अनुहरण

anuharan us bahari samanata ko kahate haian jo kuchh jivoan tatha any jivoan ya asapas ki prakritik vastuoan ke bich paee jati hai, jisase jiv ko chhipane mean sugamata, suraksha athava any koee labh prapt hota hai. aangreji mean ise mimikari kaha jata hai. aisa bahudha paya jata hai ki koee jantu kisi prakritik vastu ke itana sadrish hota hai ki bhram se vah vahi vastu samajh liya jata hai. bhram ke karan us jantu ki apane shutroan se raksha ho jati hai. is prakar ke rakshak sadrishy ke anek udaharan milate haian. isamean mukhy bhav nigopan ka hota hai. ek jantu apane paryavaran ke sadrish hone ke karan chhip jata hai. guptapashan jati ka kek da aisa chikana, chamakila, gol tatha shvet hota hai ki usaka prabhed samudr ke kinare ke sphatik ke ro doan se, jinake bich vah paya jata hai, nahian kiya ja sakata. jyamitiy shalabh illiyoan roop-rang un paudhoan ki shakhaoan aushr pallavoan ke sadrish hota hai, jin par ve rahate haian.
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danthal ki akriti ki hone ke karan bahudha isake shatru dhokhe mean p de rahate haian.

yah sadrishy is sima tak pahuanch jata hai ki manushy ki aankhoan ko bhi bhram ho jata hai. rakshak sadrishy chhajhin namak praniyoan mean prachurata se paya jata hai. ye itane hare aur parnasadrish hote haian ki pattiyoan ke bich ve pahachane nahian ja sakate. isaka ek suandar udaharan patrakit (filiyam, vakiang lif) hai. isi prakar anek titaliyaan bhi pattoan ke sadrish hoti haian. parnachitr patang (kailima pairalekta) ek bharatiy titali hai. jab yah kahian baithati hai aur apane paroan ko mo d leti hai, to usaka ek sookha pata jaisa maloom hota hai. itana hi nahian, pratyek par ke oopar (titali ke baithane par paroan ki mu di huee avastha mean) ek mukhy shira (ven) dikhaee p dati hai jisase kee ek parshviy laghu shiraean nikalati haian. yah patoan ki madhyana di tatha parshviy laghuna diyoan ke sadrish hote haian. paroan par ek kala dhabba bhi hota hai, jo kisi krimi ke khane se bana hua chhidr jan p data hai. kuchh bhoore rang aur bhi dhabbe hote haian jinase patti ke upakshay hota hai.
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patti ki akriti ki hone ke karan isaki jan bahudha bach jati hai.

uparilikhit udaharanoan mean nigopan ka uddeshy shatruoan se bachane arthath‌ raksha ka hai. kiantu nigopan ka prayojan akraman bhi hota hai. aise abhyakrami sadrishy ke udaharan maansahari jantuoan mean milate haian. kuchh maansahari jantu apane paryavaran ke sadrish hone ke karan parshvabhoomi mean lupt ho jate haian aur is karan ane bhakshy jantuoan ko dikhaee nahian p date. kee ek mak de aise hote haian jo phooloan par rahate haian aur jinake sharir ka rang phooloan ke rang se itana milata-julata haian, ki ve unake madhy b di sugamata se lupt ho jate haian. ve kit jo un pushpoan par jate haian, in mak doan ko pahachan nahian pate aur inake bhojy ban jate haian.

prakritik vastuoan, jaise j doan tatha pattoan, se jantuoan ke sadrishy ko bhi kuchh pranivijn anuharan hi samajhate haian, kiantu adhikaansh jivavaijnanik anuharan ko ek prithakh‌ ghatana samajhate haian. ve kisi jantujati ke kuchh sadasyoan ke ek bhinn jantu jati ke sadrish hone ko hi anuharan kahate haian. kee ek aise jantu jo khane mean aruchikar athava vishaile hote haian aur chhe dane par hanikarak ho sakate haian, chatak rang ke hote haian tatha unake sharir par vishesh chihn rahate haian. isalie unake shatru unako turant pahachan lete haian aur unhean nahian chhe date. kuchh aise jantu, jinake pas raksha ka koee vishesh sadhan nahian hota. in hanikarak aur abhyakrami jantuoan ke saman hi chatak rang ke hote haian tatha unake sharir par bhi vaise hi chihn hote haian aur dhokhe mean unase bhi shatru bhagate haian : udaharan:, kee ek ahanikar jati ke sarp pravalasarpoan (koral sneks) ki bhaanti ranjit tatha chihnit hote haian; isi prakar kuchh ahanikar bhriang (bital) dekhane mean bure (tataiya, vasp) ke sadrish hote haian aur kuchh shalabh madhumakkhi ke sadrish hote haian aur is prakar unake shatru unhean nahian pak date.

aruchikar aur vishaile jantuoan ke sharir par ke chihn tatha rangoan ki shaili aur unake chatak rang ka uddeshy chetavani dena hai. unake shatru kuchh anubhav ke pashchath‌ unapar akraman karana chho d dete haian. any jatiyoan ke sadasy jo aisi hanikar jatiyoan ke rang roop ki nakal karate haian, hanikar samajhakar chho d die jate haian. isase spasht hai ki anuharan aur rakshak sadrishy mean amool bhed hai. rakshakasadrishy kisi jantu ka kisi aisi prakritik vastu ya phal athava patte ke sadrish hona hai, jinamean unake shatruoan ka kisi prakar ka akarshan nahian hota. isaka sanbandh nigopan se hai. isake hona hai jo apane hanikar hone ki chetavani ahapane abhidrishy chihnoan dvara shatruoan ko deti haian. anuharan karane vale jantu chhipate nahian, pratyut ve chetavanisoochak rang roop dharan kar lete haian.

yadyapi anuharan anek shreni ke jantuoan mean paya jata hai, jaise matsy (pisiz); sarisrip (reptilia); pakshivarg (eviz); stanadhari (maimeliya) ityadi mean, to bhi isaka anusandhan adhikatar kitoan mean hi hua hai.

betrisiyan anuharan

pranivijn bets ko amezan nadi ke pradeshoan mean shakatitil vansh (pairini) ki kuchh aisi titaliyaan milian jo ithamiinivansh ki titaliyoan ke sadrish thian. vales ko poorvi pradeshoan ki kuchh titaliyoan ke sanbandh mean bhi aisa hi anubhav hua. paipiliyo paulitais titali ki madaean tin prakar ki hoti haian. kuchh to nar titali ke hi rangaroop ki hoti haian, kuchh paipilayo aristolokiaee ke sadrish hoti haian, aur kuchh paipaliyo haiktar ke sadrish hoti haian aur usi desh mean paee janevali anek prakar ki vibhinn titaliyoan se milati-julati haian. in ghatanaoan se yah jnat hota hai ki ve titaliyaan jo apane hiansakoan ke lie aruchikar bhojan nahian haian (jaise shak-titil-vansh ki titaliyaan, paipiliyo paulitais, paipiliyo daradainas, ityadi), un titaliyoan ka rangaroop dharan kar leti haian jo apane shatruoan ko khane mean aruchikar jnat hoti haian ( jaise ithomiini vansh ki titaliyaan, paipiliyo aristolakiaee, paipiliyo haiktar, ityadi).

pranivijnoan ka kahana hai ki aruchikar titaliyoan ke pankhoan ka chatak rang abhidrishy chihri tatha vishesh chitrakari unake pitraikoan (jinsan) par prakritik chunav ke prabhav ke karan vikasit huee hai. unake chihn aise haian ki unake shatru unako sahaj mean hi pahachan lete haian aur anubhav ke pashchath‌ in titaliyoan ko aruchikar janakar inhean marana band kar dete haian. jivan sangharsh mean in akritioan ka sadaiv hi vishesh mooly raha hai, kyoanki se is sangharsh mean raksha ke sadhan the. isi karan ye vikasit hue. ruchikar titaliyoan ke pankhoan par bhi aruchikar titaliyoan ke pankhoan ke sadrish chihnoan aur chitrakari ka vikas prakritik chunav ke prabhav ke karan hi hua, kyoanki rang roop ki anukriti jivan sangharsh mean unaki raksha ka sadhan ho sakati thi. saraansh yah ki anuharan ke vikas ka karan prakritik chunav hai.

titaliyoan ke kuchh anuvansh aise haian jinaka any vansh ki titaliyaan anuharan karati haian. ye haian rajataganuvansh (daimeaini) tatha aikriaini purani duniya mean aur ithomiini tatha helikonini nee duniya mean. nee duniya mean kuchh rajapatanganuvansh ki aur anek aikriaini anuvansh ki titaliyaan bhi aisi hi haian. philipain tapuoan ki titali haistiya lidakono shvet aur shyam rang ki hoti hai aur isake pankh kagaj ke saman hote haian. philipain ki ek doosari titali paililiyoan eediyaidiz isaka roop dharan karati hai. isi prakar titali oopliaz midaimas ka anuharan paipiliyo pairadoksas karati hai. aphrika mean rajapatanganuvansh ki titaliyaan kam hoti haian, tab bhi ve titaliyaan, jinaka any titaliyaan anuharan karati haian, isi anuvansh ki haian. ye aimoris prajati ki hoti haian. ye titaliyaan kali hoti haian aur kali prishthabhoomi par shvet aur pile chihn hote haian. daineas plaiksippas ka anuharan baisilarkiya arakippas karati haian. daineas plaiksippas aur usaka anuharan karane vale uttari amarika haian aur yahaan se hi ve aphrika aur amerika pahuanchi haian. in praji titaliyoan ka roop tatha akar poorvi daineaini anuvansh ki titaliyoan ka sa hota hai aur uttari amarika aur aphrika ki titaliyoan ki kuchh jatiyaan unaka anuharan karati haian.

yah dekha gaya hai ki nar ki apeksha mada adhik anuharan karati hai. jab nar aur mada donoan hi anuharan karate haian to mada nar ki apeksha anukrit ke adhik saman hoti hai (anukrit=vah jisaka anuharan kiya jae). is sanbandh mean yah smaran rakhane yogy bat hai ki mada titali mean nar ki apeksha parirvanashakyata adhik paee jati hai. spasht hai ki mada mean parivartanashakyata adhik hone ke karan, prakritik chunav ka kary adhik sugam ho jata hai aur parinam adhi santoshajanak hota hai, arthath‌ anukari adhik matra mean anukrit se saman hota hai.

muleriyan anuharan

uparilikhit udaharan betsiyan anuharan ke haian. yah nam isalie p da hai ki ise sarpapratham betsi ne jnat kiya tha. parantu is veshan ke pashchath‌ isi se sanbandhit ek aur vichitr ghatana ka jnan pranivijnoan ko hua. yah dekha gaya ki kuchh bhinn-bhinn, aruchikar tatha hanikar jatiyoan ki titaliyoan ke rang, roop, akar bhi ek saman haian. yah spasht hai ki jo jatiyaan svayan aruchikar aur hanikar haian unhean kisi doosari hanikar jati ki nakal karane ki koee avashyakata nahian hai. yah dekha gaya ki ithomiini aur helikonini anuvansh ki titaliyaan, jo donoan hi aruchikar kahate haian, kyoanki isaki santoshajanak vyakhya fits mular ne ki. mular ne bataya hai ki is prakar ke anuharan mean jitani jatiyoan ki titaliyaan bhag leti haian un sabako jivanasaghanrsh mean labh hota hai. yah spasht hai ki titaliyoan ke shutroan dvara is bat ka anubhav prapt karane mean ki amuk roop rang ki titaliyaan hanikar haian, bahut si titaliyoan ki jan jati haian. jab kee ek aruchikar jati ki titaliyaan ek saman rang ya roop dharan kar leti haian to shatruoan ki shiksha ke lie anivary jivanash kee jatiyoan mean bant jata hai aur kisi ek jati ke lie jivanahani ki matra kam hoti hai.

vales ke anusar pratyek anuharan mean paanch batean honi chahie. yah nimnalikhit haian-

1. anukaran karane vali jati usi kshetr mean aur usi sthan par paee jae jahaan anukrit jati paee jati hai.
   
2. anukaran karane vale anukrit se adhik asurakshit hoan.
   
3. anukaran karane vale anukrit se sankhya mean kam hoan.
   
4. anukaran karane vale apane nikat sanbandhiyoan se bhinn hoan.
   
5. anukaran sadaiv bahy ho. yah kabhi aantarik sanrachanaoan tak n pahuanche.
   

pahali bat ki adhikaansh sthitiyoan mean poorti ho jati haian, panratu sadaiv nahian. airaginnis haipabianyas namak titali danais plaiksippas ka roop gharan karati hai. donoan hi lanka mean milati haian, kiantu bhinn-bhinn sthanoan par. yah kaha jata hai ki isaka karan yah hai ki inake shatru prvraaji pakshi haian, jo ek sthan doosare sthan ko jate rahate haian aur ek jagah prapt anubhav ka prayog doosari jagah kar sakate haian. isi prakar haipolimnas misippas namak titali aphrika, bharat or malaya mean milati hai. isake nar ka anuharan athaima paikateta aur limenaitis ailbomaikulata karati haian, kiantu ye donoan jatiyaan chin mean paee jati haian. isaki vyakhya bhi isi bat par ashrit hai ki inake shatru prvraaji pakshi haian. doosare niyam ki bhi lagabhag sabhi sthitiyoan mean poorti hoti hai.

tisare niyam ki poorti kuchh sthitiyoan mean hi hoti hai, sadaiv nahian. paipiliyoan paulitais apane anukrit ki donoan jatiyoan ki apeksha sankhya mean adhik hoti haian. isi prakar arakonias terias namak titali aur sthiti ki vyakhya is adhar par ki jati hai ki ye ghatanaean betsiyan anuharan ki nahian, muleriyan anuharan ki haian.

anuharan karane vali titaliyoan par janan sanbandhi kuchh prayog bhi kie ge haian. paipiliyo paulitais ka anukari roop ek jo da pitraik (jin) ke karan vikasit hota hai, jo sadharan pitraianko ko daba deta hai. yah nar mean bhi vartaman rahata hai, kiantu isaka prabhav nar mean vidyaman ek any damanakari pitraik ke karan anuharan nahian hai. unake matanusar aisa sadrishy ek sthan ke rahanevale vanshoan mean paryavaran ya laiangik chunav ke prabhav se ,athava manasik anubhav ke pratichar (resapauans) ke karan utpann ho jata hai. par in adharoan par aantarvashiy sadrishy ki sab ghatanaoan ki vyakhya nahian ki ja sakati.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

sanbandhit lekh

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