गंगेशोपाध्याय
gangeshopadhyay ek darshanik hai. bharatiy darshanik parampara mean gangeshopadhyay ka sthan moordhany vicharakoan mean mana jata hai. unake dvara 'tatvachiantamani' namak granth unaki amar evan mahanatam kriti hai. is granth ke sath hi bharatiy tarkashastr ka navayug prarambh hota hai aur isake adhyayan ke bina bharatiy darshan ka jnan adhoora mana jata hai.
janm
gangeshopadhyay ka janm maithil brahman parivar mean hua tha. unaka janm sthan bihar mean darabhanga se 12 mil dakshin poorv kamala nadi ke tat par sthit 'kariyoan' gram mana jata hai. gangesh ke janm kal ke vishay mean anek vivad haian, parantu samanyat: yah mana jata hai ki unaka janm eesavi 12vian shatabdi ke aantim charan athava 13vian shatabdi ke pratham charan mean hua hoga.
granth
gangeshopadhyay ne 'tatvachiantamani' mean jnan mimaansa evan tarkashastr ka vyavasthit vivechan kiya hai. yah granth char khandoan mean vibhajit hai, jinake shirshak kramash: 'pratyaksh', 'anuman', 'upaman' evan 'shabd' haian. gangesh ne apane darshan ko 'navyanyay' kaha hai aur is prakar prachin nyay se, jisaka srot gautam dvara rachit 'nyasootr' hai, apane darshan ka bhed kiya hai.
gangeshopadhyay ke siddhaant
gangesh dvara pranit navyanyay siddhaantoan ki drishti se utana maulik nahian hai, jitana chintan evan vishleshan paddhati ki drishti se. gangesh ki chintan paddhati ki navinata unaki vishayoan ki pratipadan shaili tatha unake vyavasthit niroopan mean hai. apane poorv acharyoan ki tulana mean ve shabdoan ki paribhasha karane mean atyant savadhani evan sookshmata baratate haian. prachin nyay ki tulana mean gangesh ne 'tatvachiantamani' mean pramanoan (yatharth jnan ke karanoan) ke vivechan ko vishesh mahattv diya. unhoanne shabdoan ki parishuddh paribhasha karane par bal diya tatha is prayojan ki poorti evan sookshm vicharoan ki spasht abhivyakti ke lie navin tarkik shabdavali ki rachana ki. kintu pramanoan ke vichar ke sath sath pramey (yatharth jnan ke vishay) ke sambandh mean apana paksh spasht karana avashyak tha, kyoanki donoan (praman evan pramey) paraspar sapeksh haian. is drishti se gangesh sahit nyay ke sabhi acharyoan ne vaisheshik tatv darshan ko kuchh parivartanoan ke sath svikar kiya, kyoanki vah poornat: vastavavadi evan bahutatvavadi hone ke karan nyay ki vastavavadi jnanamimaansa ke lie sarvatha upayukt tha.
padarthoan ke parishuddh lakshan (paribhasha) karane tatha darshanik siddhaantoan ke pratipadan ke lie gangesh ne navin pranalitantr ka prayog kiya. yahaan par ham unamean prayukt kuchh siddhaantoan ka sanket matr kareange. pratham siddhaant hai ki pratyek lakshan ka tin doshoan se rahit hona avashyak hai. ve dosh haian 'avyapti', 'ativyapti' evan 'asambhav'. yadi lakshan lakshy se kam vyapak hai to vah avyapti dosh se grast hai, yadi vah lakshy se adhik vyapak hai to vah ativyapti dosh se grast hai aur yadi lakshan lakshy par lagoo hi n ho to vah asambhav dosh se grast hai. ek parishuddh lakshan ko in tinoan doshoan se mukt hona chahie. doosara mahattvapoorn siddhaant jis par gangesh ne vishesh bal diya, laghav ka siddhaant hai. isake anusar yadi saral evan nyoonatam avadharanaoan ki sankhya badha kar jatilata ko badhana darshan ka dosh hai. gangesh ne apane anek siddhaantoan ka pratipadan isi kasauti ke adhar par kiya hai. tisara mahattvapoorn siddhaant hai anyathasiddhi ka. ve padarth jo kisi kary ke karanoan ke sath niyamit roop se rahate haian, kintu vastav mean kary ki utpatti mean prayojak nahian haian anyathasiddhi kahalate haian. aise padarthoan ka vishleshan kar unako karan koti se alag karana ek samichin darshan ke lie avashyak hai.
praman mimaansa
'tatvachiantamani' mean gangesh ne nyay darshan mean svikrit char pramanoan- pratyaksh, anuman, upaman evan shabd ka char khandoan mean vistrit vivechan kiya hai, jisaka atisankshipt niroopan niche kiya ja raha hai.
pratyaksh
pratyaksh khand ke prarambh mean sarvapratham jnan ke pramany athava yatharthata ka vichar kiya gaya hai. is sambandh mean do prashn uthaye ge haian-
- jnan ke pramany ka kya hetu hai.
- pramany ka jnan kaise hota hai.
gangesh ke anusar jnan ka pramany jnan ke samany karanoan se atirikt ek vishesh karan gun ki apeksha karata hai, anyatha saty evan mithya jnan mean bhed hi nahian rah jayega. usi prakar jnan ka pramany bhi jnan ke sath hi jnat nahian hota, balki ek any jnan ki apeksha karata hai. yadi aisa n hota to hamean kisi jnan ke vishay mean sandeh n hota. at: yah manana hoga ki jnan ke pramany ka jnan usake dvara prerit pravritti ki saphalata ke adhar par anuman dvara hota hai. uparyukt siddhaant ko bharatiy darshan mean 'parat:pramanyavad' kaha jata hai. isake viruddh mimaansakoan ka 'svat:pramanyavad' ka siddhaant hai, jisaka gangesh ne khandan kiya hai.
prachin nyay mean pratyaksh ka lakshan 'indriy tatha arth (vishay) ke sannikarsh se utpann jnan' kiya gaya hai. gangesh darshate haian ki yah lakshan ativyapti dosh se grast hai, kyoanki smriti tatha anuman jo pratyaksh nahian hai, isake aantargat samavisht ho jate haian. smriti evan anuman poorv pratyaksh par adharit haian aur is prakar paroksh roop se ve bhi indriy tatha arth ke sannikarsh se utpann jnan ho jaeange. is dosh ke nivaran ke lie gangesh pratyaksh ka lakshan 'sakshatkaritv' karate haian. yah lakshan pratyaksh ko smriti tatha anuman se, jo sakshatjnan nahian haian, alag karata hai. pratyaksh khand mean hi gangesh ne 'tatvamimaansa' se sambandhit do mahattvapoorn padarthoan ka astitv siddh kiya hai. ve haian : samavay tatha abhav. samavay pratyaksh mean pradatt do aisi vastuoan ke bich ka ghanishth sambandh hai, jo ek doosare se prithakh nahian kie ja sakate aur jinamean ek ashray aur doosara ashrit hai. udaharanarth, dravy evan gun, dravy evan kriya, vyakti evan jati, ityadi ke bich ka sambandh. pratyaksh siddh hone ke karan is sambandh ko svatantr padarth manana avashyak hai. usi prakar abhav ko bhi atirikt padarth manana avashyak hai, kyoanki bhav padarthoan ke saman abhav ki bhi yatharth pratiti hoti hai. in donoan padarthoan ke sambandh mean any matoan dvara jo apattiyaan uthaee gee haian, unaka gangesh ne yukti poorn uttar diya hai. gangesh ne pratyaksh ke vibhinn prakaroan ka bhi vistrit vivechan kiya hai, jisaka is sankshipt vivaran mean vichar karana sanbhav nahian hai.
anuman
gangeshopadhyay ne anuman praman tatha usase utpann jnan anumiti ke vishleshan ko atyadhik mahattv diya hai. pratyek anumiti ke tin anivary aang hote haian- hetu, sadhy evan paksh. udaharanarth, 'parvat par agni hai, kyoanki vahaan dhoom hai', is anumiti mean dhoom hetu hai, agni sadhy hai tatha parvat paksh hai. parvat par se uthate hue dhoom ka pratyaksh hone par 'parvat par agni hai', yah anumiti hoti hai. spasht hai ki yah anumiti dhoom evan agni ke bich niyat sahachar sambandh ke jnan par nirbhar hai. is sambandh ko 'vyapti' kahate haian, jisake jnan ke bina anumiti asambhav hai. is sambandh mean mukhyat: do prashn uthate haian-
- vyapti ka lakshan kya hai.
- vyapti ka jnan kaise hota hai.
gangesh ne vyapati ke anek poorv-pravritt lakshanoan ka vichar karane ke bad unhean is adhar par asvikrit kar diya ki ve avyapati dosh se grast haian, kyoanki kevalanvayi-anumiti mean ye vyaptiyaan sambhav nahian ho sakatian. kevalanvayi-anumiti usako kahate haian, jisamean hetu evan sadhy aise padarth hote haian, jo sarvabhaum athava sarvavyapi hoan. udaharanarth, 'ghat abhidhey (shabd vaky) hai, kyoanki vah pramey (yatharth anubhav ka vishay) hai', yah anumiti. isamean hetu 'prameyatatv' tatha sadhy 'abhidheyatv' nyay ke anusar aise dharm haian, jo sabhi padarthoan mean rahate haian aur is karan inaka abhav asiddh hai. at: vyapti ka koee lakshan jisamean hetu athava sadhy ka abhav samavisht ho ukt kevalanvayi mean sanbhav nahian ho sakega. isi karan gangesh ne poorv pradatt vyapti ke lakshanoan ko jinamean hetu athava sadhy ka abhav kisi n kisi roop mean samavisht tha asvikrit kar diya aur vyapti ka navin lakshan prastut kiya, jisako 'siddhaantalakshan' kaha jata hai. is lakshan ki visheshata yah hai ki isamean hetu athava sadhy ka abhav samavisht nahian hota aur is karan vah kevalanvayi mean bhi lagoo ho sakata hai.
gangesh dvara pradatt vyapti ka lakshan is prakar hai : hetu ka aise sadhy ke sath ek adhikaran (ashray) mean rahana jo us adhikaran mean rahane vale abhav ka pratiyogi n ho. pratiyogi us vastu ko kahate haian, jisaka abhav vichar mean liya ja raha ho. yahaan par hetu ke adhikaran mean rahane vale abhav se tatpary samanyabhav se hai n ki visheshabhav se. udaharanarth, dhoom mean agni ki vyapti hai, kyoanki dhoom aise agni ke sath ek adhikaran mean rahata hai, jo usamean rahane vale kisi bhi samanyabhav (ghatabhav-patabhav ityadi) ka pratiyogi nahian hai. kisi vishesh sthal ke dhoom ke sath kisi vishesh agni ka abhav bhale hi rahata ho, parantu agni ka samanyabhav (agnimatr ka abhav) nahian rahata. isalie dhoom mean agni ki vyapti hai. vyapti ka uparyukt lakshan sabhi doshoan se rahit hone ke karan nyay ki parampara mean sarvamany hai.
jnan
vyapti ke sambandh mean doosara mahattvapoorn prashn hai ki vyapti ka jnan kaise hota hai. gangesh ke anusar hetu evan sadhy ke bich sahachar darshan ke sath sath vyabhichar darshan ka abhav vyapti ke jnan mean karanibhoot hota hai. udaharanarth, dhoom mean agni ki vyapti hai, kyoanki dhoom sarvada agni ke sath rahata hai aur agni ke abhav mean nahian rahata. isi adhar par dhoom ka pratyaksh hone par agni ki anumiti hoti hai. parantu prashn uthata hai ki uparyukt prakar se dhoom-vishesh evan agni-vishesh ke bich vyapti ka grahan hone par bhi sabhi dhoom tatha sabhi agni ke bich vyapti ka nishchay kaise hoga, kyoanki hamara pratyaksh simit hai aur bina sarvabhaum vyapti jnan ke anumiti sambhav nahian hogi. is samasya ke samadhan ke lie gangesh 'samanyalakshana' namak alaukik pratyaksh ka siddhaant pratipadit karate haian. jab hamean kisi vishesh dhoom tatha vishesh agni ka pratyaksh hota hai, tab usake sath hi unamean sthit samany dharm 'dhoomatv' tatha 'agnitv' ka bhi pratyaksh hota hai. in samany dharmoan ke madhyam se hamean sabhi dhoom tatha sabhi agni ka alaukik pratyaksh hota hai. yahi alaukik pratyaksh dhoom evan agni ke bich sarvabhaum vyapti grahan ka adhar hai aur isi karan dhoom ke pratyaksh hone par agni ki nishchit anumiti sambhav hoti hai. gangesh ne anuman praman ka prayog eeshvar ki satta siddh karane ke lie bhi kiya hai. anuman khand ke aant mean gangesh ne hetu ke doshoan ka bhi vishad vivechan kiya hai, jisake karan anumiti ayatharth hoti hai.
upaman
gangesh ne upaman ko svatantr praman siddh kiya hai. upaman us praman ko kaha jata hai, jisake adhar par kisi sanjna ke usake vachy padarth ke sath sambandh ka jnan hota hai. isake ek udaharan ke dvara samajha ja sakata hai. kisi vyakti ko 'gavay' shabd ka arth jnat nahian hai aur usako apane mitr se jnat hota hai ki 'gavay' jangal mean rahane vale ek prani ka nam hai, jo gay ke sadrish hota hai. taduparant jab vah jangal mean jata hai to vahaan gay ke sadrish ek prani ko dekhakar use apane mitr ke kathan ka smaran hota hai aur vah is nishkarsh par pahuanchata hai ki yah gavay hai. is jnan ko upamiti kahate haian tatha isaka srot (praman) upaman kahalata hai. is praman ko pratyaksh athava anuman ke aantargat nahian laya ja sakata hai, kyoanki n to isamean indriyasannikarsh matr prayojak hai aur n vyapti jnan hi. upamiti mean sadrishy jnan tatha atidesh vaky (mitr ke kathan) ka smaran prayojak hai. isamean ek sanjna ka usake sanjni (vachy) ke sath sambandh ka jnan hota hai. at: upaman ko svatantr praman manana avashyak hai.
shabd
gangesh ne shabd ko bhi jnan ka svatantr sadhan (praman) siddh kiya hai. aise vyakti ke dvara uchcharit shabd jo usake arth ka jnan rakhata hai, praman hai. bharatiy darshanik parampara mean kuchh darshan, jaise bauddh dharm evan jain, shabd ko praman nahian manate aur isi karan ve ved athava shruti ke pramany ko asvikar kar dete haian. gangesh tark karate haian ki shabd pramany ka nishedh karane par nishedh karane vale ke shabd ka pramany bhi asiddh ho jayega aur usaka prayog kisi paksh ke viruddh nahian kiya ja sakega. is karan sabhi ke lie shabd ko praman manana avashyak hi hai. shabd praman ko pratyaksh athava anuman ke aantargat nahian laya ja sakata hai, kyoanki shabd jnan n to indriy sannikarsh hai aur n hi vyaptijany. is karan shabd ko svatantr praman manana ati avashyak hai. is khand mean gangesh ne shabd jnan ke hetu, shabdarth tatha usake prakar ka bhi vistar se vichar kiya hai aur is sambandh mean apane siddhaantoan ki sthapana bhi ki hai.
gangesh ne pranalitantr ka unake dvara pratipadit darshanik siddhaantoan ka uparyukt niroopan ati sankshipt hai aur vah unake ganbhir evan yugantarakari chiantan ki ek sthool roop rekha matr prastut karata hai. gangesh ke chiantan ki mahatta ko unake granth 'tatvachiantamani' tatha us par likhi gee tikaoan ke adhyayan se hi samajha ja sakata hai. gangesh ki chiantan pranali evan pratipadan shaili ne unake uttar kalin pray: sabhi bharatiy darshanoan ko prabhavit kiya. gangesh ka pranalitantr keval nyay darshan ke lie hi nahian balki pray: sabhi bharatiy darshanoan ke lie adarsh ho gaya aur unake dvara rachit tarkik shabdavali ka prayog nyoonadhik matra mean pray: sabhi darshanoan ke dvara kiya jane laga.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
dravi d, rajaram vishv ke pramukh darshanik (hindi). bharatadiskavari pustakalay: vaijnanik tatha takaniki shabdavali ayog, nee dilli, 179.