आपदा प्रबंधन
apada prabandhan (aangrezi: Disaster Management) akasmik vipadaoan se nipatane ke lie sansadhanoan ka yojanabaddh upayog aur in vipadaoan se hone vali hani ko nyoonatam rakhane ki kuanji hai. apada prabandhan vikasit deshoan ki mahatvapoorn prathamikata hai aur use poore vaijnanik tarike se unnat kiya ja raha hai. kisi rashtr ko keval usaki arthik samriddhi ya samarik shakti ke adhar par vikasit ya vikasashil nahian mana ja sakata. vikasit ya vikasashil rashtr hone ke lie zaroori hai adharabhoot sevaoan jaise svasthy, parivahan, sanchar, shiksha adi ka bhi vishvastariy hona. ye manak haian vikas ke aur inhian manakoan mean se ek hai 'apada prabandhan'.
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apadaoan ke prakar
apadaean mukhy roop se do prakar ki hoti haian - prakritik tatha manav dvara utpann. prakritik apadaean jaise- bhookanp, bhooskhalan, sookha, badh, sunami evan chakravat adi prakriti ke karan ghatit hoti haian, jabaki manaviy apadaean manushy ke karyoan jaise s dak, rel, havaee tatha audyogik durghatanaoan ke karan ati haian, bhookanp prithvi ke atanrik dabav evan unake samayojan ke karan ate haian, bharat ko, bhookanp ki sanbhavanaoan ke adhar par paanch bhookanpiy jonoan mean baanta gaya hai. bhookanp ki drishti se atyadhik sanvedanashil kshetr samanyatah himalayi, up-himalayi kshetroan, kachchh tatha andaman evan nikobar dvipasamooh mean sthit haian. bhayankar bhookanpoan jaise uttarakashi (1991), latoor (1993) tatha jabalapur (1997) ke atirikt sadharan tatha halke bhookanp bhi b di sankhya mean desh ke vibhinn bhagoan mean ae haian. gurutv, gharshan, bhookanp, barasat tatha manav nirmit krityoan se chattanoan ke khisakane ke karan bhooskhalan hota hai. sookha, barish ke kam matra mean hone ke karan p data hai. sookha mukhy roop se tin prakar ka hota hai - mausam vijnan se sanbandhit, jalavijnan se sanbandhit tatha krishi se sanbandhit. desh mean 16 pratishat kshetraphal sookha pravritt hai. bisavian shatabdi mean varsh 1941, 1951, 1979, 1982 tatha 1987 mean bhayankar sookha p da tha. desh ka uttar-pashchimi bhag atyadhik sookha-pravritt kshetr hai. kam samay mean adhik barish hone vishesh roop se chikani mitti, kam dabav ke kshetr tatha nikas-bahav ke kam hone ke karan badh ati hai. bharat doosara atyadhik badh prabhavit desh hai, jahaan varsha rritu mean yah am bat hai. prayah pratyek varsh bhayanak badh ati hai jisake karan jan ki kshati, sampatti ki kshati, svasthy samasya tatha manushyoan ki mrityu adi jaisi ghatanaean ghatit hoti haian. rashtriy badh ayog riport (1980) mean desh mean 40 miliyan haikteyar kshetraphal ko badh pravritt kshetr nirdharit kiya gaya hai. desh mean ganga, brahmaputr, narmada, tapti, godavari, krishnaa tatha kaveri nadi ghati atyadhik badh pravritt kshetr haian. mahasagaroan mean bhookanp ane ke karan samudri toophan (sunami) ate haian. chakravat samudroan mean tapaman tatha dabav mean bhinnata hone ke karan ate haian. bangal ki kha di tatha arab sagar mean prativarsh ausatan 5 se 6 ushn katibandhi chakravat ate haian. bangal ki kha di mean poorvi tat ke samanaantar pashchim bangal, odisha, aandhr pradesh, tamil nadu tatha arab sagar rajyoan mean pashchimi tat ke samanaantar gujarat evan maharashtr chakravat tatha sunami ki atyadhik sanbhavana vale kshetr haian. jangal ki ag ya davanal barasati jangaloan ya lambe patti vale pe doan ke jangal mean lagati hai. garm tatha shushk kshetroan mean shankuvriksh (konipheras) tatha sadabahar bade़ patte vale vrikshoan ke jangaloan mean prayah jangal ki ag lagati hai. jangal ki ag paryavaran, krishi bhoomi, pashuoan tatha ki doan ke lie khataranak hoti hai. manaviy apadaean manushy ki galatiyoan jaise s dak, rel, havaee evan audyogik durghatanaoan ke karan ati haian.[1]
apada ki rokatham
apada prabandhan ko mukhyat: char charanoan mean baanta jata hai. pratham charan hota hai apada ki rokatham. is silasile mean prayas hota hai ki pratyashit apada ki poorv soochana se kshetr ko jald se jald sachet kiya jay jisase jan hani ko kam se kam kiya ja sake. doosara charan hota hai apadaoan se nipatane ki taiyari. is charan mean durghatana ghatate hi tvarit soochana sabhi sanbandhit vibhagoan tak pahuanchaee jati hai, apatakalik sthiti mean pratikriya ka samay kam se kam ho isalie apada se nipatane ke sadhanoan ka paryapt bhandaran kiya jata hai. tisara charan hota hai prabhavit kshetr mean rahat samagri pahuanchana, jaise bhojan pani, davaiyaan, kap de, kambal ityadi. aantim charan hota hai prabhavit kshetr ka punarnirman aur visthapitoan ka punarvas.
japan ki apada prabandhan pranali
apada prabandhan ki disha mean japan ne sarvadhik kary kiya hai. pratyek varsh 1 sitambar ko apada rokatham divas manaya jata hai tatha 30 agast se 5 sitambar tak poore desh mean apada prabandhan saptah manaya jata hai jisame apada prabandhan mela, sangoshthi, postar pratiyogita adi ayojit kie jate haian taki am janata mean apadaoan se nipatane ke lie chetana aur jnan ka prasar kiya ja sake. kee japani skooloan mean pahale din hi bhookanp ki sthiti mean bachchoan se bhavan khali karane ki dril karaee jati hai. japan ke pradhanamantri svayan apada rokatham dril mean shamil hote haian. japan ki bhookanp aur sunami ki chetavani dene vali pranali atyadhunik hai. sunami ki gati, sthiti, ooanchaee adi janakari kuchh hi kshanoan mean rahavasiyoan ko upalabdh kara di jati hai taki soonami tat par pahuanchane se pahale hi sare rahavasi surakshit sthanoan par pahuanch sakean. japan ke kee tatoan par sunami rodhi bhavan banae ge haian taki log apat sthiti mean un bhavanoan mean sharan le sakean. bhookanp rodhi bhavan banane ka vijnan bhi japan mean sabase jyada vikasit hai. japan ki apada prabandhan pranali bahut hi suparibhashit hai. is pranali mean rashtriy aur kshetriy sarakaroan ki bhoomikaean aur jimmedariyaan poori barikiyoan ke sath varnit haian. apada ke vakt sarakari hoan ya niji sare sangathan sath jut jate haian aur ise netritv milata hai svayan pradhanamantri karyalay se kyoanki apada prabandhan ka mukhiya pradhanamantri hota hai. b de samanvay aur talamel ke sath apada se nipata jata hai. har apada ke bad nitiyoan ki phir se samiksha kar sanshodhit kiya jata hai aur unaki khamiyoan ko door kiya jata hai.[2]
apada prabandhan mean shiksha evan rojagar
bharat vishv ka satavaan sabase b da desh hai aur yahaan prakritik tatha manaviy apadaoan ki atyadhik sanbhavana hai. bharat ka bhoo-bhag 135.79 miliyan varg kilomitar hai jo vishv ka 2.4% hai. jabaki isaki janasankhya vishv janasankhya ki 16.7% hai. hamare desh ki bhoo-vaijnanik tatha bhaugolik sanrachana aisi hai jo ise apadaoan ki drishti se atyadhik sanvedanashil banati hai. desh ke uttar tatha poorvottar bhag mean ek parvat shrriankhala-himalay atyadhik bhookanp, bhooskhalan tatha himaskhalan janit kshetr hai. uttari bharat ke bhoo-bhag mean badh tatha sookhe ka khatara hota hai. hamara uttar-pashchimi bhag sookhe tatha banjarata ki sanbhavana vala kshetr hai, jabaki hamare tatiy kshetroan mean sunami tatha chakravat ke khatare hote haian. doosare shabdoan mean hamara desh sabhi prakar ki apadaoan arthath bhookanp, sookhe, badh, chakravat, sunami, bhooskhalan, himaskhalan, banjarata, jangal ki ag tatha audyogik vahan (s dak, rel, vayu) durghatanaoan ki sanbhavanaoan vala kshetr hai. vishv mean 90% apadaean vikasashil deshoan mean ghatati haian. bharat mean, 70% kshetr sookha pravritt, 12% badh pravritt, 60% bhookanp pravritt tatha 8% chakravat pravritt haian. pratishatata ke ye aank de darshate haian ki hamean aisi prashikshit janashakti ki avashyakata hai jo apada ke samay sahayata kar sake aur apada niyantran ki skimoan ke niyojan, nigarani tatha prabandhan mean madad kar sake. aj ke parivartanashil praudyogiki paridrishy ke sandarbh mean, hamean udyog tatha sarakari evan niji sangathanoan ke lie prashikshit janashakti ki tatkal avashyakata hai.
apada prabandhan karmikoan ki bhoomika
prashikshit janashakti, apada se pahale, apada ke dauran tatha apada ke bad ki sthitiyoan se nipatane ke lie avashyak hoti hai. prashikshit janashakti apada prabhavit vyaktiyoan ke shighr punarvas mean sahayata karati hai, unaki manovaijnanik sthitiyoan ko samajhati hai aur apada ke bad un sthitiyoan ko door karane tatha unhean basane mean sahayata karati hai. niyojan tatha niti-nirman mean, behatar sujhav dene ke lie prashikshit evan anubhavi janashakti ki atyadhik avashyakata hoti hai. desh mean grih mantralay nodal ejeansi hai jo apadaoan par nigarani tatha prabandhan kary karati hai. krishi, rasayan, nagarik uddayan, relave, s dak parivahan, paryavaran evan van, svasthy tatha paramanu oorja jaise any mantralay/vibhag apane sanbandhit kshetroan/karyoan ke lie jimmedar haian.
apada prabandhan mean shiksha
apadaoan ke nyoonikaran, nigarani tatha prabandhan ke lie prashikshit janashakti hona pratham avashyakata hai. anek vishvavidyalay tatha sansthan apada prabandhan mean pramanapatr, snatakottar diploma, mastar tatha anusandhan digri karyakram chalate haian. pramanapatr tatha snatak pathyakram ke lie 10+2 (iantaramidiet) mool avashyakata hai aur snatakottar diploma tatha mastar digri ke lie 55% aankoan ke sath snatak digri (bi.e./bies.si./bi.k aaum.) hona zaroori hai. piech.di. digri ke lie 55% aankoan ki mastar digri hona avashyak hai. tathapi, pravesh-yogyata pratyek vishvavidyalay mean alag-alag hai. apada prabandhan pathyakram sabhi vishayoan ke chhatroan ke lie upayukt haian, kiantu samajiki, samajik kary, arthashastr, lok prashasan, manovijnan, bhoogol, bhoovijnan, mausam vijnan tatha krishi ke chhatroan ke lie atyant upayogi hai. in vishayoan ke vyakti apane vishesh vishay ke mool jnan ka upayog apada prabandhan mean kar sakate haian.
pramukh vishvavidyalay evan sansthan
| kramaank | vishvavidyalay / sansthan | pathyakram |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | iandira gaandhi rashtriy khula vishvavidyalay, nee dilli |
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| 2. | sikkim manipal svasthy, chikitsa tatha praudyogiki vijnan vishvavidyalay, gangatok | apada nyoonikaran mean emes.si. (doorasth shiksha) |
| 3. | bharatiy paristhitiki evan paryavaran sansthan, nee dilli. | apada nyoonikaran mean emes.si. (doorasth shiksha) |
| 4. | annamalee vishvavidyalay, annamalee nagar, tamil nadu | apada prabandhan mean em.e. (doorasth shiksha) |
| 5. | panjab vishvavidyalay, chandigadh | apada prabandhan mean em.e. |
| 6. | vardhavan mahavir khula vishvavidyalay, kota | apada prabandhan mean pramanapatr, apada prabandhan mean snatakottar diploma |
| 7. | guroo goviand sianh indraprasth vishvavidyalay, dilli |
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| 8. | rashtriy apada prabandhan sansthan (en.aee.di.em.), indraprasth estet, riang rod, nee dilli | kaimpas mean tatha aaunalain alp-kalin visheshajnatapoorn prashikshan karyakram |
| 9. | madras vishvavidyalay, chennee |
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| 10. | global opan yoonivarsiti, kohima, nagalaiand |
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| 11. | bharatiy praudyogiki sansthan, roo daki |
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| 12. | tripura vishvavidyalay, sooryamaninagar, tripura |
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| 13. | bharatiy rimot sesiang sansthan, deharadoon |
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| 14. | uttar bangal vishvavidyalay, darjiliang, pashchim bangal | |
| 15. | sivil raksha k aaulej kendr, nagapur | agni-shaman ianjiniyari evan suraksha mean digri/pi.ji. diploma. |
| 16. | paryavaran parirakshan prashikshan evan anusandhan sansthan, haidarabad | |
| 17. | apada nyoonikaran sansthan, ahamadabad | anusandhan evan prashikshan karyakram |
| 18. | apada prabandhan kendr, pune | anusandhan evan prashikshan karyakram |
| 17. | emiti apada prabandhan sansthan, noeda | apada prabandhan mean em.esasi. tatha piech.di. |
| 19. | nalanda mukt vishvavidyalay, patana | |
| 20. | rajarshi tandan mukt vishvavidyalay, ilahabad | |
| 21. | bharatiy praudyogiki sansthan, kanapur |
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| 22. | tata samajik vijnan sansthan, muanbee |
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| 23. | apada prabandhan sansthan, paryavaran parisar, arera k aauloni, bhopal | apada prabandhan mean prashikshan tatha anusandhan |
| 24. | rashtriy gramin vikas sansthan, rajendr nagar, haidarabad |
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 apada prabandhan mean shiksha evan rojagar (hindi) iandiya vatar portal. abhigaman tithi: 27 aprॅl, 2015.
- ↑ kab sikheange ham apada prabandhan ki takanik (hindi) veb duniya. abhigaman tithi: 26 aprॅl, 2015.
sanbandhit lekh