वाराणसी की अर्थव्यवस्था
[[chitr:Bangles-Varanasi.jpg|choo diyoan ka drishy, varanasi|thumb|250px]]
'varanasi' udyog aur vyapar ka pramukh keandr hai. bharat mean sthit varanasi ka purana shahar prarambhik kal se hi apane kimakhab aur silk ke kap doan ke lie prasiddh raha hai. aj bhi yah ujjval parampara yahaan par jivit hai aur varanasi ke karigar tarah-tarah ke nakshoan aur namoonoan mean ashcharyachakit kar dene vale vibhinn prakar ke manamohak kap de taiyar karate haian. varanasi zila aj bhi bharat ke pramukh silk bunane vale kendroan mean se ek hai aur isake pas lagabhag 29,000 hathakaraghe haian, jinamean se adhikaansh shahar ke 10 se 15 mil ke arddhavyas mean phaile hue haian. 1958 mean 1,25,20,000 rupaye ke viniyojan par, is udyog se lagabhag 85,000 logoan ko rozagar mila tatha any 10,000 log isake sahayak vyavasayoan aur vyapar ke karyoan mean lage the. thumb|left|varanasi ka ek drishy varanasi kala, hastashilp, sangit aur nrity ka bhi kendr hai. yah shahar resham, sone v chaandi ke taroan vale zari ke kam, lak di ke khilaunoan, kaanch ki choo diyoan, hathi daant aur pital ke kam ke lie prasiddh hai. yahaan ke pramukh udyogoan mean rel ianjan nirman ikaee shamil hai. varanasi ke karigaroan ke kala- kaushal ki khyati sudoor pradeshoan tak mean rahi hai. varanasi ane vala koee bhi yatri yahaan ke reshami kimakhab tatha zari ke vastroan se prabhavit hue bina nahian rah sakata. yahaan ke bunakaroan ki paranparagat kushalata aur kalatmakata ne in vastuoan ko sansar bhar mean prasiddhi aur manyata dilayi hai . videsh vyapar mean isaki vishisht bhoomika hai . isake utpadan mean badhottari aur vishishtata se videshi mudra arjit karane mean b di saphalata mili hai . resham tatha zari ke udyog ke atirikt, yahaan pital ke bartan tatha un par manohari kam aur sanjarat (jhaanjh majhira) udyog bhi apani kala aur sauandary ke lie vikhyat haian . isake alava yahaan ke lak di ke khilaune bhi door- door tak prasiddh haian, jinhean kutir udyogoan mean mahattvapoorn sthan prapt haian.
vanijy aur vyapar ka pramukh keandr
varanasi nagar vanijy aur vyapar ka ek pramukh keandr tha. sthal tatha jal margoan dvara yah nagar bharat ke any nagaroan se ju da hua tha. kashi se ek marg rajagrih ko jata tha.[1] kashi se veranja jane ke lie do raste the-
doosara marg banaras se vaishali ko chala jata tha.[2] varanasi ka ek sarthavah paanch sau ga diyoan ke sath pratyant desh gaya tha aur vahaan se chandan laya tha.[3]
vyapar
samudri vyapar
varanasi ke vyapari samudri vyapar bhi karate the. kashi se samudr yatra ke lie navean chhootati thian.[4] is nagar ke dhani vyapariyoan ko vyapar ke uddeshy se samudr par jane ka ullekh hai.[5] jatakoan mean bhi vyapar ke uddeshy se bahar jane ka ullekh milata hai. ek jatak mean ullekh hai ki banaras ke vyapari dishakak lekar samudr yatra ko ge the.[6] ek any vyapari mitravidank jahaz lekar samudr yatra par gaya tha, jahaan use anek kashtoan ka samana karana p da.[7]mala vikreta, varanasi|thumb|left|250px
- mahavagg[8] mean kashiraj brahmadatt ko vipul dhan ka svami, bhog-vilas ki samagri se paripoorn kaha gaya hai. isase yah vidit hota hai ki any nagaroan ya janapadoan ki tulana mean kashi ki arthik sthiti achchhi thi.
- dighanikay mean sankh namak raja ke rajatv mean sataratnoan- chakkaratan, hastiratnan, maniratnan, hatthiratnan, grihapatiratnan evan parinayak ratn- se yukt varanasi nagari ko ketumati namak samriddh evan bahujana tatha akishnanuma hone ki bhavishyavani ki gee hai.[9] yah vivaran isaki samriddhi ka soochak hai.
kashth vyavasay
jatakoan ke anusar varanasi kashth vyavasay ka bhi ek pramukh keandr tha. in nagar ke pas ek baddhaki gram tha, jahaan badheeyoan ki basti thi. is basti mean 5 sau badhee rahate the.[10] ve jangaloan mean jakar grihanirman mean prayukt hone vali lak diyoan ko kat lete the. ye badhee ek, do athava kee manjiloan vale makan banane mean daksh the.[11]
gajadant-vyavasay
varanasi mean gajadant-vyavasay ka bhi vistrit prachar tha. jatakoan mean yahaan ek dantakar vithi (gali) ka ullekh aya hai, yahaan hathidaant ki vastuyean banati thi.[12] varanasi ke vyapari vikray ki anek vastuoan ke atirikt hathi ke daant ke bane hue saman bhi desh ke any bhagoan mean pahuanchate the. vartaman samay mean hathidaant bharat ki sarakar dvara pratibandhit hai, at: hathidaant ke abhooshanoan aur isake any utpad upalabdh nahian haian. isake atirikt yahaan mitti ke bartan evan khilaune adi bhi banae jate the, jinaka samarthan puratatvik utkhanan se bhi prapt pramanoan se nishchit hota hai.
kasik chandan (kashi ka chandan)
isake atirikt ‘kasik chandan’ bhi varanasi ka ek pramukh udyog tha, jatakoan mean ‘kasik chandan’ ka ullekh kee sthaloan par aya hai.[13] pandar jatak[14] mean ‘kasik chandananch’ shabd milata hai. in ullekhoan se yah vidit hota hai ki bauddh kal mean varanasi chandan ke udyog evan vyapar ke lie suvikhyat tha.
bahumooly vastroan ke atirikt kashi janapad chandan ke lie bhi prasiddh tha. jatakoan aur aanguttaranikay[15] mean ‘kasi vilepan’ aur ‘kasi chandan’ ka ullekh milata hai. kashi mean chandan ki lak di ka udyog miliandapanhoan mean bhi milata hai.[16] thumb|250px|sa di ki dukan, varanasi is prakar yah nishchit hai ki bauddh sahity mean varanasi ko vyapar aur vanijy ke kshetr mean samriddhiprapt thi, jisaka vivaran bauddh granthoan mean anekash: milata hai.
gho doan ka vyapar
'varanasi mean uttarapath ke gho doan ka vyapar hota tha. yahaan ke bazar mean suandar evamh achchhe saiandhav gho de upalabdh the, jinaki maang adhik rahati thi. anekash: gho de ke vyapariyoan ko uttarapath (gaandhar-takshashila) se gho de lekar varanasi mean bechane ane ka ullekh hai. uttarapath mean paanch sau ashvoan ko lekar vyapararth vyapariyoan ka varanasi mean ane ka praman milata hai.'[17]
varanasi se vyapar ke lie desh ke any bhagoan mean vastr, chandan, hathidaant ke saman, mitti ke bartan evan khilaune tatha kashth ke bane hue saman bheje jate the, jinaka ullekh jatakoan mean vistar se aya hai.
bahumooly vastroan ke lie vikhyat
buddh kal mean varanasi nagari suandar, bahumooly vastroan ke lie bhi vikhyat thi, jisaka ullekh bauddh granthoan mean anek sthaloan par milata hai. sanyukt nikay ke vatthisutt mean kashi ka bana kap da any samast jagahoan se bane hue kap doan mean agr (shreshth) bataya gaya hai.[18]
- majjhimanikay ki atthakatha mean yahaan ke vastroan ki prabhoot prashansa ki gee hai.[19] ek sthal par ek dhoort ne jivakamravan ko jati huee shubha bhikshuni ko kashi ke sookshm vastroan ka lobh dilakar bhulane ki cheshta mean usase kaha tha ki ‘‘kashi ke uttam vastroan ko dharan karane vali mujh roopavati ko chho dakar tum kahaan jaoge.’’[20]
- miliandapanhoan mean ullekhit hai ki yavan shasak miliand ki rajadhani sagal (syalakot) mean bhi kashi ke vastr vikray ke lie jate the.[21]
is prakar yah suvidit hai ki buddh kal mean kashi ke vastr mahattvapoorn the.
vyaparik marg
varanasi tatkalin vyaparik margoan ka ek pramukh keandr tha. desh ke vibhinn bhagoan mean yah vyaparik margoan se ju da hua tha. sthal marg se vyapar ke lie jate hue varanasi ke vyapariyoan ko bhayavah jangaloan ke karan hone vale kashtoan ka samana karana p data tha.[22] jatakoan se jnat hota hai ki banaras se ek rasta takshashila ko jata tha. takshashila us yug mean bharatiy aur videshi vyapariyoan ka milan keandr tha.[23] ek jatak mean varanasi se shilp vidya sikhane ke lie takshashila jane ka ullekh milata hai.[24]
krishi aur khanij
thumb|150px|kapas chunati yuvati
kapas ki kheti
varanasi nagar ko vanijy ke kshetr mean bhi khyati prapt tha. jatakoan se bhi vidit hota hai ki varanasi ke bahumooly, rangin, sugandhit, suvasit, patale evan chikane kap de vikray ke lie sudoor deshoan mean bheje jate the. kashi mean bane vastroan ko ‘kashi kuttam,[25] aur ‘kasiy’[26] bhi kahate the. sanbhavat: in shabdoan ka prayog gunavachak sandarbh mean kiya gaya hai. aisa samajha jata hai ki ek samay varanasi ke asapas kapas ki achchhi kheti hoti thi. tuandil jatak mean[27] varanasi ke asapas kapas ke khetoan ka varnan milata hai. ek jatak mean vairagy lene vale pati ke man ko akarshit karane ke lie usaki patni chandan se suvasit banarasi reshami sa di pahanane ki pratijna karati hai.[28] mahahans jatak mean kashiraj ke ghar mean vidyaman bahumooly samagriyoan mean ratn, sona, chaandi, moti, billaur, mani, shankh, vastr, hathidaant, bartan aur taanba ityadi pramukh the.
yatayat aur parivahan
kisi nagar ke vikas ka ek mukhy karan yatayat ke sadhan haian. bahut prachin kal se varanasi mean yatayat ki achchhi suvidha rahi hai. yatriyoan ke aram par banarasavasiyoan ka kafi dhyan tha. banarasavasi s dakoan par janavaroan ke lie pani ka bhi prabandh karate the. jatakoan mean (ja. 175) ek jagah kaha gaya hai ki kashi janapad ke rajamarg par ek gahara kuaan tha, jisake pani tak pahuanchane ke lie koee sadhan n tha. thumb|250px|left|lal bahadur shastri havaee adda, varanasi us raste se jo log jate the, ve puny ke lie pani khianchakar ek droni bhar dete the, jisase janavar pani pi sakean. varanasi havaee, rel tatha s dak marg dvara desh ke anhy bhagoan se ju da hua hai.
- havaee marg
varanasi ka sabase nazadiki havaee adda babatapur mean hai. yah varanasi se 22 kilomitar tatha saranath se 30 kilomitar door hai. dilli, agara, khajuraho, kolakata, muanbee, lakhanoo, bhuvaneshvar tatha kathamaandoo se yahaan ke lie sidhi havaee seva hai.
- rel marg
thumb|250px|varanasi relave steshan varanasi kaiant tatha mugalasaray (varanasi ke mukhhy relave shteshan se 16 kilomitar door) yahaan ka mukhhy rel jankhshan hai. ye donoan jankhshan varanasi ko desh ke anhy pramukh nagaroan se jo date haian.
- s dak marg
varanasi s dak marg dvara desh ke anhy nagaroan se ju da hua hai. dilli se varanasi ke lie sidhi bas seva hai. yahaan ke aee.es.bi.ti. tatha ananhd vihar bas adde se varanasi ke lie basean chalati haian. lakhanoo tatha ilahabad se bhi varanasi ke lie sidhi bas seva hai.
- sarvajanik yatayat
varanasi shahar ke sthaniy prachalit yatayat sadhan aauto riksha evan saikil riksha haian. bahari kshetroan mean nagar-bas seva mean mini-basean chalati haian. chhoti navean aur chhote stimar ganga nadi par karane hetu upalabdh rahate haian.
- jal marg
varanasi ke dharmik aur vyaparik prabhav ka mukhy karan isaki ganga par sthiti hona hai. ganga mean bahut prachin kal se navean chalati thian, jinase kafi vyapar hota tha. varanasi se kaushaanbi tak jalamarg se doori 30 yojan di huee hai. varanasi se samudr yatra bhi hoti thi.thumb|left|250px|bazar ka ek drishy, varanasi ek jatak [30] mean kaha gaya hai ki varanasi ke kuchh vyapariyoan ne disakak lekar samudr yatra ki. yah disha kak samudr yatra ke samay kinare ka pata lagane ke lie chho da jata tha. kabhi-kabhi kashi ke raja bhi navoan ke be doan mean yatra karate the.[31]
alabarooni ke samay mean [32] bari [33] se ek s dak ganga ke poorvi kinare ayodhya pahuanchati thi. bari se ayodhya 25 pharasang tatha vahaan se varanasi 20 pharasang tha. yahaan se gorakhapur, patana, muanger hoti huee yah s dak gangasagar ko chali jati thi. ek yahi vaishali vali prachin s dak hai aur isaka upayog saltanat yug mean bahut hota tha.
graind trank rod
bazar ka drishy, varanasi|thumb|250px s dak-e-ajam, jise ham graind trank rod kahate haian, bahut prachin s dak hai, jo maury kal mean pushpakalavati se pataliputr hoti huee tamralipti tak jati thi. sherashah ne is s dak ka pun: uddhar kiya, is par saray banavaeean aur dak ka prabandh kiya. kahate haian ki yah s dak-e-ajam bangal mean sonaragaanv se siandh tak jati thi aur isaki lambaee 1500 kos thi. yah s dak varanasi se hokar jati thi. is s dak ki akabar ke samay mean kafi unnati huee aur shayad usi kal mean mirzamurat aur saiyadaraj mean sarayean bani. agara se patana tak is s dak ka varnan pitar manti ne 1632 eean. mean kiya hai. ek s dak dilli- muradabad, banaras hokar patana jati thi aur doosari agara - ilahabad hokar varanasi ati thi. in b di s dakoan ke atirikt bahut se chhote-mote raste varanasi ko jaunapur, gazipur aur mirzapur se milate the.
chaurahoan par sabhaean
yatriyoan ke vishram ke liye aksar chaurahoan par sabhaean banavayi jati thian. inamean sone ke lie asandi aur pani ke gh de rakhe hote the. inake charoan or divarean hoti thi aur ek or phatak. bhitar zamin par baloo bichhi hoti thi aur ta d vrikshoan ki qatarean lagi hoti thi.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ vinayapitak, jild 1, prishth 262
- ↑ motichandr, kashi ka itihas, prishth 49
- ↑ suttanipat, adhyay 2, prishth 523
- ↑ kaianbrij histri aauf iandiya, bhag 1, prishth 213
- ↑ mahavastu, 3, 286
- ↑ jatak, khand 3, prishth 384
- ↑ jatak, khand 4, prishth 2, kashi ka itihas, prishth 49
- ↑ mahavagg, 10/2/3
- ↑ dighanikay, bhag 3, 60. 1-10 (nalanda
- ↑ jatak, bhag 2, sankhya 156, prishth 183 (bhadant anand kausalyayan sanskaran
- ↑ ‘‘ek bhoomidvibhoomikadi bhede gehe sajjetva’’ motichandr, kashi ka itihas, prishth 48
- ↑ 129- jatak, bhag 3 sankhya 221, prishth 395
- ↑ ‘‘kasikavatthan nivasenti, kashikavilepan’’ jatak, bhag 1, sankhya 20, prishth 505
- ↑ ann panan kashikan chandananch. manapitthiyo malamuchchhadananch॥ jatak, bhag 5, sankhya 518, prishth 166
- ↑ 108- aanguttaranikay, jild tisari, prishth 391
- ↑ miliandapanhoan, prishth 243-48
- ↑ jatak, bhag 2, prishth 287 jatak, bhag 1, (tandanali jatak, prishth 208
- ↑ sanyuktanikay (hindi anuvad), doosara bhag, prishth 641
- ↑ ‘‘varanasiyan kir kappaso pi mridu, suttakattikayo pi tattavayo pi chheka. udakanpi suchisiniddhan, tasmaan vatthan ubhato bhavavimatthan hoti. dvis passesu matthan mridusiniddhan khayati.’’majjhimanikay, 2/3/7: dekhean, bharat sianh upadhyay, buddhakalin bharatiy bhoogol, prishth 368
- ↑ ‘‘...kasikuttamadharini.... kassohay gachchhasi’’ -therigatha, prishth 298
- ↑ 107- miliandapanho, prishth 222
- ↑ jatak, bhag 3 san. 243, prishth 356 jatak, bhag 5 sankhya 256, prishth 61
- ↑ motichandr sarthavah, prishth 12
- ↑ jatak, bhag 3, prishth 348
- ↑ jatak, khand 6 san. 539 (mahajanak jatak
- ↑ tatraiv, khand 6, sankhya 547 (mahavesatt jatak
- ↑ tatraiv bhag 3 prishth 286 motichandr, kashi ka itihas, prishth 47
- ↑ jatak sankhya 457 dekhean, udayanarayan ray, prachin bharat mean nagar tatha nagar jivan, prishth 126
- ↑ yan kianviratanan atthi kasiraj nivesane.
rajatan jataroopanchan mukta beluriya bahu.
manayo sankhamuttany vatthakan harichandanan.
ajinan datt bhandany lohan, kalayanan bahu॥ jatak, bhag 5 (san. 534) prishth 462 - ↑ jatak 384
- ↑ jatak 3/326
- ↑ 11vian sadi ka aranbh
- ↑ agara ki ek tahasil
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