बनारस की ताम्रकला
banaras ya varanasi mean pital evan taanbe se bane kalatmak chijoan evan patroan ka prachalan any udyog jaise sa di tatha kashthakala ke saman hi ati prachin hai. isaka mukhy karan kashi ka punyadham hona hai. jab tirthayatri banaras ate the to ve log yahaan par vibhinn tarah ke sanskar tatha pooja path mean upayukt hone vale patroan ko kharidate the. kuchh patr kharidakar ghar bhi le jate the. inhian karanoan se yah udyog vikasit tatha pushpit hota raha. yahaan ke patroan ki kalatmakata itani achchhi thi ki inaki maang dhire-dhire any dharmik sthanoan evan nagaroan mean bhi hone lagi. ek samay aisa bhi aya jab yahaan ke anushthani patr tatha sihaansan, trishool, ghanti, ghanta, ghuangharoo adi ki maang devaghar, vrindavan, ujjain aur to aur nepal ke kathamaandoo shahar ke pashupatinath mandir ke parisar tak hone lagi. isi ke sath-sath dhire-dhire yahaan ke tamr kalakaroan ne aur bhi bahut se sajavat ki vastu, ghareloo udyog ke patr, moorti entik pis ityadi bhi banana praranbh kar diya. isase bhi isaka vistar hone laga, tatha jagah-jagah par inake dvara banae ge 'kala-kritiyoan' ki maang din-pratidin badh ti gayi.[1]
praranbh mean yahaan keval dharmik anushthanoan mean prayukt hone vale patroan ka nirman hota raha. in patroan mean pramukh nam is prakar hai:
| kramaank | patr | chitr |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | panchapatr | 70px|center |
| 2 | ardhy | 70px|center |
| 3 | achaman | 70px|center |
| 4 | dip | 70px|center |
| 5 | ghanti | 70px|center |
| 6 | ghanta | 70px|center |
| 7 | mangal kalash | 70px|center |
| 8 | trishool | 70px|center |
| 9 | lota | 70px|center |
| 10 | kamandal | 70px|center |
| 11 | moorti | 70px|center |
| 12 | ghuangharoo | 70px|center |
tamrakala udyog ka sarvabhaumik svaroop
musalamanoan ke bharat agaman ke bad tamr udyog (kala) par bhi islam ka prabhav p da. parantu is kala ne bhi islam ki kala ko bahut jyada prabhavit kiya. dhire-dhire yahaan ke tamr-kalakaroan ne musalamanoan ke shadi-vivah ya any utsavoan mean prayukt hone vale naqqashiyukt bartan (patr), thal, taravana ityadi banana praranbh kiya. patroan ki kalatmak mean atyadhik akarshan tha. is kalatmakata akarshan se hindoo bhi prabhavit hue bina nahian rah sake. dhire-dhire hinduoan ne bhi in patroan ka upayog apane yahaan ke utsavoan tatha shadi-vivah adi ke ayojanoan mean karana prarambh kar diya.
'badana' ka nirman
kalantar mean musalamanoan dvara vyavahar mean laya jane vala 'badana' ka nirman bhi poornatah kalatmak dhang se kashi ke kaseroan ne praranbh kiya. 'badana' mean inake dvara nikhari gayi kalatmakata ne sabhrant musalaman, yahaan tak ki mugal badashahoan, reesoan aur lakhanoo ke navaboan ka bhi man moh liya. inaki kala-kshamata tatha prayogavadita se prabhavit hokar in logoan ne kashi ke tamr kalakaroan ko protsahit karana shuru kiya. protsahan arthik madat tatha samajik maryada ya samman donoan hi rup mean diya jata tha. tamr kalakar isase aur adhik protsahit hokar ek se ek kalatmak tatha manamohak tamr-kalakritiyoan ka nirman karate rahe. inaki kalakriti ashcharyajanak, akarshak, prayogavadi tatha apane ap mean ek anoothi chij thi.
isake atirikt banaras ke tamr-kalakaroan ne hindoo devi-devataoan ki moortiyoan ka nirman praranbh rakha. is tarah se yahaan ki tamr-kala tivragati se age badhate hue phalati-phoolati tatha vikasit hoti rahi. kuchh aansh mean sthaniy log tatha bahutayat mean tirthayatriyoan dvara in kala-kritiyoan ki khapat hoti rahi. reesoan ne bhi inase apana sampark banae rakha.[1]
itihas
70 tatha 80 ke dashak mean bajar mean ekaek ispat (stil) tatha elyuminiyam ka dhamake ke sath agaman hua. jahaan taanbe, pital, kaanse adi ke bane patroan ki kimat din pratidin badhati ja rahi thi vahian ispat ke bartan kafi saste p date the. chooanki bartanoan ka nirman b de b de phaiktriyoan mean kiya jata tha atah svabhavik rup se isamean mazadoori bhi dhatu ki tulana mean kafi kam lagati thi. kuchh hi varshoan mean in donoan chijoan ne khasakar ispat ne poore bazar par apana qabza kar liya. log ispat ke upakaranean ke divane hone lage. ispat ka upakaran 'aidentiti praid' ban gaya. phir kya tha thali, rasoee ke bartan, glas, kap aur n jane kya-kya chij ispat ki banane lagi. aur to aur pooja ke thal, phooloan ki daliya, kamandal ityadi jaise chijoan ka bhi nirman ispat se hone laga. halaanki yajn-anushthanoan evan dharmik karyoan ke lie elyoominiyam ke bartan ko apavitr mana gaya, parantu panditoan evan shasrajnoan ne bahut se anushthanik kriya-kalapoan mean bhi ispat ke patr ko vyavahar mean lane ki ijajat logoan ko de di. dhire-dhire sthiti itani vikaral ho gee ki kashi ke vishvanath gali mean tamrapatr tatha any kalakriti bechane vale tamrapatr kam aur ispat ke patr adhik bechane lage. ekaek aisa lagane laga mano 'tamrakala' ka namo-nishan hi mit jaega. isamean sadiyoan se lage 'tamr-kalakar' tatha tamr-vyavasayi donoan hi kafi pareshan ho ge.
log vartaman punah prachin tatha paramparagat chijoan ke prati akarshit ho rahe haian. ajakal logoan ka dhyan prakritik chikitsa, tatha harbal chikitsa par bhi badha hai. isi ke kram mean achchhe daktaroan tatha sabhrant evan padhe-likhe logoan ke gharoan mean bhi tambe-pital tatha any dhatuoan ke bartanoan ka prayog pani pine, pani rakhane tatha kabhi-kabhi bhojan banane ke patroan ke rup mean bhi kiya ja raha hai. halaanki yah ek tadarth bat hai ki pichhale pachas varshoan mean vibhinn karanoan se varanasi ke 'metal varkaroan' ki sankhya mean kami ayi hai. yah ek ashcharyajanak bat hai. ek or jahaan silk sa di tatha vasr udyog evan kashth-kala mean karyarat logoan ki sankhya mean lagatar vriddhi ho rahi hai. vahian tamr tatha any dhatu udyog mean lage kalakaroan ki sankhya mean din pratidin hyas. nishchit hi yah ek vicharaniy prashn hai.[1]
kalakaroan ka vargikaran
varanasi ke tamr kalakaroan ko mote taur par char bhagoan mean vargikrit kiya ja sakata hai:
- ripoji ya ingreviang karane vale kalakar
- dharmik anushthan mean prayukt hone vale patroan ka nirman karane vale kalakar
- sajavati saman (entik pis) ityadi ka nirman karane vale kalakar.
- ghareloo bartanoan ka nirman karane vale kalakar.
tamr kalakaroan ka ek varg aisa bhi hai jo purane taanbe ke patroan ko galane ka kam karata hai. taanbe ko galakar phir usake kek ko pitua bartan ya patr banane ke lie tamr kalakaroan ko ye de dete haian.
pramukh kalakritiyo ke nam
- lota
- kamandal
- phooloan ki daliya
- gangajal patr
- varaguna
- panchapatr
- ghuangharu
- badana
- panadan
- ghanti
- devi-devataoan ki moortiyaan
- mangal kalash
- jhoole
- palana
- tabala
- jhalar
- rasoee mean prayukt hone vale vibhinn patr
- ghanti
- tarabana (ise prachalit bhasha mean kopar bhi kaha jata hai. shadi vivah ke samay kanyadan ke samay prayukt kiya janevala patr.)
- achamani.[1]
prayukt kiye janevale upakaran
tamrakala mean upakaran (aujar) ki tulana mean hath ki saphaee tatha manasik soch ka mahattvapoorn sthan hai. isamean bahut hi simit aujaroan ka prayog kiya jata hai. jo log poorv mean vyavahar kiye gaye upakaranoan ko kharid kar use galate haian aur galakar plet banate haian ve nimnalikhit aujaroan ka prayog karate haian:
- chhoti sankhya
- b di sandasi
- chhota chimata
- b da chimata
- kalachhul (b de saij ka)
- sabbal (do b de akar mean)
- gh diyaan (yah tap ka kuchalak hota hai. gh diyaan vanaras mean nahian banaee jati balki yah chennee se banakar yahaan ati hai. yah gh de tatha balti ki akriti mean hoti haian. isaka vyavahar kachche mal ko galane ke liye kiya jata hai.)
- daee (isamean gale pighale hue mal ko dalakar usaka plet banaya jata hai.)
- hatho da.
ek 25 n. ke gh diya mean (gh diya vibhinn nambaroan tatha akritiyoan mean upalabdh hota hai.) 40 kilo tak kachche mal ko pighalaya jata hai. agar lagatar bijali upalabdh ho to 3 adami milakar 12 ghante mean 2 kuantal mal ko gala lete haian. purane (kachche) mal ko thok ke vyapariyoan se kharida jata hai. isi tarah se pitakar banae jane vale patroan ke nirman ke lie nimnalikhit aujaroan ko upayog mean laya jata hai.
- sabara
- madhanna
- hathau da
madhanna ek prakar ki chhoti hathau di hai jisase pita jata hai aur upakaran taiyar kiya jata hai. mashin se banae jane vale patroan evan kalakritiyoan mean keval nimnalikhit aujaroan ka prayog hath dvara yahaan ke kalakar karate haian.
- havaee stil (yah chhote b de vibhinn akar mean upalabdh hota hai.)
- daimand stil (isaka prayog katane ke lie kiya jata hai).
- havaee stil ka kam khurachane tatha akriti dene ke lie kiya jata hai.
- isi prakar entik pis, banane ke lie bhi madhanna, sabara, hathau da, prakal, skel ityadi aujaroan ki sahayata li jati hai.[1]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh