अनुवांशिकी

anuvanshiki (jenetiks) jiv vijnan ki vah shakha hai jisake aantargat anuvanshikata (herediti) tatha jivoan ki vibhinnataoan (vairieshan) ka adhyayan kiya jata hai. anuvanshikata ke adhyayan mean grig aaur meandel ki moolabhoot upalabdhiyoan ko ajakal anuvanshiki ke aantargat samahit kar liya gaya hai. pratayek sajiv prani ka nirman mool roop se koshikaoan dvara hi hua hota hai. in koshikaoan mean kuchh gunasootr (komosom) pae jate haian. inaki sankhya pratyek jati (spishiz) mean nishchit hoti hai. in gunasootroan ke aandar mala ki motiyoan ki bhaanti kuchh di en e ki rasayanik ikaiyaan paee jati haian jinhean jin (dr.) kahate haian. ye jin gunasootr ke lakshanoan athava gunoan ke prakat hone, kary karane aur arjit karane ke lie jimmevar hote haian. is vijnan ka mool uddeshy anuvanshikata ke dhangoan (paitarn) ka adhyayan karana hai arthath‌ santati apane janakoan se kis prakar milati julati athava bhinn hoti hai.

samast jiv, chahe ve jantu hoan ya vanaspati, apane poorvajoan ke yatharth pratiroop hote haian. vaijnanik bhasha mean ise 'saman se saman ki utpati' (laik bigets laik) ka siddhaant kahate haian. anuvanshiki ke aantargat katipay karakoan ka vishesh roop se adhyayan kiya jata hai:

1. pratham karak anuvanshikata hai. kisi jiv ki anuvanshikata usake janakoan (poorvajoan ya mata pita) ki jananakoshikaoan dvara prapt rasayanik soochanaean hoti haian. jaise koee prani kis prakar parivardhit hoga, isaka nirdharan usaki anuvanshikata hi karegi. 2.doosara karak vibhed hai jise ham kisi prani tatha usaki santan mean pate ya pa sakate haian. pray: sabhi jiv apane mata pita ya kabhi kabhi baba, dadi ya unase poorvai ki pidhi ke lakshan pradarshit karate haian. aisa bhi sanbhav hai ki usake kuchh lakshan sarvatha navin hoan. is prakar ke parivartanoan ya vibhedoan ke anek karan hote haian. 3. jivoan ka parivardhan tatha usake bad ka jivan unake parivesh (envairanameant) par bhi nirbhar karata hai. praniyoan ke parivesh atyant jatil hote haian; isake aantargat jiv ke ve samast padarth (sabstaians), bal (phors) tatha any sajiv prani (argenizm) samahit haian, jo unake jivan ko prabhavit karate rahate haian. vaijnanik in samast karakoan ka samyakh‌ adhyayan karata hai, ek vaky mean ham yah kah sakate haian ki anuvanshiki vah vijnan hai, jisake aantargat anuvanshkita ke karan jivoan tatha unake poorvajoan (ya santatiyoan) mean samanata tatha vibhedoan, unaki utpatti ke karanoan aur vikasit hone ki sanbhavanaoan ka adhyayan kiya jata hai.

johanasen ne sanh‌ 1911 mean jivoan ke bahy lakshanoan (fenotaip) tatha pitragat lakshanoan (jinotaip) mean bhed sthapit kiya. jivoan ke bahm lakshan unake parivardhan ke sath-sath parivartit hote rahate haian, jaise jivoan ki bhroonavastha, shaishav, yauvan tatha vriddhavastha mean paryapt sharirik vibhed drishtigochar hota hai. isake viparit unake pitragat lakshan ya visheshataean sthir tatha aparivartanashil hoti haian. kisi bhi jiv ke pitragat lakshan aur parivesh ki aantakriyaoan ke phalasvaroop usaki vriddhi aur parivardhan hota hai. at: pitragat lakshan jivoan ke 'pratikraya ke manadand' (narm aauv riaikshan) arthath‌ parivesh ke prati unaki pratikriya (respaans) ke dhang ka nidharran karate haian. is prakar ki pratikriyaoan se jivoan ke bahy lakshan (fenotaip) ka nirman hota hai.

anuvanshik tatv ka krishi vijnan mean phasaloan ke akar, utpadan, rogarodhan tatha palatoo pashuoan adi ke nasl sudhar adi mean upayog kiya jata hai. anuvanshik tatvoan ki sahayata se udvikas (ivalyooshan), bhrauniki (eanbrayolaji) tatha any sanbaddh vijnanoan ke adhyayan mean suvidha hoti haian. pitragat lakshanoan tatha rogoan sanbandhi anek bhramoan ka is vijnan ne nirakaran kiya hai. ju davaan santanoan ki utpatti aur susantatishastr (yoojeniks) ki anek samasyaoan par is vijnan ne prakash dala hai. isi prakar janasankhya-anuvanshik-tatv (papuleshan jenetiks) ki anek mahatvapoorn upalabdhiyoan se manav samaj labhanvit hua hai.

ti.ech. margan (1886-1945) tatha unake sahayogiyoan ne yah darshaya ki katipay jin, jinaka vanshanukram (inheriteans) vinimay (krasiangovar) prayogoan dvara jnat hua, anuvikshan yantroan dvara hi drisht katipay gunasootroan (kromosom) mean upasthit rahate haian. sath hi unhoanne yah bhi batalaya ki gunasootroan ke bhitar ye jin ek nirdharit anukram mean vyavasthit rahate haian jisake karan inaka anuvanshikiy chitr (jenetik maip) banana sanbhav hota hai. in logoan ne kadali makkhi, drosophila, ke jin ke anek chitr banae. prophesar mular ka is disha mean atyant mahatvapoorn yogadan hai. unhoanne utparivartan (myooteshan) ke kshetr mean abhootapoorv prayogoan dvara ne ne vaijnanik anusandhanoan ka margadarshan kiya. kritrim utparivartanoan (artifishiyal ya iandayoosd myooteshan) ki anek vidhiyoan dvara palatoo pashuoan tatha krishi ki nasloan mean adbhut sudhar kary kie ge. yah sab anuvanshiki ki hi den hai jo manavakalyan ke lie param hitakari siddh huee haian.

anek vaijnanikoan ka mat hai ki manushy ka anuvanshik adhyayan saral kary nahian hai. isaka karan yah batalaya jata hai ki manushy ki santan ke janm mean lagabhag 10 mas lag jate haian aur ise poorn vayask hone mean kam se kam 20 varsh lagate haian. at: ek do pidhi ke hi adhyayan ke lie 20,22 varsho ka samay lagane ke karan manushy ka anuvanshik adhyayan jatil hai. isake sath hi manushy ko ek bar mean sadharanataya ek hi bachcha utpann hota hai, isase bhi adhyayan mean kathinaee hoti hai. in kathinaiyoan ke bavajood manushy ke sharir ki bahari rachana, rogoan, unake lakshanoan evan karanoan adi ka adhyayan saral hota hai. manushyoan ki jivarasayanik anuvanshiki (bayokemikal jenetiks) ka pratham adhyayan landan ke chikitsak archibald gairod (1857-1936) ne kiya tha kiantu sanh‌ 1940 ke poorv is vishay par vistrit adhyayan nahian hue the. manushyoan mean jin ke sanbandh mean lagabhag 60 gunoan (trets) ka pata chala hai.

jivavijnan mean anuvanshiki ke adhyayan ka vahi mahatv hai jo bhautik vijnan mean paramanaviy siddhaantoan ka hai. manushy ke anuvanshik adhyayanoan ke aranbhik roopoan mean bahvaangulita (atirikt aanguliyoan ka hona), himofiliya, tatha varnaandhata (kalar-blaiandanes) mukhy vishay the. udaharanarth sanh‌ 1750 mean barlin mean m aaupartuis ne meandel ke niyamoan ke adhar par bahvaangulita ka varnan kiya tha. isi prakar oto (1803), he (1813) aur buels (1815) ne nyoo ianglaiand ke tin vibhinn parivaroan mean liangasahalagn himofiliya rogh ke anuvanshik karanoan par prakash dala tha. sanh‌ 1876 mean svitzaralaiand ke chikitsak, harnar ne varnaandhata ka varnan kiya. sanh‌ 1958 mean jarj bidil ko 'kayaki tatha aushadhi' vishayak jaivarasayanik anuvanshiki kshetr mean mahatvapoorn yogadan ke lie nobel puraskar prapt hua. sanh‌ 1959 mean jirom lejueen ne mangoliy moodhata (mangolayad eediosi) ka vidvattapoorn varnan prastut kiya. sanh‌ 1956 mean je.ech.jio, albart livan, charls phord evan jan haimartan ne munashy ke gunasootroan ki sankhya 46 batalaee; isake poorv logoan ka mat tha ki yah sankhya 48 hoti hai.

is prakar ham dekhate haian ki manav anuvanshiki se sanbaddh anek tathyoan ka pata lagaya jata raha hai aur aj bhi is dasha mean anek mahatvapoorn adhyayan jari haian.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

sanbandhit lekh

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