उदरपाद

udarapad (gaistropoda) molaska samuday mean sabase adhik vikasit jantu haian. inake sharir samamit nahian hote. pravar (maiantal) do tuk doan mean vibhajit nahian rahata, isalie khol bhi do parshviy kapatikaoan ka nahian varan ek hi asamamit kapatika ka bana hua rahata hai. yah kapatika sadharanat: sarpil akriti mean kuanlikrit hoti hai. isake bhitar sthit jantu ke sharir ka prishthiy bhag bhi, jisamean aantarang (visara) ka adhikaansh bhag rahata hai aur jise aantarang kubb kahate haian, sarpil akriti mean kudalikrit rahata hai. sharir oopar se nichi disha mean chapata rahata hai. pravariy guha mean do galaph d sthit rahate haian. bahutoan mean keval ek hi galaph d hota hai. adhikaansh mean ek shir bhi hota hai jisamean akarshanaang sthit rahate haian. shir ke pichhe achchhi prakar se unnat ek audarik pair rahata hai. pair ka audarik tal chapata, chau da aur bahut phaila rahata hai. vaktraguha mean ek vishesh avayav rahata hai jisako dantavahi (odoantofor) kahate haian. yah nanhean nanhean daantoan ke sadrish avayav ka adhar hota hai. vrikk keval ek hota hai. chetasanhati mean chhah jo di chetaguchchh pae jate haian. udarapad ekaliangoan ya ubhayaliangi ho sakate haian. krimivardhan mean roopaantaran ka drishy bhi dekhane mean ata hai.

udarapad adhikatar pani mean rahate haian. inaki adim jatiyaan samudroan mean rahati haian. ye samudr ke prishth par reangati haian, kuchh kich d ya baloo mean ghar banati haian ya chattanoan mean chhed karati haian. kuchh aise bhi udarapad haian jo samudr ke prishth par ulate rahakar tairate haian; visheshakar terop aaud aur heterop aaud, jinake pair machhali ke pakshoan (fins) ke saman hote haian, khule samudr ke prishth par tairate dekhe jate haian.

udarapad samudr mean 18,00 phut ki gaharaee tak pae jate haian. bahutere udarapad mithe jal mean bhi rahate haian. palamonet namak udarapad sthal aur ooanche ooanche paha doan par bhi pae jate haian. nimn keanbriyan yug ke bahutere jivashmabhoot udarapadoan ka bhi pata chala hai.

ghoangha (snel), manthar (slag), pairaila, epalishiya tatha traitan udarapadoan ke mukhy udaharan haian. ghoangha aur manthar manushy ke bhojan ke lie upayukt hote haian. kuchh jantu udyanoan mean paudhoan ko hani pahuanchate haian. anek udarapadoan ke kholoan se alankar, yantr tatha baratan banate haian. kau diyoan ka pahale mudra ya sikke ke roop mean prayog hota tha. shankh, jo mandiroan mean bajaya jata hai, ek vishesh udarapad ki khol hai.

sanrachana-molaska samuday ke jantuoan ka dhyanapoorvak adhyayan karane se pata chalata hai ki udarapadoan ke poorvaj ke sare sharir ki gathan samamit thi. annasrotas sidha, gudadvar pichhe ki or, do galaph d jinamean sootr aksh ke donoan or rahate the, pravar guha pichhe ki or aur do vrikk hote the parantu vartaman udarapadoan mean, visheshakar streptonyoora gotr ke udarapadoan mean, keval ek khol rahati hai jo sarpil akriti mean kuandalikrit hoti hai. aantarang kubj ke atirikt keval ek vrikk aur ek galaph d hota hai. pravaraguha evan gudadvar agrabhag mean rahate haian. yah sath ke chitroan se vidit hoga.

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ghoangha, ek udapad

1. sparshashrriang; 2. aankh; 3. shvasachhidr (palmonari aaurifis)

visheshajnoan ka mat hai ki udarapadoan ki is asamamit rachana ka karan keval aise khol ka vikas hai jo ek tuk de mean ho aur sharir ke sare avayavoan aur audarik maansal pairoan ko bhi achchhi tarah dhakakar unaki raksha kar sake.

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ghoanghe ka kavach

kat (sekshan)

aisa khol kuantalavalayit ho hi sakata hai. isake banane ke lie yah avashyak tha ki pravar guha, galaph d aur malotsarg chhidr ye sabhi jantu ke shir ke pas khol ke dvar par a jaean. yah tabhi ho sakata hai jab pravaraguha aur usake bhitar ke sab avayav apana purana pichhebala sthan chho dakar age a jaean, aur udarapadoan ke vikas mean aisa hua bhi hai. isase jantu ke ek or ki vriddhi hoti hai, doosari or ki ruk jati hai. bahudha dahini or ki vriddhi ruk jati hai or baee or ki badhati hai. parinam yah hota hai ki pravaraguha tatha any sab avayav, jo isamean sthit rahate haian, dahini or ghumate hue age badhate haian. aant mean gudadvar mukh ke baee or a jata hai. is sari ghatana ko aianthan (t aaurshan) kahate haian. isamean sharir apane hi sthan par rahata hai, parantu any komal avayav apane sthan se prishth-udar-rekha par lanb aksh ke parit: ghoomakar 1800 tak hat jate haian. isi tarah ki aianthan digant aksh ke parit bhi hoti hai jisase aantarang kubb pith par a jata hai. ye batean sath ke chitr se bhali bhaanti samajh mean a jaeangi.

shh 250px|center chitr 1 mean sharir ke sab avayav pray: samamit haian; 2, 3 aur 4 mean inake dahine tatha samanean

ki or sathanaantaran ki kramik avasthaean dikhaee gee haian; 5 mean guda ghoomate ghoomate

phir baee aur pahuanch gee hai. yahi aantim avastha hai.

visthapan ka phal -(1) avayavoan ke visthapan ke karan any srotas phandedar ho jate haian aur aantarang kubb pith par a jata hai; (2) phuphphus-aantarang vikrit hokar dvipad ki akriti ka ho jata hai; (3) dahinior ka phuphphus aantarang-yoji aantoan ke oopar aur baee taraph ka yoji aant ke niche ho jata hai; (4) yugm avayavoan mean kami ho jati hai--streptonyoora gotr ke udarapadoan mean keval ek vrikk aur ek galaph d paya jata hai.

yoothinyoora gotr ke udarapadoan mean aianthan ki viparit kriya 'anaithan' hoti hai. isase pravaraguha, gudadvar, vrikk tatha galaph d dahini or se pichhe ki or khisakane lagate haian aur phuphphus-aantarang-yoji apane vikrit roop ko chho dakar sidhi ho jati hai. parantu pratyek avayav ekal hi rahata hai. khol chhota ho jata ya poornataya lupt ho jata hai. palmoneta (bhoo-ghoanghoan) mean is kriya mean tho da aantar a jata hai-khol bana rahata hai aur phuphphus-aantarang-pash (loop) chhota ho jata hai.

khol-udarapadoan ke khol bahudha kuantalavalayit hote haian, parantu paitela jaise udarapadoan ke khol shanku (kon) ki akriti ke hote haian. yadi kuantalavalayit kholoan mean shirsh se lekar khol ke mukh tak kuantal (chhalle) gh di ki suiyoan ke chalane ki bhaanti rahate haian to khol ko dakshinavart (dekstral) kahate haian; isake viparit yadi kuantal (chhalloan) ka ghumav gh di ki suiyoan ke chalane ko disha se ulati or hota hai to usaki vamavart (sinistral) kahate haian. vamavart khol bahut kam pae jate haian.

yadi kuantal (chhalle) keandriy aksh ke lanb samatal mean rahane ke badale tirachhe bane rahate haian to khol lanba, nukila aur gavadum hota hai, paratu yadi unamean tirachhapan nahian hota to khol chapate kahalate haian. khol ke mukh ka kinara parituand (peristom) kahalata hai. yah ya to sanpoorn hota hai ya ek taraph kata hua, jahaan se ninal (saiphan) nikalata hai. khol ka mukh sadharanat: ek dhakkan se band rahata hai jo pair se chipata rahata hai. bhoomi par rahanevale udarapadoan mean dhakkan nahian hota. unaka mukh ja de mean ek chipachipe lasadar padarth se band rahata hai.

bahudha kau diyoan (saipriya monata) mean pravar ka kinara, jisapar bahut sa sparshikaean (teantekal) bhi hoti haian, khol ke mukh ke bahar nikalakar usako dhak leta hai.

aifiziya namak udarapad mean pravar khol ko poornataya dhak leta hai. isaka khol poorn roop se vikasit n hone ke karan jantu ke sharir ko nahian dhak sakata.

chitr : oormil arunavalik (baksinam aandetam), ek udarapad

(kavach hatane ke pashchatajnh‌ gandhaang (aausphhऱediyam) ko dhakanevale pravar ko

hatakar usake niche ke bhag dikhae ge haian) 1. ninal (saifan); 2.

gandhaang (aausphhऱediyam); 3. galaph d (braiankia); 4. shleshmik granthiyaan.

doris tatha eeolis namak udarapadoan mean khol nahian rahata. un udarapadoan mean bhi khol nahian rahata jo khule samudr mean bahate aur tairate rahate haian.

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chitr : masuraklom (eeolis) namak samudriy mridumanthar

isaka prishth anek patale dand sadrish pravardhoan se dhaka hua hota hai.

limaiks namak udarapadoan mean bhi khol namamatr hi rahata hai. adhikatar pravar hi isako dhake rahata hai.

pad -is varg ke jantuoan ke bhinn-bhinn vanshoan mean pair ka vikas bhinn-bhinn hai. sadharanat: pair maansal aur tho da bahut lanba tatha apekshakrit chau da hota hai. niche ka tal chikana tatha chauras hota hai. inhian se peshi tantuoan ki siku dan dvara jantu reangata hai. aandhraantr (sikam) mean pair ke oopar tatha tal par pakshm hote haian. bahudha pair mean granthi hoti hai jisase ek libaliba padarth nikalata hai. isase marg chikana ho jata hai aur reangane mean sugamata hoti hai.

udarapad ka lakshanik pair tin bhagoan ka hota hai. agrapad, jo kuchh udarapadoan mean chhed karane ke kam ata hai, madhyapad aur pashchapad. chalane mean madhyapad mahatvapoorn hote haian. mitilas namak udarapadoan mean pair bahut chhote hote haian.

efiziya namak udarapadoan ke pair ke parshvavarti bhag machhali ke paksh ke saman tairane ke kam ate haian. terop aaud aur heterop aaud namak udarapad apane pair se khule samudr ke pani mean tairate tatha bahate haian.

shir -udarapadoan mean shir khoob vikasit hota hai. yah sharir se griva ke saman ek aang dvara rahata hai. mukh shir ke agrabhag par kuchh niche ki or sthit rahata hai. bahutoan mean mukh ke bahar nikalanevala ek aang lanbi sooan d sa hota hai. shir ke prishth par ek ya do jo di patali sparshikaean (teantekal) hoti haian. sparshikaoan ki j d ke pas aankhean hoti haian. sparshikaoan ki pahali jo di chhoti hoti hai aur sooanghane ka kam karati hai. palmoneta (bhoo-ghoanghoan) mean aankhean sparshikaoan ki doosari jo di ke sire par sthit rahati haian.

shh 250px|center (pravar guha (maiantal kaiviti) aur oopar ka prakavach donoan ko paradarshi manakar, dattedar galaph davale ghoanghe ke aang; oopar se dekhane par)

1. muanh; 2. mastishk guchchhika (bren gaiglian); 3. aur 9 pair; 4. ninal (saeephhऱn); 5. gandhaang (aausphhऱediyam); 6. ek klom (galaph d); 7. tin guchchhikaoan mean se ek; 8.hridayavaran mean hriday; 10. dhapan (oparakyoolam).

pravar -sharir ki divar ki us parat ko pravar (maiantal) kahate haian jisamean bahari k di khol (kavach) ka nirman karanevali granthiyaan rahati haian. yah jantu ki dahini or rahata hai. pravar aur vastavik sharir ke bich ek guha rahati hai jisako pravariy guha kahate haian. jin udarapadoan mean khol kuantalavalayit hota hai unamean pravariy guha sharir ke agr bhag mean hoti hai. is guha mean gudadvar, vrikk aur galaph d rahate haian. pravariy guha ka bahari mukh chau da hota hai. pravar ke ek kinare nal ki akriti ka vah aang rahata hai jise saiphan kahate haian; isamean taja pani saans lene ke lie ata hai aur nikal bhi jata hai. bahudha kau diyoan mean pravar ka kinara, jisapar bahut se sparshashrriang bhi rahate haian, khol ke mukh ke bahar nikalakar khol ko dhak leta hai.

chitr : udarapadoan ke kavach

tin vibhinn roop.

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ramy saryak (soleanrim parsapektivam)

namak udarapad (niche se)

efiziya namak udarapad mean pravar kavach ko poornataya dhak leta hai. isamean kavach poornataya vikasit nahian hota; isalie jantu ke sharir ko nahi dhak sakata.

shvas sansthan -sadharanataya galaph d do hote haian, parantu adhikatar baeean oravala galaph d hi poorn vikasit jantu mean karyashil rahata hai. jin udarapadoan mean do galaph d rahate haian unamean pratyek galaph d ke aksh mean donoan or galaph d-sootr lage rahate haian aur ukana ek sira sharir se ju da rahata hai. ek galaph davale udarapadoan mean, jaise traitan mean, galaph d ke aksh ke ek hi or sootr hote haian aur galaph d ka poora aksh sharir se ju da rahata hai. 250px|center oopar se dekhate hue :1. muanh; 2. hridayavaran mean hriday; 3. prishth par dviravrit, bayaan paripad (epipodiyam); 4. aantoan ka dvar; 5. aur 9. dahina paripad; 6. galaph d, jisake sammukh gandhaang (aausphhऱediyam) dikhaee p data hai; 7. anudveshtit (anatvisted) tantrika pash par ki do guchchhikaoan (gaigliana) mean se ek; 8. guchchhikaoan sahit tantrikavalay.

nyoodibraukhoan mean galaph d nahian hote, shvasarakary dvitiyak galaph d dvara sanpann hota hai. yah iyolis namak udarapadoan mean samooche prishthatal par vistrit rahata hai aur doris namak udarapadoan ke gudadvar ke charoan or valay ke roop mean rahata hai. paitela mean bhi asali galaph d nahian hote, jo rahate haian ve keval avashesh svaroop haian. isamean bhi shvasan dvitiyak galaph d se hota hai. palamoneta mean shvasan phuphphusiy kosh dvara hota hai. pani mean rahanevale palamonetoan mean phuphphusiy kosh shvasaneandriy ka kam deta hai.

pachan sansthan -bahut se udarapadoan mean sooan d ke saman ek aang hota hai jo avashyakatanusar bahar nikal ata he. vaktraguha mean phite jaisa ek vishesh avayav hota hai jisapar bahut se chhote-chhote daant a di panktiyoan mean kram se lage rahate haian. is vishesh avayav ko gharshak (raidyula) kahate haian. yah gharshak vaktraguha ke dharatal par sthit ek gaddi par laga rahata hai. maans peshiyoan ki kriya dvara yah age pichhe ya oopar niche chal sakata hai. gaddi, maansapeshiyoan tatha gharshak in sabako sammilit roop se dantavahi (odoantofor) kahate haian. yah reto ki tarah bhojan ko retakar usako sookshm kanoan mean parinat kar deta hai. lala granthiyaan aur yakrit sab udarapadoan mean pae jate haian. udar mean manibh leans (kristelain leanz) hota hai. shakahariyoan mean aante lanbi evan bhanjit (folded) hoti hai, kyoanki khane ka sab paushtik padarth choosakar grahan karane mean adhik sthan ki avashyakata p dati hai. maansahariyoan mean aant chhoti aur sidhi hoti hai.

hriday -hriday any molaskoan ki bhaanti parihard guha mean hridayavaran se dhaka rahata hai. parihard guha shariragahvar ka hi bhag hai jo vrikkaguha se bhi sanbandhit rahati hai. sadharanataya udarapadoan mean, jaise traitan mean, hriday mean ek aliand (aaurikil) aur ek nilay (veantrikil) hota hai lekin hailitosis namak udarapadoan mean do aliand aur ek nilay hota hai. opisthobraiankiya mean hriday galaph d ke age rahata hai aur prosobraikiya mean bagal mean ya pichhe.

chitr : bagoan mean pae janevale ghoanghe (snel) ki rachana

k-oopar ki or se kat; pheph de ki chhat dahini or phailaee huee hai. 1. sparshikaean (teantekils);

2. mukhapuanj (bakal mas); 3. annagrah (kr aaup);4. lar granthiyaan; 5. aante; 6. pittavah naliyaan;

7. yakrit; 8. amashay; 9.mahadhamani (eorta); 10. nilay (beantrikal); 11. aliand (aauri

kilh‌);12. phuphphus shira; 13. vrikk; 14. tatha 15. phuphphus; 16. guda; 17.mootravahini;

18. mastishk. kh-mukhapuanj (dahine bhag ka adha nikaladiya gaya hai). 19. jab da;

20. gharshak (raidula) 21.gras nali (galet);22. gharshak syoon; 23. upasthi (kati

lej) . g-tantrika valay (pith kior se). 24. mukh guchchhikaean (bakal

gaianglia); 25. mastishk; 26.gras nali; 27.

pratiprishth guchchhikaean (beantral gaianglia).

vrikk -vrikk sadharanataya do granthit naliyoan ya koshthakoan ke roop mean prishthatal par hota hai. yah parihardi guha se bhi sanbaddh rahata hai aur sidhe ya gavini dvara bahar khulata hai. donoan vrikk ya to barabar hote haian ya gudadvar ke dahini oravala vrikk baeean oravale se b da hota hai. bahutoan mean ek hi vrikk hota hai. kuchh udarapadoan mean janad (goned) vrikk mean khulate haian. vrikk ke dvara sharir se rakt sare vishakt padarth bahar nikalate haian.

tantrikatantr -parajivi udarapadoan ko chho dakar any udarapadoan mean tantrikatantr bhali bhaanti vikasit hota hai. isamean tantrikarajju (narvak aaurdh‌s), yojanaoan dvara ju di guchchhikaean (gaiglia) aur jnaneandriyaan sammilit haian. jnaneandriyoan mean aankhean, sthityang (stetosists, jinase jiv ko apane sharirasantulan ka pata chalata hai) aur hghraaneandriyaan (asaphhऱediya) sammilit haian. inake atirikt sharir ke vibhinn bhagoan mean any sanvedak kshetr rahate haian parantu unaka kary kam spasht hai.

aankhean shir se nikale sparshashrriangoan par athava unaki j d par rahati haian. ve pyali ke akar ki hoti haian. rangayukt roopadhar (retina) vali parat bahar rahati hai aur isalie sada samudratal ke sparsh mean rahati hai. aisi aankhean dokoglosa mean hoti haian. kuchh udarapadoan mean tal (leanz) bhi hota hai, kuchh mean karniya bhi. hghraanedriyaan pravar guha mean rahati haian aur inaka kary vastut: yah pata lagana hota hai ki jal saans lene yogy hai athava nahian.

janan sansthan -streptonyoora namak udarapad pray: ekaliangi hota hai aur ethinyoora ubhayaliangi. ekaliangi jantuoan mean jananasansthan ubhayaliangiyoan se adhik saral hota hai. isamean janad (gonaid) prishthatal par amashay kubb mean sthit hota hai aur prajanan pranali sharir ke dahini or bahar khulati hai. nar mean shishn nalidar tatha akuanchanashil (n aaunak aauntraiktail) hota hai. heliks jaise ubhayaliangi udarapad mean janan sansthan b da jatil hota hai-isamean prajanan granthi (ovotestis) shvet rang ki hoti aur amashay kubb ke shikhar par sthit hoti hai. puanjib aur stribij ovotestis ke ek hi putak mean banate haian. paripakv puanbij pray: barahoan mas milate haian. parantu stribij samay-samay par banate haian. puanbij evan stribij donoan hi ek sath ubhayaliangi prajananapranali se hokar ailabyoomin granthi mean chale jate haian. ubhayaliangi vahini (dakt) ke aantim sire par shukrapatr (riseptikyulam seminis) hota hai. sansechan ke bad puanstribij chau di vahini mean jate haian jo sidhe bahar jakar khulati hai. isake bhitar puanstribij kailsiyam karbonet ke ek khol se dhak jate haian. poorvokt chau di vahini ka aantim sira yoni kahalata hai. yoni moti aur maansal hoti hai. yoni mean shlaimishmak granthi, shukradhani chhidr aur shar-syoon (dart saik) khulata hai. puanbij puanbijavahini se hokar shishn mean jate haian. jahaan se ek patali lanbi nalinuma kashabh (flaijelam) nikalata hai. isamean bahut se puanbijoan par ek tarah ka khol chadh jata hai. is tarah se shukr bhar (sparmaitofor) banate haian. yoni aur shishn donoan ek jananadvar (jenital aitriyam) mean khulate haian. yah sharir ke dahini or khulata hai. ubhayaliangiyoan mean (jaise kuantalavar arthath‌ heliks mean) sansechan pray: parasansechan hi hota hai, yadyapi svayansansechan ke udaharan bhi milate haian.

chitr : krishna mridumanthar (blaik slags) ka ek jo da

ye abhi vriksh ki shakha par haian aur chipachipa padarth taiyar

kar rahe haian, jisaki sahayata se ve shdhria hi vayu mean maithun

ke lie latakanevale haian. (agami chitr dekhean).

jab do ghoanghe ek doosare ke samane akar milate haian to donoan ke jananadvar khul jate haian. nar tatha nari jananachhidr bhi khul jate haian. tab nari ghoanghe ke jananachhidr se shar (dart) nikalakar doosare ghoanghe ko chhedate haian, jisase ve uttejit ho jate haian. donoan ghoanghoan ka apas mean sansechan hota hai. is kriya mean ek ghoanghe ka shishn doosare ghoanghe ki yoni mean chala jata hai. ek ghoanghe ke shukrabhar doosare ghoanghe ke puanbijakosh mean pahuanchakar phat jate haian, jisase puanbij bahar nikal ate haian aur shukrapatr mean pahuanchakar stribij se milakar sansechan kriya samapt karate haian.

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chitr : krishna mridumanthar ka sanbhog

chipachipe padarth ke tar ki sahayata se vayu mean latakakar aur dal tatha tahaniyoan

ki badha se mukt hokar svachhandata se sanbhog karate haian. pratyek mean nari aur

purush donoan aang hote haian aur pratyek manthar doosare ko sansechit karata hai.

sansechan mee tatha joon ke mahine mean hota hai. sansechit samooh julaee mean bahar nikalate haian. julaee tatha agast mean sansechan kriya ke bad ghoanghe apane sansechit samooh ko, jisamean bhroon ke lie khady padarth bhi hota hai, mitti mean kisi b de chhed ya gaddhe mean bahar nikal dete haian. lagabhag 25 dinoan mean bachche aande ke bahar nikal ate haian.

paitela mean sansechan bahar pani mean hota hai, parantu any sab udarapadoan mean sharir ke bhitar hota hai. sansechit aandasamooh lasadar padarth mean lipate rahate haian. inake chhote-mote piand ya malaean pani mean tairati huee ya samudri paudhoan se ulajhi huee paee jati haian.

streptonyoora ke sansechit samooh khady padarth ke sath cham de jaise khol mean band rahate haian. ek khol mean keval ek hi bhroon poorn vikasit hota hai. shesh isake khane ke kam ate haian.

palamoneta ke aandasamooh kailsiyam karabonet ke khol mean band rahate haian. jo bhoomi ke kisi b de chhed mean chho d die jate haian. kuchh samudri tatha mithe jal ke udarapadoan ka vistar ghoanghe ke sharir ke bhitar usaki stribijapranali mean hota hai. viksan namak udarapadoan mean dianbh do tarah ke pae jate haian : mandalakar tatha pattika roop. tarun udarapadoan mean dviparshviy samamiti hoti hai, parantu poorn vikasit avastha mean ve asamamit ho jate haian.

vargikaran-udarapadoan ko nimnalikhit gotroan mean vibhajit kiya gaya hai :

gotr 1. streptonyoora (prosobraiankiya) is gotr ke jantuoan mean bimotan hota hai. na di sansthan ke phuphphusavaran-aantarang-rajju aangreji aank 8 ki akriti ke hote haian. kavach aur usaka dhakkan hota hai. pravar guha age hoti hai.

anugotr 1. esapido braiankieta (dayotokardiya) is anugotr ke udarapadoan meean do aliand aur do galaph d hote haian jinamean aksh ke donoan or sootr hote haian. puanbij evan stribij vrikk dvara bahar nikalate haian.

traib 1. ripidoglosa-is traib ke jantuoan ke gharshak ki ek pankti mean bahut se daant hote haian. udaharan-trikas, tarabo, halihotis.

traib 2. dokoglosa-is traib ke jantuoan mean gharshak ki ek pankti mean keval do char lanbe daant hote haian jinake dvara yah patthar se chipate hue shaival (ailagi) ko katata hai. aankhoan mean drishtimandal nahian hota. amashay guha konadar hoti hai. udaharan-petel.

anugotr 2. pektino braiankiya (monotokardiya) in jantuoan mean ek aliand aur ek galaph d hota hai jisake aksh ke ek taraph sootr hote haian. ek gandhaang hota hai.

chitr : tatkal die hue aandoan sahit krishna mridumanthar

traib 1. rechi glosa -ye hiansr jantu haian. inamean saifan hota hai. gharshak mean keval tin daant ek pankti mean hote haian. udaharan-baksinam. yah 600 phut tak ki gaharaee mean paya jata hai. yah maansahari hai aur bahut tezise shikar ko pair se pak data hai. sooan d bahut b di hoti hai. yah apane aande saik doan ki sankhya mean deta hai. pratyek aande mean k di vastu ka khol hota hai. gandhaang ke aksh ke donoan taraph sootr hote haian.

traib 2. toloproglosa-gharshak mean sat daant pratyek pankti mean hote haian. udaharan-kau di (saipraya monata), varamets, traitan, aianp leriya (alavan udarapad).

traib 3. t aauksiglosa-gharshak mean keval do lanbe daant ek pankti mean hote haian. udaharan-konas.

gotr 2. yuthinyura (apisthobraiankiya) in udarapadoan mean amashay yojanak 8 ki akriti mean aianthe nahian hote. ye ubhayaliangi haian. galaph d hriday ke pichhe hota hai. kavach chhota hota hai, bhitar rahata hai ya ekadam hota hi nahian.

anugotr 1. tektipraiankiya-isamean sada kavach rahata hai. galaph d aur pravar guha bhi hoti hai. udarahan-aphosiya. yah samudri paudhoan ko khati hai. bachche lal rang ke hote haian aur gahare pani mean rahate haian. prodh hare rang ke hote haian aur jvarabhata ke bich mean rahate haian.

anugotr 2. nyoodibraiankiya-inamean kavach, galaph d aur pravar guha kuchh bhi nahian hoti. shvasan dvitiyak galaph d se hota he. udaharan-doris, eeolis.

doris ko samudri niboo (si leman) bhi kahe haian. yah jantu chhota, chapata aur alasi svabhav ka hota hai. yah patthar mean chipate hue spanj ko khata hai. pravar rangin aur k da hota hai. rang un jagahoan se bahut milata julata hai jahaan yah apana ahar grahan karat hai. shir mean ek jo di sparshashrriang hote haian. shvasan dvitiyak galaph d se hota hai jo gudadvar ke charoan taraph hota hai.

eeolis ki pith par chhote-chhote khokhale ubhar (siretiya) hote haian jo bahar khulate bhi haian. inaka sanbandh pachak granthiyoan se bhi hota hai. yah haidra tatha kusumabh (si ainimoni) khate haian. adhikaansh ahar pach jata he aur mal gudadvar se bahar nikal jata hai. nematasist (vishaile dank) nahian pachate; ve ubharoan mean bhar jate haian. samudr mean iyolis jab kabhi kisi machhali ya any kisi shatru se tang akar uttelit ho jata hai to in nematosistoan ko turant bahar pheankakar dushman ko dankoan se vyagr kar deta hai. iolis is tarah se apani raksha kar leta hai. isake sharir ka rang bhi bahut bh dakila hota hai jise dekhakar anubhavi shatru bhag jate haian.

gotr 3. palamoneta-ye bhi ubhayaliangi udarapad hote haian. inamean khol hota hai parantu dhakkan nahian hota. galaph d bhi nahian hota. shvasan pravar guha se hota hai jo phuphphus (lang) ka kam deti hai. na di sansthan asamamit hota hai. vrikk ek hi hota hai. udaharan-ghoangha (laiand snel), manthar (slag).

anugotr 1. bailsomaitofora-aankhean chhoti aur sparshashshrrig ke pas hoti haian. udaharan-lumania, plain aaurvis.

anugotr 2. stadal aaut aauphora-aankhean sparshashrriangoan ke sire par hoti haian. udaharan-heliks.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

sanbandhit lekh

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