अरहर

thumb|250px|arahar ki dal arahar bharat mean ugayi jane vali lagabhag sabhi daloan mean apana vishisht sthan rakhati hai. isaka utpadan desh ke sabhi bhagoan mean hota hai, kintu isaka upabhog gujarat, uttar pradesh, madhy pradesh, bihar, karnatak, andhr pradesh, maharashtr aur dakshin bharat mean sabase adhik hota hai. arahar ki dal ko 'tooar' bhi kaha jata hai. yah jvar, bajara, ragi adi any anajoan ke sath boyi jati hai. yah mee se julaee tak boee jati hai tatha isaki fasal 6 se 8 mahine mean pak kar taiyar ho jati hai, arthath disambar se march tak. 2007-08 ke dauran kul 310 lakh tan arahar ka utpadan hua.

bhoomi ka chunav evan taiyari

arahar ko vividh prakar ki bhoomi mean lagaya ja sakata hai, par halh‍ki retili domat ya madhh‍yam bhoomi, jisamean prachur matra mean sh‍phur tatha pi.ech.man 7-8 ke bich ho tatha samuchit jal nikasi vali ho, is fasal ke liye upayukh‍t hai. gahari bhoomi v paryaph‍t varsha vale kshetr mean madhh‍yam avadhi ki ya der se pakane vali jatiyaan boni chahie. halh‍ki retili kam gahari dhalan vali bhoomi mean v kam varsha vale kshetr mean jalh‍di pakane vali jatiyaan bona chahie. deshi hal ya trekh‍tar se do-tin bar khet ki gahari jutaee karana avashyak hai tatha pata chalakar khet ko samatal karana bhi mahattvapoorn hai. bhoomi se jal nikasi ki samuchit vh‍yavash‍tha honi chahie.

boni ka samay evan bij ki matra

arahar ki boni varsha praranbh hone ke sath hi kar dena chahie. samanh‍yat: joon ke aantim saph‍tah se lekar julaee ke pratham saph‍tah tak boni karani chahie. jalh‍di pakane vali jatiyoan mean 25-30 kilogram bij prati hekh‍teyar evan madhh‍yam pakane vali jatiyoan mean 15-20 kilogram bij prati hekh‍teyar bona chahie. kataroan ke bich ki doori shighr pakane vali jatiyoan ke lie 30 se 45 se.mi v madhh‍yam tatha der se pakane vali jatiyoan ke lie 60 se 75 sean.mi. honi chahie. kam avadhi ki jatiyoan ke lie paudh aantaral 10-15 se.mi. evan madhh‍yam tatha der se pakane vali jatiyoan ke lie 20 se 25 se.mi. hona chahie.

urvarak ka prayog

buvaee ke samay 20 ki.gra. natrajan, 50 ki.gra. sh‍phur, 20 ki.gra. potash v 20 ki.gra. gandhak prati hekh‍teyar kataroan mean bij ke niche diya jana chahie. tin varsh mean ek bar 25 ki.gra. jiank salh‍phet ka upayog akhari bakharini poorv bhurakav karane se paidavar mean achh‍chhi badhottari hoti hai.

sianchaee

jahaan sianchaee ki suvidha upalabh‍dh ho, vahaan ek sianchaee phool ane par v doosari phaliyaan banane ki avash‍tha par karane se paidavar achh‍chhi hoti hai.

kharapatavar prabandhan

kharapatavar niyantran ke lie 20-25 din mean pahali niraee tatha phool ane se poorv doosari niraee honi chahie. 2-3 bar khet mean kolh‍pa chalane se nidaoan par achh‍chha niyantran rahata hai, v mitti mean vayu sanchar bana rahata hai. penh‍dimethilin 1.25 ki.gra. sakriy tattv hai. boni ke bad prayog karane se nianda niyantran hota hai. niandanashak prayog ke bad ek niandaee lagabhag 30 se 40 din ki avash‍tha par karana chahie.

rog

thumb|250px|arahar ki dal arahar ki fasal ko hani pahuanchane vale rog nimnalikhit haian-

1- ukata rog

arahar mean is rog ka prakop adhik hota hai. yah 'fyoojeriyam' namak kavak se phailata hai. rog ke lakshan sadharanataya fasal mean phool lagane ki avash‍tha par dikhaee dete haian. navambar se janavari mahinean ke bich mean yah rog dekha ja sakata hai. paudha pila hokar sookh jata hai. isasean jadean s dakar gaharean rang ki ho jati haian tatha chhal hatane par j d se lekar tane ki ooanchaee tak kale rang ki dhariy aau paee jati haian. is bimari se bachane ke lie rogapratirodhi jatiy aau ko boya jana chahie. unh‍nat jatiyoan ka bij bijopachar karake hi bona chahie. garmi mean khet ki gahari jutaee v arahar ke sath jvar ki aantaravartiy fasal lene se is rog ka sankraman kam hota hai.

2- baanjhapan vishanu rog

yah rog vishanu se phailata hai. isake prakop se paudhe ki upari shakhaoan mean pattiy aau chhoti, halh‍ke rang ki tatha adhik lagati haian aur phool-phali nahian lagati haian. grasit paudhoan mean pattiy aau adhik lagati haian. yah rog 'mait mak di' ke dvara phailata hai. isaki rokatham hetu rog rodhian kish‍moan ko lagana chahie. khet mean ug aye bemausam arahar ke paudhoan ko ukha dakar nashh‍t kar dena chahie. mak di ka niyantran karana chahie.

3- fayatopathora jhulasa rog

is rom mean grasit paudha pila hokar sookh jata hai. isaki rokatham hetu 3 gram metelakh‍sil phaphooand nashak dava prati kilogram bij ke hisab se upacharit karani chahie. buaee pal par karana chahie aur mooang ki fasal sath mean lagana chahit.

hanikarak kit

arahar ki fasal ko kee prakar ke kit bhi hani pahuanchate haian-

1- phali makh‍khi

yah makkhi phali par chhota-sa gol chhed banati hai. ilh‍li apana jivanakal phali ke bhitar danoan ko khakar poora karati hai evan khad mean praudh banakar bahar ati hai. danoan ka samanh‍y vikas rook jata hai. mada chhote v kale rang ki hoti hai, jo vriddhirat phaliyoan mean aande ropan karati hai. aando se megat bahar ate haian or dane ko khane lagate haian. phali ke aandar hi megat shankhi mean badal jati hai, jisake karan danoan par tirachhi surang ban jati hai or danoan ka akar chhota rah jata hai. yah makkhi tin saph‍tah mean ek jivan chakr poorn karati hai. thumb|250px|left|arahar ka phool

2- phali chhedak ilh‍li

chhoti illiy aau phaliyoan ke hare ootakoan ko khati haian v b de hone par kaliyoan, phooloan, phaliyoan v bijoan par nukasan karati hai. illiy aau phaliyoan par tedhe-medhe chhed banati haian. is kit ki mada chhote safed rang ke aande deti hai. illiy aau pili, hari aur kali rang ki hoti hai tatha inake sharir par halh‍ki gahari patitay aau hoti haian. anukool paristhitiyoan mean yah kit char saph‍tah mean ek jivan chakr poorn karata hai.

3- phalh‍li ka math‍kun

mada pray: phaliyoan par guchh‍chhoan mean aande deti hai. aande kath‍thee rang ke hote hai. is kit ke shishu vayash‍k phali evan danoan ka ras choosate hai, jisase phali a di-tirachhi ho jati hai evan dane siku d jate haian. yah kit ek jivan chakr lagabhag char saph‍tah mean poora karata hai.

4- ph‍loo math

is kit ki ilh‍li phali par chhota-sa gol chhed banati hai. prakopit danoan ke pas hi isaki vishh‍ta dekhi ja sakati hai. kuchh samay bad prakopit dano ke as-pas lal rang ki phaphooand a jati hai.

5- brish‍tal bital

ye kit bhriang kaliyoan, phooloan tatha komal phaliyoan ko khata hai, jisase uth‍padan mean kafi kami a jati hai. yah kit arahar, mooang, u dad tatha anh‍y dalahani fasaloan par bhi nukasan pahuanchata hai. bhriang ko pakadakar nashh‍t kar dene se isaka prabhav niyantran ho jata hai.

kitoan ka niyantran

thumb|250px|arahar ka paudha kitoan ke prabhavi niyantran hetu nimn upay apanane chahie-

1. garmi mean khet ki gahari jutaee karani chahie.
2. shuddh arahar nahian boni chahie.
3. fasal chakr ko apanana chahie.
4. kshetr mean ek hi samay boni karani chahie.
5. rasayanik khad ki anushansit matra ka prayog karean.
6. arahar mean anh‍taravarshiy fasale, jaise- jvar, makka ya mooangaphali ko lena chahie.

kataee

jab paudhe ki pattiyaan girane lagean evan phaliyaan sookhane par bhoore rang ki p d jaean, tab fasal ko kat lena chahie. khalihan mean 8-10 din dhoop mean sookhakar trekh‍tar ya bailoan dvara davan kar gahaee ki jati hai. bijoan ko 8-9 pratishat nami rahane tak sookhakar bhanh‍darit karana chahie.

mukhy utpadak rajy

uttar pradesh, karnatak, bihar, andhr pradesh, gujarat, maharashtr aur madhy pradesh arahar ki dal ke mukhy utpadak rajy haian. in rajyo mean arahar ke antargat 95 pratishat kshetraphal paya jata hai. ye hi rajy desh ka lagabhag 85 pratishat arahar utpadit karate haian. arahar ke utpadan ki drishti se desh mean maharashtr ka pratham, uttar pradesh ka ddhitiy tatha karnatak ka tritiy sthan hai.

1. uttar pradesh - uttar pradesh mean arahar ke mukhy utpadak kshetr varanasi, jhaansi, agara, ilahabad aur lakhanoo zile haian.
2. madhy pradesh - chhiandava da, poorvi nima d, sidhi aur bhiand zile madhy pradesh mean arahar paida karane vale mukhy zile haian.
3. maharashtr - arahar ki paidavar maharashtr rajy mean mukhy roop se yavatamal, vardha, amaravati, akola, nagapur, bi d, usmanabad aur parabhani mean ki jati hai.

utpadan evan kshetr

bharat mean varsh 2008-2009 mean kul 39 lakh hektear kshetr mean arahar boee gee, jisamean kul 31 lakh tan arahar ka utpadan hua. is varsh desh mean arahar prati hektear utpadan 731 kigra raha. arahar ke atirikt uttar pashchimi evan dakshini bharat mean prayah khariph ki phasal mean u dad, mooang, moanth evan chaila ki daloan ki upaj bhi hoti hai. maang ki tulana mean daloan ki upaj mean vriddhi ki dar kam rahi hai. daloan ki kami evan unake moolyoan mean vriddhi ka yahi sabase pramukh karan raha hai. desh mean 2008-2009 mean daloan ka utpadan 147 lakh tan hua. daloan ke utpadan mean maharashtr (20.46 pratishat) ka sthan pratham, madhy pradesh (16.6 pratishat) ka doosara sthan tatha andhr pradesh (11.52 pratishat) ka tritiy sthan hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh