वास्तुकला
mugaloan ne bhavy mahaloan, qiloan, dvaroan, masjidoan, bavaliyoan adi ka nirman kiya. unhoanne bahate pani tatha favvaroan se susajjit kee bag lagavaye. vastav mean mahaloan tatha any vilas-bhavanoan mean bahate pani ka upayog mugal ki visheshata thi. babar svayan bagoan ka bahut shaukin tha aur usane agara tatha lahaur ke nazadik kee bag bhi lagavae. jaise kashmir ka nishat bag, lahaur ka shalimar bag tatha panjab taraee mean pianjor bag, aj bhi dekhe ja sakate haian.
sherashah ne vastukala ko nayi disha di. sasaram (bihar) mean usaka prasiddh maqabara tatha dilli ke purane qile mean usaki masjid vastukala ke ashcharyajanak namoone haian. ye mugal-poorvakal ke vastukala ke charmoantkarsh tatha nee shaili ke pararanmbhik namoone haian.
akabar pahala mugal samrat tha jisake pas b de paiman par nirman karavane ke lie samay aur sadhan the. usane kee qiloan ka nirman kiya jisamean sabase prasiddh agare ka qila hai. lal patthar se bane is kile mean kee bhavy dvar haian. qila nirman ka charmoantkarsh shahajahaan dvara nirmit dilli ka lal qila hai.
1572 mean akabar ne agara se 36 kilomitar door fatehapur sikari mean qilenuma mahal ka nirman arambh kiya. yah ath varshaan mean poora hua. paha di par base is mahal mean ek b di kritrim jhil bhi thi. isake alava isamean gujarat tatha bangal shaili mean bane kee bhavan the. inamean gahari guphaean, jharokhe tatha chhatariyaan thi. havakhori ke lie banae ge panchamahal ki sapat chhat ko sahara dene ke lie vibhinn stambhoan, jo vibhinn prakar ke mandiroan ke nirman mean prayog kie jate the, ka istemal kiya gaya tha. rajapooti patni ya patniyoan ke lie bane mahal sabase adhik gujarat shaili mean haian. is tarah ke bhavanoan ka nirman agara ke qile mean bhi hua tha. yadyapi inamean se kuchh hi bache haian. akabar agara aur phatehapur sikari donoan jagahoan ke kam mean vyaktigat ruchi leta tha. divaroan tatha chhatoan ki shobha badhane ke lie istemal kie ge chamakile nile pattharoan mean eerani ya madhy eshiya ka prabhav dekha ja sakata hai. fatehapur sikari ka sabase prabhavashali vahaan ki masjid tatha buland daravaza hai jo akabar ne apani gujarat vijay ke smarak ke roop me banavaya tha. daravaza adhe gumbad ki shaili mean bana hua hai. gumbar ka adha hissa daravaze ke bahar vale hisse ke oopar hai tatha usake pichhe chhote-chhote daravaze haian. yah shaili eeran se li gee thi aur bad ke mugal bhavanoan mean am roop se prayog ki jane lagi.
mugal samrajy ke vistar ke sath mugal vastukala bhi apane shikhar par pahuanch gee. jahaangir ke shasanakal ke ant tak aise bhavanoan ka nirman arambh ho gaya tha jo poori tarah sangamaramar ke bane the aur jinaki divaroan par qimati pattharoan ki naqqashi ki gee thi. yah shaili shahajahaan ke samay aur bhi lokapriy ho gayi. shahajahaan ne ise tajamahal, jo nirman kala ka ratn mana jata hai, mean b de paimane par prayog kiya. tajamahal mean mugaloan dvara vikasit vastukala ki sabhi shailiyoan ka sundar samanvay hai. akabar ke shasanakal ke prarambh mean dilli mean nirmit humayooan ka makabara, jisamean sangamaramar ka vishal gumbad hai, taj ka poorvagami mana ja sakata hai. is bhavan ki ek doosari visheshata do gumbadoan ka prayog hai. isamean ek b de gumbad ke andar ek chhota gumbad bhi bana hua hai. taj ki pramukh visheshata usaka vishal gumbad tatha mukhy bhavan ke chabootare ke kinaroan par kh di char minarean haian. isamean sajavat ka kam bahut kam hai lekin sangamaramar ke sundar jharokhoan, j de hue qimati pattharoan tatha chhatariyoan se isaki sundarata bahut badh gayi hai. isake alava isake charoan taraf lagae ge, susajjit bag se yah aur prabhavashali dikhata hai.
shahajahaan ke shasanakal mean masjid nirman kala bhi apane shikhar par thi. do sabase sundar masjidean haian agara ke qile ki moti masjid jo taj ki tarah poori sangamaramar ki bani hai tatha dilli ki jata masjid jo lal patthar ki hai. jama masjid ki visheshataean usaka vishal dvar, ooanchi minarean tatha gumbad haian.
yadyapi mitavyayi aurangajeb ne bahut bhavanoan ka nirman nahian kiya tathapi hindoo, turk tatha eerani shailiyoan ke samanvay par adharit mugal vastukala ki parampara athaharavian tatha unnasavian shatabdi ke arambh tak bina rok jari rahi. mugal parampara ne kee prantiy sthaniy rajaoan ke qiloan tatha mahaloan ki vastukala ko prabhavit kiya. amritasar mean sikhoan ka svarn mandir jo is kal mean kee bar, vah bhi gumbad tatha meharab ke siddhaant par nirmit hua tha aur isase mugal vastukala ki parampara ki kee visheshataean prayog mean laee geean.
chitrakala
chitrakala ke kshetr mean mugaloan ka vishisht yogadan tha. unhoanne rajadarabar, shikar tatha yuddh ke drishyoan se sambandhit ne vishayoan ko arambh kiya tatha ne rangoan aur akaroan ki shurooat ki. unhoanne chitrakala ki aisi jivant parampara ki nianv dali jo mugal samrajy ke patan ke bad bhi desh ke vibhinn bhagoan mean jivit rahi. is shaili ki samriddhi ka ek mukhy karan yah bhi tha ki bharat mean chitrakala ki bahut purani parampara thi. yadyapi barahavian shatabdi ke pahale ke ta dapatr upalabdh nahian haian, jinase chitrakala ki shaili ka pata chal sake, ajanta ke chitr is samriddh parampara ke sarthak praman haian. lagata hai ki athavian shatabdi ke bad chitrakala ki parampara ka hras hua, par terahavian shatabdi ke bad ki ta dapatr ki paandulipiyoan tatha chitrit jain paandulipiyoan se siddh ho jata hai ki yah parampara mari nahian thi. pandrahavian shatabdi mean jainiyoan ke alava malava tatha gujarat jaise kshetriy rajyoan mean bhi chitrakaroan ko sanrakshan pradan kiya jata tha. lekin sahi arthoan mean is parampara ka punarutthan akabar ke kal mean hi hua. jab humayooan eeran ke shah darabar mean tha, usane do kushal chitrakaroan ko sanrakshan diya aur bad mean ye donoan usake sath bharat ae. inhian ke netritv mean akabar ke kal mean chitrakala ko ek rajasi 'karakhane' ke roop mean sangathit kiya gaya. desh ke vibhinn kshetroan se b di sankhya mean chitrakaroan ko amantrit kiya gaya. inamean se kee nimn jatiyoan ke the. arambh se hi hindoo tatha musalaman sath-sath kary karate the. isi prakar akabar ke rajadarabar ke do prasiddh chitrakar jasavant tatha dasavan the. chitrakala ke is kendr ka vikas b di shighrata se hua aur isane b di prasiddhi hasil kar li. farasi kahaniyoan ko chitrit karane ke bad inhean mahabharat, akabar nama tatha any mahatvapoorn granthoan ki chitrakari ka kam sauanpa gaya. is prakar bharatiy vishayoan tatha bharatiy drishyoan par chitrakari karane ka rivaj lokapriy hone laga aur isase chitrakala par eerani prabhav ko kam karane mean sahayata mili. bharat ke rangoan jaise firoji rang tatha bharatiy lal rang ka istemal hone laga. sabase mukhy bat yah huee ki eerani shaili ke sapat prabhav ka sthan bharatiy shaili ke vrittakar prabhav ne liya aur isase chitroan mean trivinitiy prabhav a gaya.
mugal chitrakala jahaangir ke kal mean apane shikhar par pahuanch gee. jahaangir is kala ka b da kushal parakhi tha. mugal shaili mean manushyoan ka chitr banate samay ek hi chitr mean vibhinn chitrakaroan dvara mukh, sharir tatha pairoan ko chitrit karane ka rivaj tha. jahaangir ka dava tha ki vah kisi chitr mean vibhinn chitrakaroan ke alag-alag yogadan ko pahachan sakata tha.
shikar, yuddh aur rajadarabar ke drishyoan ko chitrit karane ke alava jahaangir ke kal mean manushyoan tatha janavaroan ke chitr banane ki kala mean vishesh pragati huee. is kshetr mean mansoor ka bahut nam tha. manushyoan ke chitr banane ka bhi kafi prachalan tha.
akabar ke kal mean purtagali padariyoan dvara rajadarabar mean yooropiy chitrakala bhi arambh huee. usase prabhavit hokar vah vishesh shaili apanaee gee jisase chitroan mean qarib tatha doori ka spasht bodh hota tha. yah parampara shahajahaan ke kal mean to jari rahi par aurangajeb ki is kala mean dilachaspi n hone ke karan kalakar desh mean door-door tak bikhar ge. is prakriya se rajasthan tatha panjab ki paha diyoan mean is kala ke vikas mean sahayata mili.
rajasthan shaili mean jain athava pashchim bharat ki shaili ke pramukh vishayoan, aur mugal shaili ke akar ka samanvay tha. is prakar is shaili mean shikar tatha rajadarabar ke drishyoan ke alava radha aur krishna ki lili jaise dharmik vishayoan ko bhi lekar chitr banae ge. inake alava barahamasa arthat varsh ke vibhinn mausam tatha vibhinn ragoan par adharit chitr bhi banae ge. paha di shaili ne is parampara ko jari rakha.
bhasha aur sahity
akhil bharatiy star par sarakari kam-kaj tatha any batoan ke lie farasi tatha sanskrit bhashaoan ki mahatvapoorn bhoomika, tatha bhakti aandolan ke prabhav se prantiy bhashaoan ke vikas ki charcha ham pahale hi kar chuke haian. prantiy bhashaoan ke vikas ka ek aur karan sthaniy tatha prantiy rajaoan dvara diya gaya sanrakshan tatha protsahan tha.
solahavian tatha satrahavian shatabdi mean ye dharaean jari rahian. akabar ke kal tak uttari bharat mean farasi ke alava sthaniy bhasha (hiandavi) mean kagazat ko rakhana band hi kar diya gaya. isake bavajood satrahavian shatabdi mean dakkan ke rajyoan ke patan tak unamean sthaniy bhashaoan mean dastavezoan ko rakhane ki parampara jari rahi.
farasi gady tatha pady akabar ke shasanakal mean apane shikhar par the. us kal ke mahanh lekhak aur vidvan tatha itihasakar abulafazal ne gady ki aisi shaili prachalit ki jisaka kee pidhiyoan ne anusaran kiya. us kal ka pramukh kavi faizi abulafazal ka bhaee tha aur usane akabar ke anuvad vibhag mean b di sahayata ki. usake nirikshan mean mahabharat ka anuvad bhi kiya gaya. us kal ke farasi ke do any pramukh kavi utbi tatha nazori the. inaka janm eeran mean hua tha. par ye un vidvanoan aur kaviyoan mean the jo b di sankhya mean us kal mean eeran s bharat ae the aur jinhoanne mugal darabar ko islami jagat ka ek pramukh saanskritik kendr bana diya tha. farasi sahity ke vikas mean hinduoan ne bhi mahatvapoorn yogadan diya. is kal mean sahityik tatha aitihasik kritiyoan ke alava farasi bhasha ke kee prasiddh vishvakosh bhi taiyar kie ge.
is kal mean yadyapi sanskrit ki koee mool athava mahatvapoorn kriti ki rachana nahian ki gee, is bhasha mean rachit kritiyoan ki sankhya kafi b di thi. pahale ki tarah, dakshin tatha poorvi bharat mean adhikatar kritiyaan sthaniy rajaoan ke sanrakshan mean rachi gee par kuchh kritiyaan un brahmanoan ki thi jo samratoan ke anuvad vibhag mean niyukt the.
is kal mean kshetriy bhashaoan mean paripakvata aee tatha utkrisht sangitamay kavy ki rachana huee. bangali, u diya, hindi, rajasthani tatha gujarati bhashaoan ke kavy mean is kal mean radha-krishna tatha krishna aur gopiyoan ki lila tatha bhagavath ki kahaniyoan ka kafi prayog kiya gaya. ram par adharit kee bhakti gitoan ki rachana ki gee tatha ramayan aur mahabharat ka kshetriy bhashaoan, visheshakar unamean jinamean inaka anuvad pahale nahian hua tha, mean anuvad kiya gaya. kuchh farasi kritiyoan ka bhi anuvad kiya gaya. is kary mean hindoo tatha musalaman, donoan ne yogadan diya. alaol ne bangala mean apani rachanaean bhi kian aur sath mean musalaman soofi sant dvara rachit hindi kavy 'padmavat' ka anuvad bhi kiya. is kavy mean malik muhammad jayasi ne alauddin khalaji ke chittau d abhiyan ko adhar bana kar atma tatha paramatma ke sambandh mean soofi vicharoan, aur maya ke bare mean hindoo shastroan ke siddhaantoan ka pratipadan kiya.
madhy yug mean mugal samratoan tatha hindoo rajaoan ne agara tatha usake asapas ke kshetroan mean bole jane vali bhasha braj ko bhi pretsahan pradan kiya. akabar ke kal se mugal rajadarabar mean hindoo kavi bhi rahane lage. ek pramukh mugal saradar abdul rahim khan-e-khanaan ne apane bhaktikavy mean manaviy sambandhoan ke bar mean farasi vicharoan ka bhi samanvay kiya. is prakar farasi tatha hindi ki sahityik paramparaean ek-doosare se prabhavit hueean. is kal ke sabase pramukh hindi kavi tulasidas the. jinhoanne uttar pradesh ke poorvi kshetroan mean bole jane vali avadhi bhasha mean ek mahakavy ki rachana ki jisake nayak ram the. unhoanne ek aisi jati vyavastha ka anumodan kiya jisamean jati, janm ke adhar par nahian, varanh manav ke vyaktigat gunoan par adharit thi. tulasidas vastav mean manavatavadi kavi the. jinhoanne parivarik moolyoan ko mahatv diya aur yah bataya ki mukti ka marg har vyakti ke lie sambhav hai aur yah marg ram ke prati poorn bhakti hai.
dakshin bharat mean malayalam mean bhi sahityik parampara arambh huee. ekanath aur tukaram ne marathi bhasha ko shikhar par pahuancha diya. marathi bhasha ki mahatta batate hue ekanath kahate haian-
"yadi sanskrit eeshvar ki den hai to kya prakrit chor tatha uchchakoan ne di hai. yah batean matr ghamand aur bhram par adharit haian. eeshvar kisi bhi bhasha ka pakshapati nahian. isake lie sanskrit tatha prakrit ekasaman haian. meri bhasha marathi ke madhyam se uchch se uchch vichar vyakt kie ja sakate haian aur yah adhyatmik jnan se paripoorn hai."
is ukti mean kshetriy bhashaoan ke rachanakaroan ka garv spasht hai tatha isamean in bhashaoan mean likhane valoan ka atmavishvas tatha unaka garv bhi parilakshit hota hai. sikkh guruoan ki rachanaoan ne panjabi bhasha mean naye pran phooank die.
sangit
ek any saanskritik kshetr jisamean hindoo tatha musalamanoan ne milakar kam kiya vah sangit ka tha. akabar ne gvaliyar ke tanasen ko sanrakshan diya jinake bare mean kaha jata hai ki unhoanne kee ragoan ki rachana ki. jahaangir tatha shahajahaan aur unake kee mugal saradaroan ne is parampara ko jari rakha. kattar aurangajeb ne sangit ko ga dane ke lie jo kuchh kaha tha usake bare mean kee kahaniyaan haian. adhunik anusandhan se pata chalata hai ki aurangajeb ne gayakoan ko apane rajadarabar se bahishkrit kar diya tha. lekin vady sangit par koee rok nahian lagaee thi. yahaan tak ki aurangajeb svayan ek kushal vina vadak tha. aurangajeb ne haram ki raniyoan tatha usake kee saradaroan ne bhi sabhi prakar ke sangit ko badhava diya. isilie aurangajeb ke shasanakal mean bharatiy shastriy sangit par b di sankhya mean pustakoan ki rachana ki gee. sangit ke kshetr mean sabase mahatvapoorn vikas atharahavian shatabdi mean mohammad shah (1720-48) ke shasanakal mean hua.
dharmik vichar tatha vishvas aur ekata ki samasyaean
solahavian tatha satrahavian shatabdi mean bhakti aandolan ka zor raha. isake alava panjab mean sikkh tatha maharashtr mean maharashtr dharm aandolan bhi arambh hue. sikkh dharm ki nianv nanak ki vani se p di. lekin isake vikas mean guruoan ka bahut mahatv raha. pratham char guruoan ne dhyan tatha vidvatta ki parampara jari rakhi. paanchavean guru, guru arjun dev ne guruoan ke dharmagranth adi granth athava granth sahib ka sankalan kiya. is bat par zor dene ke lie ki guru adhyatmik tatha saansarik donoan kshetroan mean pramukh hai, unhoanne shan-o-shaukat se rahana shuroo kiya. unhoanne amritasar mean b de-b de bhavanoan ka nirman kiya, qimati vastr pahanane shuroo kie tatha madhy eshiya se apane lie gho de mangavae. unake sath-sath ghu dasavar chalate the. unhoanne sikkhoan se unaki ay ka das pratishat bhi dan ke roop mean lene ki pratha arambh ki. akabar sikkh guruoan se bahut prabhavit tha aur kaha jata hai ki vah amritasar bhi gaya tha. lekin jahaangir dvara guru arjun dev ko bandi banaye jane aur unaki mrityu ke bad sikkh aur mugaloan mean sangharsh arambh ho gaya. jahaangir ne guru arjun dev par vidrohi rajakumar khusaro ko paisoan tatha prarthanaoan se sahayata karane ka arop lagaya. usane guru arjun dev ke uttaradhikari guru haragovind ko bhi tho de samay tak bandi banakar rakha lekin unhean jaldi hi mukt kar diya aur bad mean jahaangir ke sath unake sambandh sudhar gaye. ve jahaangir ke sath usaki mrityu ke turant pahale kashmir bhi gaye. lekin shikar ke ek mamale ko lekar shahajahaan ke sath unaka matabhed ho gaya. is samay tak guru ke anuyayiyoan ki sankhya kafi badh gee thi aur paianda khaan ke netritv mean kuchh pathan bhi isamean shamil ho gaye the. guru ki mugaloan ke sath kee muthabhe de hueean aur ant mean guru panjab ki taraee mean jakar bas gaye jahaan ve shanti se rahe.
is prakar ham dekhate haian ki is kal mean mugal shasakoan tatha sikkhoan ke bich sangharsh ka vatavaran nahian tha n hi hinduoan ko unake dharm ke lie pi dit kiya ja raha tha. atah aisa koee karan nahian tha ki jisase sikkh ya any koee dal hinduoan ka neta banakar musalaman atyachar ke vidodh mean jhanda uthata. sikkh guru aur mugal shasakoan ke bich ki jh dapean dharmik nahian balki vyaktigat tatha rajanitik karanoan se hueean. shahajahaan ne yadyapi apane shasanakal ke arambh mean kattarata ka rukh apanaya tatha naye mandiroan ko tu davaya par isake bavajood vah apane drishtikon mean sankirn nahian tha. bad mean us par usake putr dara ka bhi us par prabhav p da. dara shahajahaan ka sabase b da putr tha aur vah svabhav se hi vidvan tatha soofi tha. jisaki dharmik netaoan se shastrarth karane mean b di dilachaspi thi. kashi ke brahmanoan ki sahayata se usane gita ka farasi mean anuvad kiya lekin usaka sabase mahatvapoorn kary vedoan ka sankalan tha. jisaki bhoomika mean usane vedoan ko kal ki drishti se eeshvariy kriti mana aur use quran ke saman bataya. is prakar usane is bat par zor diya ki islam tatha hindoo dharm mean moolabhoot antar nahian hai.
gujarat ke ek any kavi dadoo ne jatiy bhedabhav se mukt nipakh namak ek dharmik aandolan ko shuroo kiya. unhoanne apane ko hindoo ya musalaman batane se inkar kiya aur logoan ko donoan ke dharmik granthoan se oopar uthane ke lie kaha. unhoanne is bat ki ghoanshana ki ki brahm athava sarvochch saty ko vibhajit nahian kiya ja sakata.
isi tarah ki sahishnuta se poorn dharmik dhara maharashtr mean pandharapur ke anany bhakt tukaram ki kritiyoan mean dekhi ja sakati hai. pandharapur maharashtr dharm ka kendr ban gaya tha aur vahaan vishnu ke pratiroop vithova ki pooja atyant lokapriy ho gee thi. tukaram jo svayan ko ek shoodr batate the bhagavan ki pratima ki pooja apane hathoan se kiya karate the.
yah asha nahian ki ja sakati thi ki is tarah ke vishvas tatha karyoan ko hindoo aur musalamanoan ke kattar tatv asani se svikar kar leange aur apani shakti prabhav ka tyag kar deange jisaka ve itane dinoan se labh uthate chale a rahe the. kattar hinduoan ki bhavanaoan ko bangal ke navadvip (nadiya) ke raghunandan ne vani di. raghunandan madhy yug ke dharmashastroan ke sabase prabhavashali lekhak mane jate haian. unhoanne brahmanoan ke visheshadhikar par zor diya aur is siddhaant ka pratipadan kiya ki dharmashastroan ko padhana athava unaka prasar karana keval brahmanoan ka adhikar hai. unake anusar kaliyug mean keval do varn brahman aur shoodr rah gaye the kyoanki sachche kshatriyoan ka bahut pahale hi lop ho gaya tha aur vaishy aur anyoan ne apane kartavy ka nirvah n kar apani jati kho di thi. maharashtr ke ramanand ne bhi brahmanoan ke visheshadhikaroan ka samarthan kiya. musalamanoan mean yadyapi tauhid ki dhara jari rahi tatha kee pramukh soofi santoan ne isaka samarthan kiya tathapi kattar ulamaoan ke ek chhote dal ne akabar ki sahishnuta ki niti ki k di alochana ki. us samay ke sabase prasiddh kattar musalaman shekh ahamad sarahiandi mane jate haian. ye soofiyoan ke kattar nakshabandi dal, jo akabar ke shasanakal mean bharat mean arambh hua tha, usake samarthak the. shekh ahamad sarahiandi ne tauhid tatha eeshvar ke ekatm ko gair-islami batate hue isaka k da virodh kiya. unhoanne aise riti rivajoan aur vishvasoan ka bhi virodh kiya jo hindutv se prabhavit the. inamean dhyan lagana, santoan ke mazaroan ki pooja karana tatha dharmik sabha mean sangit shamil tha. rajy ke islami svaroop par zor dete hue inhoanne jaziya ko phir se lagane par zor diya aur is bat ki sifarish ki k hinduoan ke prati k da rukh apanaya jae aur unhean musalamanoan ke sath kam se kam milane diya jae. apani yojana ke karyanvayan ke lie inhoanne kee kendroan ko shuroo kiya tatha apane paksh mean lane ke lie samrat tatha kee saradaroan ko chitthayaan likhian.
in sab ke bavajood shekh ahamad ka koee vishesh prabhav nahian p da. jahaangir ne inhean apane ko muhammad sahab se bhi b da batane ke lie bandi bana liya aur apani bat vapas lene par hi riha kiya. aurangajeb ne bhi inake putr tatha uttaradhikari ki or koee dhyan nahian diya.
isake sath ham dekhate haian ki kattar vicharakoan tatha pracharakoan ka prabhav b da simit tha aur inase bahut kam log prabhavit the. aise logoan ki asha yahi rahati thi ki unhean dhani evan samaj aur rajy mean pratishthit logoan ka samarthan prapt ho. doosari or sahishnuta ke samarthak vicharakoan se am janata prabhavit thi. bharatiy itihas mean kattarata tatha sahishnuta ke prabhav ko bharatiy samaj ke pariprekshy mean dekha jana chahie. yah ek or visheshadhikar prapt shaktishali logoan tatha doosari or manavatavadi vicharoan se prabhavit am janata ke bich sangharsh ka ek roop tha.
kattar tatha sankirn tatvoan ke prabhav tatha unake dvara pratipadit sankirn vicharoan se do pramukh dharmoan hindoo tatha islam ke bich samanvay aur desh ki saanskritik ekata mean badha pahuanchi. aurangajeb ke shasanakal mean in donoan tatvoan ke bich ka sangharsh ubharakar samane aya.
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