कालिदास

भारत डिस्कवरी प्रस्तुति
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kalidas / Kalidas

mahakavi kalidas kab hue aur kitane hue is par vivad hota raha hai. vidvanoan ke anek mat haian. 150 varsh ee poo se 450 eesavi tak kalidas hue hoange aisa mana jata hai. naye anusandhan se jnat hua hai ki inaka kal gupt kal raha hoga. ramayan aur mahabharat jaise arsh aur vikasanashil mahakavyoan ki rachana ke pashchat sanskrit sahity ke akash mean anek kavi-nakshatroan ne apani prabha prakat ki, par nakshatr-tara-grahasankula hote hue bhi kalidas-chandr ke dvara hi bharatiy sahity ki parampara sachamuch jyotishmayi kahi ja sakati hai. madhury aur prasad ka param paripak, bhav ki gambhirata tatha rasanirjharini ka amand pravah, pradoan ki snigdhata aur vaidik kavyaparampara ki mahaniyata ke sath-sath arsh kavy ki jivanadrishti au gaurav-in sabaka lalit sannivesh kalidas ki kavita mean hua hai. kalidas vishvavandy kavi haian. unaki kavita ke svar deshakal ki paridhi ko laangh kar sarvabhaum ban kar gooanjate rahe haian. isake sath hi ve is de ki dharati se gahare anurag ko poori sanvedana ke sath vyakt karane vale kaviyoan mean bhi anany haian. kalidas ke samay tak bharatiy chintan paripakv aur vikasit ho chuka tha, shaddarshan tatha avaidik darshanoan ke mat-matantar aur siddhant parinat roop mean samane a chuke the. doosari or akhyan-upakhyan aur pauranik vanamay ka jan-jan mean prachar tha. vaidik dharm aur darshan ki pun: sthapana ka bhi abhootapoorv samudyam unake samay mean ya usake kuchh pahale ho chuka tha. jyotish, ganit, ayurved adi vibhinn vidyaoan ka bhi achchha vikas kalidas ke kal tak ho chuka tha. kalidas ki kavichetana ne chintan tatha jnan-vijnan ki is sari parampara, vikas ko atmasat kiya, apane samakalin samaj aur jivan ko bhi dekha-parakha aur in sabako unhoanne apani kalajayi pratibha ke dvara aise roop mean abhivyakt kiya, jo apane advitiy saundary aur hridayavarjakata ke karan yug-yug tak akarshak hi nahian bana raha, usamean arthoan aur vyakhyaoan ki bhi sambhavanaean kabhi chukane ko nahian atian.

kalidas dvara shoorasen janapad ka varnan

mahakavi kalidas chandragupt vikramadity ke samakalin mane jate haian. raghuvansh mean kalidas ne shoorasen janapad, mathura, vrindavan, govardhan tatha yamuna ka ullekh kiya hai iandumati ke svayanvar mean vibhinn pradeshoan se aye hue rajaoan ke sath unhoanne shoorasen rajy ke adhipati sushen ka bhi varnan kiya hai <balloon title="raghuvansh,sarg 6,45-51" style="color:blue">*</balloon>. magadh, aansu, avanti, anoop, kaliang aur ayodhya ke b de rajaoan ke bich shoorasen-naresh ki ganana ki gee hai. kalidas ne jin visheshanoan ka prayog sushen ke lie kiya hai unhean dekhane se jnat hota hai ki vah ek pratapi shasak tha, jisaki kirti svarg ke devata bhi gate the aur jisane apane shuddh acharan se mata-pita donoan ke vanshoan ko prakashit kar diya tha. <balloon title="sa shoorasenadhipatian sushenamuddishy lokantaragitakirtimh." style="color:blue">*</balloon> isake age sushen ki vidhivat yajn karane vala, shaant prakriti ka shasak bataya gaya hai, jisake tej se shatru log ghabarate the. yahaan mathura aur yamuna ki charcha karate hue kalidas ne likha hai ki jab raja sushen apani preyasiyoan ke sath mathura mean yamuna-vihar karate the tab yamuna-jal ka krishnavarn gangaki ujjaval laharoan-sa pratit hota tha <balloon title="yasyavarodhastanachandananaan prakshalanadvari-viharakale" style="color:blue">*</balloon>. yahaan mathura ka ullekh karate samay sanbhavat: kalidas ko samay ka dhyan nahian raha. iandumati (jisaka vivah ayodhya-naresh aj ke sath hua) ke samay mean mathura nagari nahian thi. vah to aj ki kee pidhi bad shatrughn ke dvara basaee gee . tikakar mallinath ke ukt shlok ki tika karate samay thik hi is sanbandh mean apatti ki hai <balloon title="kalinditire mathura lavanasuravadhakale shatrughnen nirmmasyat iti vakshyati tatkathamadhuna mathurasambhav, iti chintyamh ." style="color:blue">*</balloon>. kalidas ne anyatr shatrughn ke dvara yamuna-tat par bhavy mathura nagari ke nirman ka kathan kiya hai .[1] shatrughn ke putroan shoorasen aur subahu ka kramash: mathura tatha vidisha ke adhikari hone ka bhi varnan raghuvansh mean milata hai.[2]

vrindavan aur govardhan ka varnan

kalidas dvara ullikhit shoorasen ke adhipati sushen ka nam kalpanik pratit hota hai. pauranik soochiyoan ya shilalekhoan adi mean mathura ke kisi sushen raja ka nam nahian milata. kalidas ne unhean 'nip-vansh' ka kaha hai <balloon title="raghuvansh, 6,46" style="color:blue">*</balloon>. parantu yah bat thik nahian janchati. nip dakshin panchal ke ek raja ka nam tha, jo mathura ke yadav-raja bhim satvat ke samakalin the. unake vanshaj nipavanshi kahalaye. kalidas ne vrindavan aur govardhan ka bhi varnan kiya hai. vrindavan ke varnan se jnat hota hai ki kalidas ke samay mean is van ka sauandary bahut prasiddh tha aur yahaan anek prakar ke phool vale lata-vriksh vidyaman the.

  • kalidas ne vrindavan ki upama kuber ke chaitrarath nam udyan se di hai. [3]
  • govardhan ki shobha ka varnan karate hue mahakavi kahate hai-'he iandumati, tum govardhan parvat ke un shilataloan par baitha karana jo varsha ke jal se dhoye jate hai. tatha jinasean shilajit jaisi sugandhi nikalati rahati hai. vahaan tum govardhan ki ramanik kandaraoan mean varsha rritu mean mayooroan ka nrity dekha karana.[4] kalidas ke upayurkt varnanoan se tatkalin shoorasen janapad ki mahatvapoorn sthiti ka anuman lagaya ja sakata hai. aryavart ke prasiddh rajavanshoan ke sath unhoanne shoorasen ke adhipati ka ullekh kiya hai. 'sushen' nam kalpanik hote hue bhi kaha ja sakata hai ki shoorasen-vansh ki gauravapoorn paranpara ee0 paanchavi shati tak akshunn thi. vrindavan, govardhan tatha yamuna sanbandhi varnanoan se braj ki tatkalin sushama bhi ka anuman lagaya ja sakata hai. kalidas ke natak `malavikagnimitr' se jnat hota hai ki siandhu nadi ke tat par agnimitr ke l dake vasumitr ki muthabhe d yavanoan se huee aur bhishan sangram ke bad yavanoan ki parajay huee. yavanoan ke is akraman ka neta sambhavat: mineandar tha. is raja ka nam prachin bauddh sahity mean 'miliand' milata hai.

mahan kavi aur natakakar

kalidas sanskrit bhasha ke sabase mahan kavi aur natakakar the . kalidas nam ka shabdik arth hai, 'kali ka sevak'. kalidas shiv ke bhakt the . unhoanne bharat ki pauranik kathaoan aur darshan ko adhar banakar rachanaean ki . kalidas apani alankar yukt suandar saral aur madhur bhasha ke liye vishesh roop se jane jate haian . unake rritu varnan advitiy haian aur unaki upamaean bemisal . sangit unake sahity ka pramukh aang hai aur ras ka srijan karane mean unaki koee upama nahian . unhoanne apane shrriangar ras pradhan sahity mean bhi sahityik saundary ke sath sath adarshavadi paranpara aur naitik moolyoan ka samuchit dhyan rakha hai . unaka nam amar hai aur unaka sthan valmiki aur vyas ki parampara mean hai . kalidas shaklo-soorat se suandar the aur vikramadity ke darabar ke navaratnoan mean ek the . lekin kaha jata hai ki praranbhik jivan mean kalidas anapadh aur moorkh the . kalidas ki shadi vidyottama nam ki rajakumari se huee .

  • sanskrit sahity aur bharatiy pratibha ke ujjval nakshatr . kalidas ke jivanavritt ke vishay mean anek mat prachalit haian. kuchh log unhean bangali manate haian. kuchh ka kahana hai, ve kashmiri the. kuchh unhean uttar pradesh ka bhi batate haian. parantu bahusankhyak vidvanoan ki dharana hai ki ve malava ke nivasi aur ujjayini ke samrat vikramadity ke nav-ratnoan mean se ek the.
  • vikramadity ka samay eesa se 57 varsh pahale mana jata hai. jo vikrami sanvat ka aranbh bhi hai. is varsh vikramadity ne bharat par akraman karanevale shakoan ko parajit kiya tha.
  • kalidas ke sanbandh mean yah kianvadanti bhi prachalit hai ki ve pahale nipat moorkh the. kuchh dhoort panditoan ne shadyantr karake unaka vivah vidyottama nam ki param vidushi se kara diya. pata lagane par vidyottama ne kalidas ko ghar se nikal diya. is par dukhi kalidas ne bhagavati ki aradhana ki aur samast vidyaoan ka jnan arjit kar liya.

rachanayean

kalidas rachit granthoan ki talika bahut lanbi hai. par vidvanoan ka mat hai ki is nam ke aur bhi kavi hue haian jinaki ye rachanaean ho sakati haian. vikramadity ke navaratn kalidas ki sat rachanaean prasiddh hai.

  • inamean se char kavy-granth haian- raghuvansh, kumarasanbhav, meghadoot aur rritusanhar.
  • tin natak haian-abhijnan shakuantalamh, malavikagnimitr aur vikramorvashiy. is rachanaoan ke karan kalidas ki ganana vishv ke sarvashreshth kaviyoan aur natakakaroan mean hoti hai. unaki rachanaoan ka sahity ke sath-sath aitihasik mahatv bhi hai. sanskrit sahity ke 6 kavy granthoan ki ganana sarvopari ki jati hai.
  • inamean akele kalidas ke tin granth-raghuvansh, kumarasanbhav aur meghadoot hai. ye 'laghutrayi' ke nam se bhi jane jate haian.
  • shesh tin mean bharavi (kiratarjuniy), magh (shishupal vadh) aur shriharsh (naishadhiyacharit) ki rachanaean ati haian.
  • isake atirikt anek any kavyoan ke sath bhi kalidas ka nam jo da jata raha hai- jaise shrringaratilak, shyamaladandak adi. ye kavy ya to kalidas namadhari paravarti kaviyoan ne likhe athava paravarti kaviyoan ne apana kavy prasiddh karane ki ichchha se usake sath kalidas ka nam jo d diya.

apane kumarasambhav mahakavy mean parvati ke roop ka varnan karate hue mahakavi kalidas ne likha hai ki sansar mean jitane bhi sundar upaman ho sakate haian unaka samuchchay ikattha karake, phir use yathasthan sanyojit karake vidhata ne b de jatan se us parvati ko gadha tha, kyoanki ve srishti ka sara saundary ek sthan par dekhana chahate the.<balloon title="sarvopamadravyasamuchchayen yatha pradeshan viniveshiten. sa nirmita vishvasrija prayatnadekasthasaundaryadidrikshayev॥ - kumarasambhav, 1॰49" style=color:blue>*</balloon> vastav mean parvati ke sambandh mean kavi ki yah ukti svayan usaki apani kavita par bhi utani hi khari utarati hai. 'ekasthasaundaryadidriksha' usaki kavita ka mool prerak sootr hai, jo sisriksha ko sphoort karata hai. is sisriksha ke dvara kavi ne apani advait chaitany roop pratima ko vibhinn ramaniy moortiyoan mean baant diya hai. jagath ki srishti ke sambandh mean is sisriksha ko antarnihit mool tattv batakar mahakavi ne apani kavyasrishti ki bhi saanketik vyakhya ki hai.<balloon title="stripuansavatmabhagau te bhinnmoorte: sisrikshaya - kumarasambhav 2|7" style=color:blue>*</balloon>

kalidas ki pramukh rachanaean

natak-

  1. abhijnan shakuntalamh,
  2. vikramovashiryamh aur
  3. malavikagnimitramh.

mahakavy-

  1. raghuvanshamh aur
  2. kumarasanbhavamh

khandakavy-

  1. meghadootamh aur
  2. rritusanhar

tika-tippani

  1. ↑ "upakoolan s kalindyaah puri paurushabhooshanah .
    nirmame nirmamosSrtheshu mathuraan madhurakritiah ..
    ya saurajyaprakashabhirvabhau pauravibhootibhiah .
    svargabhishyandavamanan kritvevopaniveshita .." (raghu. 15,28-29)
  2. ↑ "shatrughatini shatrughn subahau ch bahushrute .
    mathuravidishe soonvornidadhe poorvajotsukah .."
    (raghu. 15,36)
  3. ↑ "sanbhavy bhartaramamuan yuvanan mridupravalottar pushpashayye .
    vrindavane chaitrarathadanoone nirvishyataan sundari yauvanashriah .."
    (raghu. 6,50)
  4. ↑ 'adhyasy chambhah prishatokshitani shaileyagandhini shilatalani .
    kalapinaan pravrishi pshy nrityan kantasu govardhanakandarasu .."
    (raghu., 6,51)

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