वाराणसी का इतिहास
varanasi vishv ke prachinatam satat avasiy shaharoan mean se ek hai. madhy ganga ghati mean pahali ary basti yahaan ka arambhik itihas hai. doosari sahasrabdi tak varanasi ary dharm evan darshan ka ek pramukh sthal raha. aitihasik alekhoan se pramanit hota hai ki eesa poorv ki chhathi shatabdi mean varanasi bharatavarsh ka b da hi samriddhashali aur mahattvapoorn rajy tha. madhy yug mean yah kannauj rajy ka aang tha aur bad mean bangal ke pal nareshoan ka is par adhikar ho gaya tha. sanh 1194 mean shahabuddin gori ne is nagar ko loota aur kshati pahuanchayi. mugal kal mean isaka nam badal kar muhammadabad rakha gaya. bad mean ise avadh darabar ke pratyaksh niyantran mean rakha gaya. balavant sianh ne baksar ki l daee mean aangrezoan ka sath diya aur isake upalakshy mean varanasi ko avadh darabar se svatantr karaya. sanh 1911 mean aangrezoan ne maharaj prabhunarayan sianh ko varanasi ka raja bana diya. sanh 1950 mean yah rajy svechchha se bharatiy ganarajy mean shamil ho gaya. varanasi vibhinn mat-matantaroan ki sangam sthali rahi hai. vidya ke is puratan aur shashvat nagar ne sadiyoan se dharmik guruoan, sudharakoan aur pracharakoan ko apani or akrisht kiya hai. bhagavan buddh aur shankarachary ke alava ramanuj, vallabhachary, sant kabir, guru nanak, tulasidas, chaitany mahaprabhu, raidas adi anek sant is nagari mean aye.
bharatiy svatantrata aandolan
bharatiy svatantrata aandolan mean bhi varanasi sadaiv agrani rahi hai. rashtriy aandolan mean kashi hindoo vishvavidyalay ke chhatroan ka yogadan smaraniy hai. is nagari ko kraantikari sushil kumar lahi di, amar shahid chandrashekhar azad tatha jitedranath sanyal sarikhe vir sapootoan ko janm dene ka gaurav prapt hai. mahamana pandit madanamohan malaviy jaise vilakshan mahapurush ke atirikt raja shiv prasad gupt, baboorav vishnu para dakar, shri prakash, d aau. bhagavan das, lal bahadur shastri, d aau. sanpoornanand, kamaleshvar prasad, manmathanath gupt, mukutabihari lal jaise mahapurushoan ka svatantrata sangram mean yogadan itihas mean svarnaksharoan mean aankit rahega.
vaidik sahity mean varanasi
[[chitr:Vishwanath-Temple-Varanasi.jpg|vishvanath mandir, varanasi
Vishwanath Temple, Varanasi|thumb|250px]]
varanasi (kashi) ki prachinata ka itihas vaidik sahity mean bhi upalabdh hota hai. vaidik sahity ke tinoan staroan (sanhita, brahman evan upanishad) mean varanasi ka vivaran milata hai.
- vaidik sahity[1] mean kaha hai ki aryoan ka ek kaphila videdh mathav ke netritv mean adhunik uttar pradesh ke madhy se sadanira athava gandak ke kinare ja pahuancha aur vahaan koshal janapad ki nianv p di. jab aryoan ne uttar bharat par adhikar kar liya to aryoan ki ek jati kasis ne varanasi ke samip 1400 se 1000 ee. poo. ke madhy apane ko sthapit kiya.[2]
- varanasi ka sarvapratham ullekh atharvaved ki paippalad shakha[3] mean hua hai. ek mantr mean mantrakar ek rogi se kahata hai ki usaka ‘takma’ (jvar) door ho jae aur jvar ka prasar kashi, koshal aur magadh janapadoan mean ho. isase spasht hai ki is kal mean ye tinoan janapad parshvavarti the.
- shatapath brahman[4] ke ek uddharan ke anusar bharat ne satvat logoan ke sath vyavahar kiya tha usi prakar satrajit ke putr shatanik ne kashivasiyoan ke pavitr yajniy ashv ko pak d liya tha. shatanik ne isi ashv dvara apana ashvamedh yajn poora kiya. is ghatana ke parinamasvaroop kashivasiyoan ne agnikarm aur agnihotr karana hi chho d diya tha.[5]
- motichandr[6] kashivasiyoan mean vaidik prakriyayoan ke prati tiraskar ki bhavana hai. ve tisari sadi ee.poo. ke pahale varanasi ke dharmik mahattv ki bat svikar nahian karate.
paraspar sanbandhoan par prakash
vaidik sahity mean varanasi aur any janapadoan ke paraspar sanbandhoan par bhi prakash p data hai. kaushitaki upanishad[7] mean kashyoan aur videhoan ke nam ka ek sthan par ullekh hai. vrihadaranyak upanishadh[8] mean ajatashatru[9] isako kashi athava videh ka shasak kaha gaya hai. isake atirikt shaankhayan[10] aur baudhayan shrotasootr[11] mean bhi kashi tatha videh ka pas-pas ullekh hua hai. svatantr rajyasatta nasht ho jane ke pashchath kashi ke koshal rajy mean sammilit ho jane ka bhi ullekh milata hai. kashi, koshal ka sarvapratham ullekh gopath brahman[12] mean aya hai. patanjali ke mahabhashy[13] mean kashikoshaliya (kashi koshal sanbandhi) udaharan ke roop mean uddhrit hai.
varanasi ke sanbandh mean uparyukt ullekhoan se yah suspasht hai ki vaidik sahity mean isaka ullekh apekshakrit bad mean milata hai. lekin ham yah nishchayapoorvak kah sakate haian ki varanasi ek prachin nagari hai kyoanki atharvaved[14] mean varanavati nadi ka uddharan hai aur isi ke nam par varanasi ka namakaran hua. vaidik sahity mean ullekhit varanasi ka koshal aur videh se sanbandh tatha kuru aur paanchal se shatruta, sanbhavat: rajanitik aur saanskritik donoan aantarvirodhoan ka parinam tha.
mahakavyoan mean varnit varanasi
mahabharat
mahakavyoan mean varanasi ke sandarbh mean kee ullekh milate haian. mahabharat mean varanasi ka ullekh anek sthaloan par hua hai. mahabharat se is tathy ki pushti hoti hai ki barana ka hi prachin nam varanasi tha.[15] adiparv mean kashiraj ki putri sarvaseni ka vivah dushyant ke putr bharat ke sath hone ka vivaran milata hai.[16] ek any sthal par bhishm dvara kashiraj ki tin putriyoan- aanba, aanbika aur ambalika ke svayanvar mean jite jane ka ullekh hai.[17] kashi ke shasak pratardan tatha mithila ke shasak janak ke madhy yuddh ki charcha bhi mahabharat mean milati hai.[18] vyas ki satasahastri sanhita mean kashi ka ullekh do prasangoan mean hua hai-
- tirth ke roop mean.
- mahabharat ke yuddh mean paandavoan ki or se l dane ke prasang mean.
[[chitr:Ghat-Varanasi.jpg|thumb|250px|varanasi mean ganga nadi ke ghat]] rochak hai ki varanasi ka tirtharoop mean varnan sabase pahale mahabharat mean hi hua hai. vanaparv mean paandavoan ke ajnatavas ke avasar par unake kashi ane ka ullekh milata hai. isi parv mean ullekhit hai ki us samay kashi mean ‘kapilahad’ namak tirth b da prasiddh tha.[19] yahi tirth ajakal kapiladhara ke nam se vikhyat hai aur nagar ke bhitar n hokar panchakroshi ke pradakshina marg mean avasthit hai. mahabharat yuddh mean kashiraj ka paandavoan ki or l dane ka prasang ata hai. kashiraj ka yuddhakshetr mean suvarny mal vibhooshit gho doan par chadhane ka[20] tatha paandav sena ke bich tin hazar rathoan ke sath sthit rahane ka ullekh milata hai.[21] ullekhaniy hai ki yahaan kashi ke raja ka ullekh ‘kashiraj’ athava ‘kashy’ shabdoan se kiya gaya hai. parantu kashi ka kaun-sa raja mahabharat yuddh mean l dane gaya tha, usake nam ka ullekh nahian milata. mahabharat mean ek jagah krishna dvara varanasi ke jalae jane ka varnan hai.[22] jisaki pushti vishnupuran se bhi hoti hai.[23]
valmiki ramayan
valmiki ramayan mean varanasi se sanbandhit prakaran apekshakrit kam milate haian. uttarakaand mean kashiraj pururava ka nam aya hai.[24] isi kaand mean yah bhi aya hai ki yayati ka putr puru pratishthan ke sath hi varanasi ka bhi shasak tha.[25] ramayan ke ek any sthal par kashi-koshal janapad ka ek sath ullekh milata hai.[26] dasharath ne apane ashvamedh yajn mean kashiraj ko bhi amantrit kiya tha.[27] ayodhyakaand ke anusar kaikeyi ke krodh ko shaant karane ke lie raja dasharath ne is desh (kashi rajy) se utpann hone vali vastuoan ko bhi prapt karane ka adesh diya tha.[28] kishkiandhakaand ke anusar sugriv ne is desh mean sita ko khojane ke lie vinat ko bheja tha.[29] valmiki ne yahaan ki any ghatanaoan ka bhi ullekh kiya hai.[30]
puranoan mean varanasi
puranoan mean varanasi ki dharmik samriddhi ki charcha hai. is nagar ko shivapuri ke nam se sanbodhit kiya gaya hai[31] tatha isaki ganana bharat ki sat mokshadayini puriyoan mean ki gee hai[32]
shivapuran
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shivapuran mean varanasi ko bharatavarsh mean sthit pramukh barah sthanoan mean ek bataya gaya hai. manyata thi ki jo vyakti pratidin prat:kal uthakar in barah namoan ka path karata hai, vah sab papoan se mukt ho jata hai, aur sanpoorn siddhiyoan ko prapt kar leta hai.[33] thumb|250px|sadhu, varanasi|left
brahmapuran
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brahmapuran mean shiv parvati se kahate hai ‘he sukhavallabhe, varuna aur asi in donoan nadiyoan ke bich mean hi varanasi kshetr hai aur usase bahar kisi ko nahian basana chahie.’’[34] logoan ka aisa vishvas tha ki shiv ke bhaktoan ke varanasi mean rahane ke karan laukik evan paralaukik anand ki prapti hoti hai.[35] ullekhaniy hai ki hven tsaang ne bhi yahaan nivas karane vale shaiv samarthakoan ka ullekh kiya hai, jo lanbe keshoan ko dharan karate the tatha sharir par bhasm lagate the.[36]
puranoan mean anek sthaloan par aisa varnan milata hai ki varanasi mean jo nivas karata hai usake sabhi kasht door ho jate haian. padmapuran,[37] koormapuran[38] tatha liang puran[39] mean is tathy ka spasht ullekh hai. varanasi mean ganga nadi pashchimavahini ho jati hai,[40] sanbhavat: isilie is nagar ki dharmik mahatta badh jati hai. varanasi nagar ki simaoan ke vishay mean bhi puranoan mean mahattvapoorn soochanaean milati haian.
agnipuran
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agnipuran mean 'varana' aur 'asi' nadiyoan ke bich sthit varanasi ka vistar poorv se pashchim do yojan aur doosari jagah adha yojan diya hai.[41]
matsyapuran
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matsyapuran mean isaki lanbaee-chau daee ka spasht vistar[42] mean milata hai, jahaan isaka vistar poorv se pashchim do yojan tatha dakshin se uttar arddhayojan kaha gaya hai. yahian isaka vistar varanasi nadi se lekar shukl nadi tak evan bhishmachandi se lekar parvateshvar tak vistrit tha.[43]
- krityakalpataru[44] mean varanasi ko 'varana' bataya gaya hai.
- padmapuran ke ek any sthal par varanasi ke chaturdik simaoan ka ullekh milata hai.
[[chitr:Ganga-River-Varanasi.jpg|ganga nadi, varanasi|thumb|250px]]
- is nagar ki simaean uttar mean varana nadi, dakshin mean asi, poorv mean ganga tatha pashchim mean pashapaniganesh nishchit ki gee haian.[45]
isake atirikt puranoan mean us nagar ke shasakoan ke vanshanukram ka bhi ullekh milata hai. is vansh paranpara mean divodas pratham, ashtarath, haryashv, sudev, divodas dvitiy evan pratardan ke nam ullekhaniy haian.[46] lekin puranoan ki rachana aur sankalan ka nishchit tithikram nahian milata, jisase upayogi soochanaean bhi sandarbharahit ho jati haian. matsyapuran mean alark raja ka ullekh milata hai. inhian ke nam ke adhar par varanasi ko alarkapuri kaha gaya hai.[47] varanasi ka dharmik mahattv paravarti kaloan mean aur badhata gaya aur yah nagar dan, jap, tap, adhyayan tatha adhyapan ki dharmik drishti se atyant mahattvapoorn samajha jane laga.[48] yahaan par vaidik yajnoan ka anushthan bhi hota tha. kashi ke ek abhilekh se vidit hota hai ki bharashiv nareshoan ne das ashvemegh yajnoan ka anushthan is nagar mean kiya tha.[49]
jain sahity mean varanasi
jain sahity mean bhi varanasi ke sanbandh mean prachur vivaran milate haian.
parshvanath ke janm ke anusar
jain tirthankar parshvanath ka janm (eesa poorv 8vian shatabdi) varanasi mean mahavir se 250 varsh poorv hua tha. jain anushruti ke anusar inake pita ashvasen banaras ke raja the.[50] parshvanath ko jain sahity mean purisadaniy[51] aur pali sahity mean purisajaniy[52] kaha gaya hai. sanbhavat: in shabdoan ka prayog asadharan vyaktitv ke nimitt kiya gaya hai.
mahakavi ashvaghosh ke anusar
[[chitr:Ganga-River-Aarti.jpg|thumb|arati, ganga nadi, varanasi|250px|left]] mahakavi ashvaghosh ne buddhacharit mean ‘varanasi’ aur ‘kashi’ ko ek hi nagar mana hai.[53] ek sthan par ullekhit[54] hai ki buddh vanara ke pas ek vriksh ki chhaya mean pahuanche. sanbhavat: ashvaghosh dvara varnit vanara adhunik barana nadi he. isase yah vidit hota hai ki kam se kam pahali shatabdi mean varanasi aur kashi samanarthak the. jain sahity se hamean pata chalata hai ki ee. poo. ki shatabdiyoan mean yahaan yaksh pooja bahut prachalit thi aur uttar bharat ke pramukh nagaroan mean yakshoan ke chaity hote the. varanasi mean gandi-tiduang nam ke yaksh ka ullekh milata hai.[55] ye yaksh logoan ki raksha karate the.[56] ullekhaniy hai ki saranath ke samip 'akatha' namak purasthal se dvitiy shatabdi eesa poorv ki ek yaksh prastar pratima mili thi jo ab saranath sangrahalay mean surakshit hai.
bhagavatisootr mean ullekh
- jain granth bhagavatisootr[57] mean solah janapadoan ki soochi mean varanasi ka bhi nam milata hai. us samay bharat ki mukhy rajadhaniyoan mean varanasi ek thi.[58] prachin jain sootroan mean kashi aur koshal mean attharah ganarajyoan ka ullekh hai. motichandr ke anusar yah attharah uparajy the, jo kashi-koshal ke raja prasenajit ke adhin the. jab tirthankar mahavir ki mrityu huee thi, tab kashi aur koshal ke 10 sanyukt rajaoan ne lichchhaviyoan aur malloan ke sath prakash kiya tha.[59]
[[chitr:Vishwanath-Temple-Varanasi-3.jpg|vishvanath mandir, varanasi|thumb|250px]]
bauddh sahity mean varanasi
bauddh granthoan mean varanasi ka ullekh kashi janapad ki rajadhani ke roop mean hua hai.[60] buddh poorv kal mean kashi ek samriddh evan svatantr rajy tha. isaka sakshy dete hue svayan buddh ne isaki prashansa ki hai.[61] varanasi ko varuna nadi par sthit batalaya gaya hai.[62] yah nagar vistrit, samriddh aur janakirn tha. [63] mahaparinibbanasutt [64] mean tatkalin chh: prasiddh nagaroan mean varanasi ka ullekh kiya gaya hai. bauddh sahity se pata chalata hai ki buddh is nagar mean kee bar thahare the. rrishipatan mrigadav (adhunik saranath) ka bhi ullekh bauddh sahity mean aya hai. jatakoan mean ise migachir kaha gaya hai.[65] jise malalasekar ne isipatan migaday ka prachin nam mana hai.[66] bodh gaya mean jnan prapt karane ke pashchath buddh ne apana pahala upadesh isipatan migaday (mrigadav) mean hi diya tha. is sthan ka rrishipatan mrigadav nam sanbhavat: rrishiyoan ke vayu marg se utarane ke karan p da tha aur isilie ise rrishipatan bhi kaha jata tha.[67] mrigoan ke svachchhandata se ghoomane ke karan ise mrigadav kaha jane laga.[68]
buddh ke kal mean varanasi uttari bharat mean shiksha ke ek pramukh keandr ke roop mean vikhyat tha.[69] banaras ki kuchh shiksha sansthaean takshashiksha se bhi purani thian.[70] takshashiksh ke shankh namak ek brahman ne apane putr susim ko shiksha ke lie banaras bheja tha.[71] yah uttar bharat ke un chh: mahanagaroan mean ek tha jinhean anand ne bhagavanh buddh ki aantim yatra ke yogy chuna tha.[72]
jatakoan mean varnit varanasi
jatakoan mean varanasi nagar ke sandarbh mean vishad vivaran milata hai. is nagar ko sudarshan,[73] suruddhan,[74] brahmavarddhan,[75] rammanagar (ramyanagar),[76] tatha molini[77] jaise any upanamoan se samikrit kiya gaya hai. varanasi ke vibhinn namoan ke sanbandh mean yah kahana kathin hai ki ye is nagar ke alag-alag upanagaroan ke nam the, athava poore varanasi nagar ke bhinn-bhinn nam the. sanbhav hai ki log nagaroan ki suandarata tatha arthik samriddhi se akarshik hokar use bhinn-bhinn namoan se pukarate rahe hoange. buddh poorv mahajanapad yug mean varanasi kashi ki rajadhani thi. kashi janapad ke vistar ke sandarbh mean jatakoan mean anek sthaloan par atishayoktipoorn vivaran milate haian. tandunali jatak ke anusar varanasi ka parakota 12 yojan lanba tha[78] aur usaka aantarik aur bahm vistar tin sau yojan tha. [79] kashi janapad ke uttar mean koshal, poorv mean magadh aur pashchim mean vats janapad tha.[80] jatakoan ke adhar par altekar ne kashi janapad ka vistar baliya se kanapur tak mana hai.[81] par aisi sanbhavana hai ki adhunik gorakhapur kamishnari tak hi prachin kashi janapad simit raha hoga. sanbhavat: adhunik gorakhapur kamishnari tak hi prachin kashi janapad simit raha hoga. sanbhavat: adhunik gorakhapur kamishnari tak hi prachin kashi janapad simit raha hoga. sanbhavat: adhunik gorakhapur kamishnari ka bhi kuchh bhag kashi janapad mean sammilit tha. nagar ke chaturdik prakar[82] evan parikha[83] ke vivaran bhi jatakoan mean milate haian, jisase isake samriddh hone tatha suraksha ki uttam vyavastha ka jnan hota hai.
chini yatriyoan ka itivrit
[[chitr:Xuanzang.jpg|thumb|hven tsaang
Xuanzang]]
chini yatri fahyan ne ek janapad ke roop mean kashi ka ullekh kiya hai, jabaki hven tsaang ne varanasi ka ullekh kiya hai. fahyan ne is nagar ke sandarbh mean sankshipt vivaran diya he. vah svayan pataliputr mean 22 yojan pashchim chalakar varanasi nagar mean pahuancha tha. usane nagar ke uttar-poorv 10 litarh mean rrishiyoan ke ‘mrig-udyan’ (saranath) ke pas viharoan ko dekha tha.[84] satavian shatabdi ke aranbh mean banaras ki dharmik aur samajik sthiti par chini yatri hven tsaang ke varnan se paryapt prakash p data hai. kushinagar se 500 li (100 mil) dakshin-pashchim chalakar yah chini yatri varanasi janapad pahuancha tha.[85] isake anusar banaras 4000 li (667 mil) ki paridhi mean vistrit tha. nagar (rajadhani) ke pashchimi kinare par ganga nadi bahati thi. nagar 18 ya 19 li lanba aur 5 ya 6 li chau da tha. [86] yahaan ki abadi ghani thi. log hut dhanavan the aur unake gharoan mean bahumooly vastuoan ka sangrah tha. yahaan ki jalavayu sookhakar thi aur fasalean achchhi hoti thi. yahaan 30 sangharam the, jinamean sammitiy nikay ke 3000 bhikshu nivas karate the. nagar mean 100 se adhik devamandir the jinamean inake dharmi ke anuyayiyoan ki sankhya 1000 se oopar thi. inamean shaivoan ki sankhya adhik thi. mukhy rajadhani mean 20 dev-mandir the. in mandiroan mean maheshvaradev ki kaanse ki bani sau phut ooanchi evan moorti sthapit thi, jo apani sajivata aur prabhavapoorn kaanti se sajiv-si pratit hoti thi.[87]
rajadhani ke poorvotar barana nadi ke pashchimi tat par ashok nirmit 100 phut ooancha stoop tha. usake samane ek palisadar stanbh tha.[88] barana nadi ke 10 li uttarapoorv sangharam the.[89] isamean ath bhag the, jo ek ooanchi chaharadivari se avrith the.[90] is vihar mean sammitiy nikay ke 1500 bhikshu rahate the. is chaharadivari ke aandar 200 phut ooancha ek vihar tha. jisaki chhat svarg mandit amr phaloan se dhaki thi. mandir ki nianv aur sidhiyaan patthar ki bani thian. eeantoan ke bane gavakshoan (aloan) mean buddh ki suvarnamandit pratimaean sthapit thian. vihar ke madhy mean kaanse ki dharmachakr pravartan mudra mean buddh ki ek pratima thi.[91]
vihar ke dakshin-pashchim bhag mean ashok nirmit ek patthar ka stoop tha. is stoop ke upar ka lagabhag sau phut ooancha bhag, us samay bhi shesh tha. isake sammukh thik us jagah, jahaan buddh ne dharmachakr pravartan kiya tha, 70 phut ooancha ek prastar stanbh tha.[92]
is prastar stanbh ke samip hi ek stoop tha. jo ajnat kaudiany aur unake char shishyoan ke tapasya ke upalakshy mean bana tha. yah stoop usi jagah nirmit tha, jahaan 500 pratyek buddh ek hi samay mean nirvan ko prapt hue the. isake atirikt tin vigat buddhoan ke baithane aur ghoomane ke sthanoan par bhi tin stoop bane the. hven tsaang ne tin talaboan ka bhi ullekh kiya hai. isamean ek to vihar ke pashchim mean, doosara usake pashchim mean aur tisara doosare ke uttar mean tha.[93] mrigadav sthit bauddh vihar ke dakshin-pashchim do ya tin li par ek stoop tha jo 300 phut ooancha tha is stoop ke pas hi ek doosara stoop tha jo us ghatana ki yad dilata tha, jab ajnat kaudiny ne buddh ka anadar karane ka apana poorv nishchay tyag diya tha.[94] hven tsaang ne yah bhi likha hai ki banaras mean devamandir b di sankhya mean the jinamean shaivoan ki sankhya adhik thi.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ shatapath brahman, 1/4/1/10-17: motichandr, kashi ka itihas, prishth 19
- ↑ ee.bi.haivel, banaras, di sekred siti, (kalakatta punarmudit, 1968 ee.),prishth 2
- ↑ shatapath brahman, 5/12/14
- ↑ shatanik: samattasu, medhyan satrajito hayamh. ayat yajnan kashinaan, bharat: satvatamiv॥ - shatapath brahman, 13/5/4/21
- ↑ satrajit eeje kashyasyashvamaday tato haitadarvakh kashayoagninnadadhath. atsomapotha: sm iti vadant:. dekhean, shatapath brahman, 13/5/4/19
- ↑ kashi ka itihas, prishth 20
- ↑ kaushitaki upanishad, 4/1
- ↑ vrihadaranyak upanishad, 3/8/2: motichandr, kashi ka itihas, prishth 21
- ↑ ullekhaniy hai ki yah ajatashatru suprasiddh aitihasik magadh naresh nahian tha.
- ↑ shaankhayan shrotasootr 16/9/5
- ↑ baudhayan shrotasootr 21/13
- ↑ gopath brahman (poorv bhag), 1, 29
- ↑ ashtadhyayi, 4/8/45: kilaharn, 2/280
- ↑ atharvaved, 4/7/71
- ↑ mahabharat, 6/10/30
- ↑ tatrev, adiparv, adhyay 95
- ↑ tatrev, udyogaparv, 72/74
- ↑ tatraiv, 12/99/1-2
- ↑ avimuktan samasady, tirthasevi kurudah. darshanath devadevasyamuchyate ahmahatyaya.
tato varanasi gatva devakaryay vrishadhvajamh. kapila-hridamupasprishy, rajasooy phalan labheth॥ - ↑ mahabharat, dronaparv, 22/38
- ↑ tatraiv, bhishmaparv, adhyay 50
- ↑ tatraiv, udyogaparv, 47/40
- ↑ vishnupuran, 5/34: dekhean, motichandr, kashi ka itihas, prishth 25
- ↑ valmiki ramayan, uttarakaand 56/25
- ↑ tatraiv, 59/19
- ↑ mahikal mahi chapi shail kanan shobhitamh. brahmamalaanvidehashch malavan kashi koshalanh॥ balmikiramayan, kishkiandhakaand, 20,22
- ↑ tatraiv, balakaand, 2/13/23
- ↑ tatraiv, 2/10/37-38
- ↑ tatraiv, kishkiandhakaand, 40/22
- ↑ vadh bhavan ch kashey. puri varanasi vraj ramaniya tvaya gupt, suprakaraan sutoranamh॥
radhaven kritanujn: kasheyo hayakutobhay:. varanasi yarya toorn radhaven visarjit:॥ valmiki ramayan, 7/38/17, 29 - ↑ ‘‘yatr narayano devo mahadevi divishvar:.’’ vayu puran, adhyay 34, pankti 100
- ↑ ‘‘ayodhya mathura maya kashi kaanchi avantika. puri dvaravati chaiv sapaite mokshadayika:.’’ padmapuran, adhyay 33, pankti 102
- ↑ ‘‘saurashtre somanath ch shrishaile mallikarjunamh.
ujjayinyaan mahakalamokare parameshvaramh॥
kedar himavatprishthe dakinya bhimashankaramh.
varanasya ch vishveshan tramvyakan gautamitate॥
vaidyanath chitabhoomau nageshan darukavane.
setubandhe ch rameshan ghushmeshan tu shivalaye॥
dvadashaitani namani pratarutthan y: patheth.
sarvapapaiviniryukt: sarvasiddhiphalan labheth. shivapuran, koti rudrasanhita, sankhya 1/21-24 - ↑ motichandr, kashi ka itihas, prishth 5
- ↑ ‘‘madbhaktastatr gachchhanti mameb pravishanti ch’’ padmapuran, adhyay 33, pankti 102
- ↑ vatars, bhag 2, prishth 47
- ↑ yadi papi yadi shatho yadi vadharmino nar:. varanasian samasady punati sakalan bhuvamh॥ - adhyay 33, prishth 38
- ↑ koormapuran, adhyay 31, prishth 321
- ↑ kutva papasahastrani pishachatvan varan nrinamh. jaigishavy: paraan siddhian gato yatr mahatapa:॥ liangapuran, adhyay 92, prishth 53
- ↑ ‘‘varanasyaan visheshen gangavipathagamini’’ padmapuran, adhyay 33, pankti 69
- ↑ dviyojan tu parv syadyojanarddh tadanyatha. varuna ch nadi chasi madhye varanasi tayo॥ agnipuran, adhyay 11, prishth 6
- ↑ matsyapuranadviyojanamh tu tatkshetran poorvapashchimat: smritam:.
arddhayojan vistirn tatkshetran dakshinottaramh॥
varanasi tadiya ch yavatachhulkanaditu vai॥
bhishmachandikamarabhy parvateshvar matrike॥ matsyapuran, 183/61-62 - ↑ sanbhavat: varanasi nadi adhunik varana hai. shukl nadi ganga hai aur bhishmachandi adhunik bhimachandi hai jo panchakroshi ke raste par p data hai. parvateshvar ki nishchit janakari nahian ho paee hai lekin yah sanbhavat: rajaghat ke asapas kahian raha hoga.
- ↑ krityakalpataru, prishth 39
- ↑ dakshinott raryon dhau varanasishch poorvat:. jahnavi pashchime chapi pashapanirganeshvar:॥ padmapuran uddhrit, tristhali setu, prishth 100
- ↑ eph. ee. parjitar, aianshyeant iandiyan histarikal tredishan, prishth 155
- ↑ matsyapuran 180/68
- ↑ daptan japtan hutan cheshtan tapastaptan kritan ch yath. dhyanamadhyayanan jnasan sarvatrakshayan bhaveth॥ padmapuran, adhyay 26, prishth 16
- ↑ ‘dashashvameghavabhrithasnatakanaan bhi girathyamamalajabhoorddhabhishiktanaan bharashivanamh. (sanbhavat: dash ashvamedh yajn hone ke karan yahaan ke ek ghat dashashvamedh ka nam p da.) epigraphiya iandika 8, 269
- ↑ kalpasootr, 6/149-169: motichandr, kashi ka itihas, prishth 38
- ↑ kalpasootr, 6/149
- ↑ aanguttaranikay, jild 1, prishth 290
- ↑ varanasi pravishyath bhasa sanbhasayanjin:. chakar kashideshiyanh kautukakraantachetas:. buddhacharit, 15/101
- ↑ haraman jaikobi, sekred buk aauf di eest, jild 49, bhag 1, prishth 169
- ↑ uttaradhyayan, 16/16
- ↑ jagadishachandr jain, laiph in aianshyeant iandiya, prishth 220-221
- ↑ bhagavati sootr, prishth 15
- ↑ sthanaangasootr 10, 717 nishirath sootr 9, 19
- ↑ haraman jaikobi, sekred buk aauf di eest, jild 22, prishth 266 aur 271
- ↑ sumangalavilasini, jild 2, prishth 383
- ↑ ‘‘bhootapubban bhikkhave brahmadatte nam kashiraja ahosi addho mahaddhano mahabbalo, mahabahano, mahavijito, paripunnakosakotthamaro.’’
mahabaggo (vinayapitak), dutiyo bhago, prishth 262 - ↑ mahavastu, bhag 3, prishth 402
- ↑ divyavadan, prishth 73 : dekhean, vimalacharan laha, prachin bharat ka aitihasik bhoogol
- ↑ dighanikay, bhag. (salakkhandhasutt), prishth 84 (hindi
- ↑ jatak, jild paanchavian prishth 64, 476, 536
- ↑ malalasekar, dikshanari aauf pali prapar nems, bhag do, prishth 626
- ↑ papanchasoodani, jild doosari, prishth 188
- ↑ tatraiv, prishth 65: dekhean, lalitavistar, prishth 19
- ↑ e.es. altekar, ejookeshan in aianshyeant iandiya, (1934), prishth 257
- ↑ khuddakapath, atthakatha, prishth 198
- ↑ dhammapad atthakatha, 3/445
- ↑ dighanikay, bhag do, prishth 146
- ↑ jatak, (bhadant anand kausalyayan sanskaran), jild paanchavian, prishth 177 (sutasom jatak
- ↑ 111- tatraiv, jild chauthi, prishth 104 (uday jatak
- ↑ 112- tatraiv, jild chauthi, prishth 119 (sonadand jatak
- ↑ tatraiv, jild chauthi, prishth 119 (yuvanjay jatak
- ↑ tatraiv, jild chauthi, prishth 15 (shankh jatak
- ↑ dvadashayojanikan sakal varanasi nagaran. tatraiv, khand 5, prishth 209
- ↑ jatak, bhag 1, (tandunali jatak), prishth 208 (yah vivaran atishayoktipoorn lagata hai. jatak, khand 3, prishth 454 (bhadant anand kausalyayan sanskaran
- ↑ kaimbrij histri aauf iandiya, bhag 1, prishth 14
- ↑ e. ev. altekar, histri aauf banaras (banaras, 19337), prishth 12
- ↑ jatak, bhag 1, sankhya 5, prishth 162
- ↑ jatak, bhag 4, sankhya 458, prishth 308: ullekhaniy hai ki rajaghat ke utkhanan se prachiroan, prakaroan, evan parikhaoan ke avasheshoan ka pata chala hai, jo sahity ki soochana ke spasht praman haian.
- ↑ jems legge, di trevels aauf fahyanh (oriyantal pablishars, nee dilli, dvitiy sanskaran, 1972 ee.) prishth 94-96
- ↑ thamas varts, an yuv aaun chvaangs trevels in iandiya, (landan, rayal eshiyatik sosayati, 1905 ee.), bhag 2, prishth 46
- ↑ e. kaniangham, di aianshyeanth jyographi aauf iandiya (iandolajikal buk haus, varanasi, 1963), prishth 367
- ↑ yatra vivaran ke mool ko ikattha karane vale phanchi ka kahana hai ki is dev mandir mean 100 phit ooanche shivaliang ki pooja ki jati thi.
- ↑ ullekhaniy hai is stanbh par sangh mean bhed paida karane valoan ke viruddh rajajna ka ullekh tha.
- ↑ yah prachin kal mean ‘mrigadav-vihar’ ke nam se jata tha. utkhananoan se adhunik saranath se isaki samata mean ab koee sandeh nahian rah jata.
- ↑ sanbhavat: yah avritti-sthal ashtakoniy tha. jaisa ki dhamek stoop tha. dekhean- arkiyolajikal sarve aauf iandiya, bhag 1, prishth 111
- ↑ thamas vatars, an, yuvan-chvaangs trevels in iandiya, bhag do, prishth 48 ullekhaniy hai utkhanan se bhi vihar evan dharmachakr pravartan mudra mean moorti mili hai. dekhean, arkiyolajikal sarve aauf iandiya, bhag 1, prishth 107 aur age.
- ↑ semual bil, chainij ekauants aauf iandiya, bhag 3, prishth 297 thamas vatars, anh yuv aaunh-chvaangs traivels in iandiya, bhag 2, prishth 50
- ↑ thamas vatars, anh yuv aaunh-chvaangs traivels in iandiya, bhag 2, prishth 53
- ↑ semual bil, chainij ekauants aauf iandiya, bhag 2 prishth 297
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sanbandhit lekh
varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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