. at: shabd, arth aur unaka sanbandh tinoan padarth nity haian, aisa vyakaran siddhaant vartikakar ne in shabdoan mean arambh mean hi spashtataya prasthapit kiya hai, aisa patanjali ne mana hai. lekin shabd utpann hua, shabd nasht hua, arth utpann hua, arth nasht hua, sanbandh utpann hua, sanbandh nasht hua, is prakar shabdarth ke vishay mean 'utpann' evan 'nasht' vyavahar sarvatr sab log karate haian, is karan shabdarth sanbandh ko nity samajhane mean uparyukt vyavahar aur pratyaksh anubhav donoan bodhak haian. phir vah nity kaise.

patanjali aur any alochakoan ne is badha ka parihar is prakar kiya hai. shabd do prakar ka hota hai- nity aur kary. kary evan dhvaniroop shabd se nity shabd abhivyakt hota hai. kary athava anity dhvaniroop shabd ke sandarbh mean 'utpann: shabd:', 'nasht: shabd:' ityadi vyavahar kiya jata hai aur anubhooti bhi usi tarah prapt hoti hai. lekin vah kary shabd vastavik shabd nahian hai. keval upachar se ya shabd ke prayog mean pramad ke karan log aisa vyavahar karate haian. is prakar dhvanisamooh ke dvara vyakt hone vala arth bodhak shabd nity hote hue bhi vakta ki ya shrota ki buddhi mean sadaiv avasthit hai. usi ko vaiyakaran sphot kahate haian. is prakar patanjali ne shabd ke svaroop ke vishay mean siddhaant prasthapit kiya hai.

kuchh shastrakar manate haian ki shabd se jatiroop arth jnat hota hai. isase unake matanusar arth ki nityata pramanit hoti hai. lekin jo shastrakar aisa samajhate haian ki shabd se vyakti roopamatr arth jnat hota hai, unake mat ke anusar shabd anity hai. kuchh shastrakar aisa manate haian ki shabd se jati, akriti aur vyakti ye tin arth pratit hote haian. akriti ka arth hai ki avayav sansthan. vah nishchit roop se nasht hone vali hai. phir arth nity hai, aisa kaise kaha ja sakata hai. mahabhashkar kahate haian ki shabd se jnat hone vala arth jo bhi ho, vah nity hai, yahi hamari gati hai. vastuean vahi nity kahalati haian, jo vishisht sthal se nasht hoan, kintu unaki satta nasht nahian ho. vah vastu anyatr kahian hoti hi hai. patanjali ne is vishay mean nityatv ka sarvamany lakshan badal dala hai. uttarakal ke tikakaroan ne vyavasthanityata, vyavaharanityata aur pravahanityata aise shabd us arth se roodh kie haian. is prakar shabd nity hai, arth bhi pravahanity hai, evan nity shabd aur nity arth ka sambandh bhi nity hai. isilie vartikakar 'siddhe shabdarth sanbandhe' kahate haian. lekin mahabhashyakar ke dvara nityatv ki kalpana mean kiya gaya yah parivartan kisi ko bhi many hone vala nahian hai. isaka karan yah hai ki nityatv ka doosara lakshan yadi many kiya jae, to manushy, vriksh, ghat, pat, sab padarthoan ko nity manana p dega. nity aur anity ka yah vibhajan nirarthak hoga. mahabhashyakar ke man mean bhi yah shaly tha hi, isilie unhoanne shabdarth sanbandh mean tripad samaharadvandv asvikrit kiya. pahale arth sanbandh mean shashthi tatpurush manakar usake bad shabd aur arth sanbandh mean samaharadvandv mana jae aur shabd aur usaka arth se sanbandh nity hota hai, is prakar vartik a ashay aur vyakaran shastr ka siddhaant samajha jae aur shabd aur usaka arth se sanbandh nity hota hai, is prakar vartik ka ashay aur vyakaran shastr ka siddhaant samajha jae, aisa mat pradarshit kiya hai.

arth nity ho ya anity ho, shabd aur usaka arth sanbandh nity hota hai, aisa vartik ka ashay bhashyakar ne bataya hai. lekin sanbandh do sanbandhiyoan par ashrit rahata hai. usi ke karan yadi do sanbandhi nity hoan tab hi vah sanbandh nity mana jayega. do sanbandhiyoan mean se ek anity ho, tab sanbandh bhi anity rahega. is akshep ka nirakaran tikakaroan ne is prakar se kiya hai. do sanbandhiyoan mean se ek sanbandhi bhi yadi nity ho, tabhi sanbandh nity hota hai. sanbandh yogyataroop hota hai. doosari vastu ke ate hi vah abhivyakt hota hai. isake atirikt naiyayikoan ne jati-vyakti, gun-guni, avayavavayavi ka sanbandh nity mana hai. in do-do sanbandhiyoan mean donoan hi anity haian, phir bhi unaka sanbandh nity manane mean koee bhi badha unhean pratit nahian hoti. phir nity shabd aur anity arth ka sanbandh nity manane mean kya badha hai.

sambhav hai ki is vartik mean prayukt 'siddh' shabd ka vartikakar ke man mean jo arth hai, vah 'poorv nishpann' ya 'poorv jnat' ho. sootrakar ne ya vartikakar ne is shabd ko 'poorv nishpann' ya 'poorv jnat' ke arth mean kee sthanoan par svikrit kiya hai. yadi yah vastavikata dhyan mean li jae to vyakaran shastr mean shabd nityatv ki kalpana prathamat: patanjali ne sthapit ki hai aur usako shastr ka pran samajh kar sthal sthal par unhoanne us kalpana ka samarthan karake usako sthir kiya hai. uttarakal ke tikakaroan ne usako supushpit aur suphalit kiya hai, yah kahana yukt hoga.

arth ke prakar

shabd se jnat hone vale arth char prakar ke haian. is karan shabd bhi char prakar ka hai- jati, gun, kriya aur sanjna. yah kahakar bhashyakar kahate haian ki jati, gun aur kriya ye tin hi prakar hote haian aur sanjna shabd in tinoan mean hi samavisht hote haian evan pratyek shabd vyutpann hota hai. yah shakatayan ka paksh patanjali ne siddhaant ke roop mean svikrit kiya hai.

sanjna shabd hi pahale jati, gun aur kriya in arthoan mean kisi ek ke bodhak ke roop mean prayukt hota hai. mool roop mean vah sthool nahian hota hai. vah vyutpann yukt hi hai, aisa patanjali ka abhipray ho sakata hai. aisa tikakaroan ka bhi kahana hai. kuchh bhi ho, jati, gun aur kriya ye arthoan ke tin prakar sarvamany haian. mahabhashyakar ne in tinoan arthoan ke lakshan kiye haian. ve lakshan prathamik svaroop ke tatha sthool haian. kriya nityash: parokshanumey hai, aisa patanjali ka kahana hai. yah kathan mimaansakoan ke mat ke saman hai. patanjali ne gun ki jo vyakhya ki hai, usake anusar vah saankhy sanmat satvarajastamoroop nahian hai aur n hi naiyayikoan ka sanmat shabd, sparsh adi chaubis gunoan mean se ek, balki alag hi hai. naiyayikoan ke anusar jnan, sanyog, gun haian, kintu vaiyakaranoan ke anusar vah kriya hai. liang ke vishay mean bhi vyakaran shastr ka vyavahar kuchh any hi hai. shabdasiddhi ko lakshy banakar vyakaran shastr ne apana marg svatantr roop mean banana chaha, aisa bhashyakar manate haian. tatpary yah hai ki shabdasiddhi ekamev uddeshy hone ke karan patanjali dvara ki gee jati, gun, kriya ityadi ki vyakhyaean n keval any shastrakaroan ke abhipray se apitu vyavahar mean bhi kuchh shithil pratit ho sakati haian. in maryadaoan ko dhyan mean rakhakar hi unaka ashay samajhana chahie.

pramanavichar

pratyaksh, anuman evan shabd in tin pramanoan ka ullekh patanjali (muni) ne bhinn-bhinn sthaloan par anek bar kiya hai.

shabd praman sarvadhik shreshth hai, yadi apt ho. apt ke arth mean unhoanne shisht shabd ka prayog kiya hai. shishtoan ka diya hua lakshan is prakar hai-

aryavart desh mean nivas karane vale, nirlobhi, adhik matra mean sangrah karane ki jinaki pravritti nahian hai, jitendriy evan kam se kam ek jnanashakha mean parangat 'shisht' sanjna ke patr haian. arthath- saty aur hit kahane ke lie avashyak jnan evan tyag, ye pramukh gun jinamean haian, ve shisht aur unaka vachan apt vaky hai.

ved eeshvarokt hone ke karan poorn praman kahalayeange. usi prakar dharmasootrakaroan ka vachan bhi poorn praman manana hoga. is prakar ka ullekh patanjali ne do jagah par kiya hai.

aptopadesh se kuchh hi nyoon (karm) anuman praman, anuman se kuchh hi nyoon pratyaksh praman, yah kram unhoanne soochit kiya hai. alatachakr, mrigajal, gandharv nagar adi drishtant dekar unhoanne 'pratyaksh' ka durbalatv aur 'anuman' ka prabalatv spasht kiya hai. samane dikhaee dene vali vastu bhi anek karanoan se indriyagochar nahian ho sakati, is prakar ka vivechan karate samay unhoanne jo karan die haian, unhian se ham sab anuman laga sakate haian ki unake samay 'pratyaksh' ka durbalatv shastrakaroan ko kitana khalata tha. sath sath hamean yah bhi janakari prapt hoti hai ki mahabhashyakar ka any shastroan ka jnan bhi bahut gahan aur vyapak tha.

vedavachan athava shisht vaky ko patanjali ke dvara pramanoan mean anany sadharan sthan diya gaya dekhane par yah nishchay ho jata hai ki yah shabd pramany unake saik doan sal pahale se hi bharatavarsh mean sthiramool raha hoga.  

svarg

svarg ka ullekh patanjali ne paanch jagahoan par kiya hai. unamean se pahala ullekh yajn ka upahas karane ke lie kiya hai. yajn ki nishphalata batane vala vah shlok bhraj namak shlok sangrah granth ka hai. yah yajn ki nishphalata, charvak, bauddh ityadi ke anusar ho ya upanishad parampara ke anusar us samay bhi yajn ka upahas, sarvalok prasiddh tha. mahabhashyakar yajnadi vedokt dharmanushthan ke vishay mean prachin karmavadiyoan ki tarah akalp shraddha rakhate the.

satkarm karane se, vyakaran shastr ke paramparayukt adhyayan se vyakaranashuddh shabd soch samajhakar prayukt karane ke karan, annadanadi karane se svarg prapt hota hai. n keval uparokt prakar se vyavahar karane vala vyakti balki usake mata aur pita bhi svarg mean sukhapoorvak nivas karate haian. svargiy apsaraean patni banakar usaki seva karati haian. is prakar ka svarg se sanbandhit vivechan patanjali ne kiya hai.

lokayat arthat charvak mat ka ullekh do jagah aya hai. unhoanne yah bhi kaha hai ki charvak mat pratipadak granth ki do prakar ki tikaean, varni evan vartika thian. isase yah anuman lagaya ja sakata hai ki usake mat ke mool granth evan tika granth patanjali ke samay upalabdh rahe hoange.

sharir ko shariratma kahakar evan jivatma ko antaratma kahakar mahabhashyakar unaka ullekh karate haian aur unake dvara kie hue karmoan ke phal ek doosare ko bhugatane p date haian. is prakar donoan ko bhi bhoktritv evan kartritv laga rahata hai, aisa unaka pratipadan hai. donoan ka yah kartritv aur bhoktritv vastavik hai ya aropit, isaka spashtikaran unhoanne kiya nahian hai. sambhav hai ki keval vyavaharik roop se unaka yah vachan ho. saiddhaantik roop se yah mat nyay, vedant, inamean se kis se adhik milata hai. 'abhyas' ki advaitavedantiyoan ke dvara svikrit kalpana bij roop mean patanjali janate the. shayad yah kalpana, tatkalin darshan shastr ke granthoan mean rahi hogi. is vishay mean utsahapoorvak kuchh bhi kahane ka sahas karana uchit n hoga.

'maskari' (maskarin) mat ko siddh karate samay patanjali ke dvara diya gaya spashtikaran is sanbandh mean vishesh vicharaniy siddh hoga. koee bhi karm karana tumhean uchit nahian hai, shanti hi sarvottam shubh hai. is prakar ka upadesh jo karata hai, vah maskari arthath parivrajak (sanyasi) kahalata hai. yah patanjali ka vivechan hai. isaka arth yah hai ki sarvakarm sanyasapoorvak jnanamarg ka upadesh karane vala koee ek sampraday unake samay astitv mean raha hoga.

mahabhashyakar ne akash, dyau ityadi ka ullekh nity roop mean kiya hai. upanishadoan mean us atma se hi akash ki utpatti huee, is prakar ka vivechan hai.

mahabhashy mean 'brahma' shabd anek bar prayukt hua hai. usake arth brahman, ved, vrat ityadi haian. upanishadoan mean many arth mahabhashy mean kahian par bhi nahian haian. moksh, apavarg ityadi shabd ya in shabdoan se vyakt hone vali sankalpanaean bhi nahian milati haian. ved ke mantr bhasha se bahut uddharan haian. anek prakar ke yajn-yag adi ka nirdesh bhi hai. anek upanishad shabd upanishadgat nirdesh upalabdh nahian hote.

svarg hi manavi jivan ka antim sadhy hai aur yajn-yag adi vedokt karm ka sadhan haian, ved eeshvar ke dvara kathit haian, isalie ve hi param praman haian. jagat jaisa ab hai, vaisa hi pahale ya age anant kal tak rahega. aisa poorv mimaansakoan ka pratipadan hai. unaka yah karmakaand pradhan, pravritti pradhan aur bhogavadi tatvajnan kuchh aansh se saankhy tatv se mishrit hokar patanjali ke mahabhashy mean pratibimbit hota hai. us kal mean sarvamany yah darshan patanjali ka bhi sanmat hoga aur us darshan par unaki avichan shraddha hogi, aisa nishkarm yadi nikala jae to uchit hoga.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

bhagavat, pandit vaman ba. vishv ke pramukh darshanik (hindi). bharatadiskavari pustakalay: vaijnanik tatha takaniki shabdavali ayog, nee dilli, 271.

sanbandhit lekh

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