बीकानेर की चित्रकला

|thumb|bikaner chitr shaili rajasthani chitrakala ki ek prabhavi shaili ka janm bikaner se hua jo rajasthan ka doosara b da rajy tha. bikaner rajasthan ke uttar-pashchim mean sthit hai. sudoor marupradesh mean rathauravanshi rav jodha ke chhathe putr bika dvara sanh 1488 mean bikaner ki sthapana ki gee. bikaner 27 12' aur 30 12' uttari akshaansh tatha 72 12' v 75 41' poorvi deshaantar par sthit hai. bikaner rajy ke uttar mean vahabalapur (pakistan), dakshin-pashchim mean jaisalamer, dakshin mean jodhapur, dakshin-poorv mean loharu v hisar zila evan uttar poorv mean phirojapur zile se ghiri huee thi. gajaner v kolayat yahaan ki prasiddh jhilean haian. marava d ka hi ek aang hone ke karan tatha jodhapur ke vanshaj hone ke karan bikaner ki kalatmak dharohar marava d skool ki hi parampara mean ek mahatvapoorn k di gini jati hai. bikaner rajy anek bahy prabhavoan ke uparaant bhi kalatmak day ki drishti se apana maulik sthan rakhata hai. any rajasthani shailiyoan ki bhaanti bikaner ki chitrakala ka bhi 16vian shatabdi ke aant mean pradurbhav mana jata hai. bikaner rajy ka mugal darabar se gahan sambandh hone ke karan mugal shaili ki sabhi visheshataaian bikaner ki praranbhik chitrakala mean drashtavy hai. bikaner ke raja adhikatar dakshini morcho par mugaloan ke garvanar rahe, atah dakshin shaili ka prabhav bikaner par sarvadhik hai. bikaneri shaili mean ikahari tanvangi mriganaini komal lalanaoan ka aankan, nile-hare aur lal rangoan ka prayog shahajahaan aur aurangazeb shaili ki pag diyoan ka sath hi ooanchi marava di pag diyaan, ooant, hiran tatha bikaneri rahan-sahan aur rajapooti sanskriti ki chhap is shaili ka alag shaili manane ko prerit karati hai.

bikaner ki chitrakala ka kramik vikas

bikaner shaili ke praranbhik chitr maharaja ray sianh ke samay (1571-91) chitrit bhagavat puran ke mane jate haian. raja rayasianh akabar ka bahadur senapati tha tatha usane mugaloan ki or se kee l daiyaan l di thi. mugal darabar mean usaka samman tha tatha usane apani putri ki shadi shahajada salim se kar mugal darabar se sanbandh sudridh kie. ray sianh kala priy hone ke sath-sath sahityak abhiruchi se sanpann vyakti tha. unhonean svayan "rayasianh mahotsav' tatha "jyotish ratnakar' jaise granthoan ki sthapana ki thi. bikaner ke praranbhik chitroan mean jain skool ka prabhav darshaniy hai. rajasthan ek vrihadh pradesh hai. apasi sanbandhoan tatha mugaloan ke prabhav ke karan yahaan ki chitrakala mean parasparik prabhav vishesh darshaniy hai. maharaja ray sianh ka vivah meva d ke maharaja uday sianh (1537-72 ee.) ki putri jasamade ke sath hua tatha doosara vivah sanh 1592 ee. mean jaisalamer mean hua, atah bikaner shaili ka bhagavath puran (1590 ee. lagabhag) jaisalamer ke kuanhararaj ke lie likhit evan chitrit madhavanal kamakandala (1603 ee.) tatha meva d shaili ka vilhan krit chaur-panchashika (1540 ee.) aur nasiruddin dvara chitrit chavand ki ragamala (1605 ee.) ke chitran mean shaili-takanik aur rangoan ki drishti se vishesh samata dekhane ko milati hai.
left|thumb|bikaner chitr shaili bikaner ke raja kalyanamal ne apani putri ka vivah akabar se kar mugaloan se sanbandh sthapit kiya. is drishti se bikaner ke rajaoan ka mugal darabar mean mahatvapoorn sthan tha. maharaja ray sianh ne sanh 1604 se 1611 ee. tak dakshin mean burahanapur ka garvanar rahakar kalakritiyoan ka sangrah kiya. ragamala chitravali is drishti se mahatvapoorn hai. isake atirikt unhoanne amer, jodhapur evan udayapur adi any rajasthan ke rajyoan se bhagavat aur rasik-priya ke chitroan ka sankalan kiya. aisa kaha jata hai ki maharaja karn sianh (1631-69 ee.) ne aliraja nam ke mugal chitrakar ko apana priy chitrakar banaya tha.

bikaner chitrashaili ka praranbh

is prakar bikaner shaili ka praranbh 16vian shatabdi uttarardh se mana jata hai. dhire-dhire yah shaili anek samparkoan ke karan vikasit hoti huee apani maulik day ki or agrasar huee. bikaner shaili ka doosara mo d maharaja anoopasianh ke samay (1669-98 ee.) se praranbh hota hai, par bikaner shaili ki bich ki k di bhi kam mahatvapoorn nahian rahi hogi. chitroan ki anupalabdhata ke karan is samay ke bare mean kuchh kah pana kathin hai. sooraj sianh ka putr anoopasianh ke kal mean jo chitr taiyar hue unamean vishuddh bikaneri shaili ka darshan hota hai. maharaja anoopasianh vir hone ke sath-sath vidvanh v sangitajn bhi tha. usake darabar mean bhav bh jaise sangitajn aur kee vidvanh ashray pate the. inake ashray mean rahakar tatkalin chitrakaroan ne ek maulik kiantu sthaniy parimarjit chitrashaili ko janm diya. jahaangir aur shahajahaan ke samay mean bikaner dharane ka gahan sanbandh raha jisase kala aur kalakaroan ka adan-pradan svabhavik tha. sanh 1606 ee. mean noor muhammad ke putr shah muhammad ka banaya bikaner shaili ka sarvadhik purana vyakti chitr hai. sangrahalayoan evan niji sangrah mean bahut se aise chitr haian jinake madhyam se is samay ke chitroan ka adhyayan sanbhav hai.
shahajahaan ke samay mean musavbiroan ki bharabhar ho gee thi, atah kalakar ashray pane ke lie anyatr jane lage. aurangazeb ki anudar niti ke karan mugal darabar se kala nishkasit hokar rajasthan ki riyasatoan mean prashray pane lage. bikaner ka prasiddh usta parivar, jo mugal kal mean lahaur mean keandrit tha, vah aurangazeb ke samay mean maharaja karnasianh aur anoop sianh ke darabar mean bikaner a gaya. bikaner shaili ke chitroan mean kalakar ka nam, usake pita ka nam aur sanvath upalabdh hota hai. usta asir khaan karnasianh ke samay (1650) mean dilli se bikaner aya aur uttam chitr banane laga. maharaja anoop sianh ka sahity v kala mean ruchi hone ke karan unhoanne hamesha dilli aur lahaur ke kalakaroan ka samman kiya. ve chitrakar mugal shaili mean parangat the, par bikaner akar unhoanne anoop sianh ki ruchi ke anusar hiandoo-kathaoan, sanskrit, hindi, rajasthani kavyoan ko adhar banakar saik doan chitr banae, jo rajapooti sabhyata aur sanskriti se mishrit hokar bikaner shaili ke utkrisht chitr kahalae. maharaja anoopasianh ke samay mean yah vikas vishesh darshaniy hai. unake darabari musabvir ruknuddin ka is drishti se yogadan mahatvapoorn hai. usane saik doan chitr banae. keshav ki rasikapriya tatha barahamasa ke chitr is drishti se mahatvapoorn haian. usaka poora parivar bikaner ki kala ke lie samarpit ho gaya. usake bete sahabadin ne bhagavat puran ke chitr banaye tatha usake pote kayam ne 18 vian sadi ke praranbh mean bikaner shaili ka chitran kiya.
maharaja anoop sianh ke samay mean bhatheran parivar ke munnalal, mukoond, chandoolal adi ne bhi bikaner shaili ke vikas mean vishesh yogadan diya. bhatheran parivar tatha usta parivar ke kalakaroan ke kala-premi raja anoopasianh ke yug mean bikaner shaili ko charmotkarsh par pahuancha diya jisake sachitr-granth tatha laghuchitr rashtriy sangrahalay, nee dilli, b dauda sangrahalay tatha maharaja bikaner karnasianh ke niji sangrah mean aj bhi upalabdh haian. 18 vian shatabdi mean bikaner shaili mean tritiy mo d aya. mugaloan ke patan ke karan bikaner shaili mugal shaili se mukt ho gee tatha apasi vivah sanbandhoan ke karan jayapur, booandi, meva d, paha di adi shailiyoan ka prabhav bikaner shaili par aya. marava d skool ke aantagart hone ke karan kishanagadh shaili ka prabhav is samay ke chitroan mean vishesh darshaniy hai. is samay thandh rajasthani shaili mean chitr bane jo kala ki drishti se utkrisht haian. maharaja gaj sianh, maharaja pratap sianh v soorat sianh ke shasan kal (1746-1828 ee.) mean gadh ke karn mahal v chandr mahal ko chitrit karaya gaya tha.

bhitti-chitr shaili

thumb|bikaner chitr shaili bhitti-chitroan ki rajasthani paranpara ko bhi bikaner shaili ne age badhaya. bikaner kile ke mahal, lalagadh pailes, anek chhatariyaan adi ka bhitti-chitran is drishti se mahatvapoorn hai. bikaner mean kashth-pattikaoan par utkrisht chitran hua. rashtriy sangrahalay, nee dilli ki kianva d-jo di par radha-krishna ki chhavi ka aankan isaka ullekhaniy udaharan hai. ooant ki khal par chitran bhi bikaner ki niji visheshata rahi hai, jis paranpara ko usta parivar aj bhi nibha rahe haian. bhatheran parivar ke chitaroan ne apani paranpara ko kayam rakha. unhoanne jain-granthoan ki anukriti, dharm-granthoan ka lekhan evan tij-tyauharoan par rajaoan ke vyakti chitr banakar unhean bhet kie. munnalal, mukuand (1668 ee.), ramakishan (1770 ee.) , jayakishan matheran, chandoolal (1678 ee.) adi chitrakaroan ke nam v sanvath aankit chitr aj bhi dekhane ko milate haian. us samay ke kalakaroan mean usta parivar ke usta kayam, kasim, abuhamid, shah mohammad, ahamad ali, shahabadin, jivan adi pramukh haian, jinhoanne bikaner shaili mean rasikapriya, barahamasa, ragaragini, krishna-lila, ramayan, darabar, akhet, samanti vaibhav v shrriangarik vishayoan ka srijan kiya. maharaja soorat sianh ke bad maharaja dooangar sianh ke shasan kal mean (1828-87 ee.) mugal prabhav kafi kam ho gaya tatha yooropiyan prabhav ki or yahaan ki chitrakala ka jhukav ho gaya.

chitroan ka vishay-vastu

bikaner chitr shaili ka mukhy vishay-vastu bhagavat puran, madhavanal kamakedala, chaur-panchasika, chavan d ki ragamala, rasik priya, barahamasa, ramayan, devi mahatmy, darabar, akhet, shrriangarik vishay evan vyakti chitran raha hai. isake atirikt nari-shibika, shal bhanjika, nayika shrriangar, purushakri da, phulajh diyaan lie hue sriyaan dampati dvara chaup d ka khoy adi vishayoan ka prachurata se aankan hua hai. komal aur manomudadhakari akritiyoan ke sath-sath chitroan mean drishy chitr bhi sammishran bhi b de samichin dhang se kiya gaya hai. bikaner shaili mean, ooant evan gho de ki pramukht hai. is shaili mean akash ko sunahare chhalloan se yukt medhachchhadit dikhaya gaya hai. pe doan ke samoohoan ki pankti chhote kad ke pe doan ke samoohoan ki pankti chitrit kar door prishthabhoomi ka abhas karate haian.

bikaner chitrashaili ki visheshataean

bikaner rajy ka sanpark mugal darabar se hone ke karan mugal shaili ka prabhav isake aranbhik kal ke chitroan mean dekhane ko milata hai. kee samikshe to ise praantiy mugal shaili ka up-roop hi manate haian, kiantu ikahari tanvangi mriganaini komal lalanaoan ka aankan, nile-hare aur lal rangoan ka prayog, shahajahaan aur aurangazeb ki pag diyoan ke sath hi ooanchi marava di pag diyaan, ooant, hiran tatha bikaneri rahan-sahan aur rajapooti sanskriti ki chhap hamean alag shaili manane ko prerit karati hai. raghubir sianh ka kathan hai ki "mahan mugaloan ke shasanakal mean jis nootan sammishrit bharatiy sanskriti ka uday hua tha, ab in raj-darabaroan mean usi ka punah samanvay aur vikas hone laga. maharaja anoop sianh ke samay yah vikas vishesh darshaniy hai. bikaner chitrashaili ki nimn visheshataean haian -

• bikaner shaili ki manavakritiyaan jodhapur ki hi paranpara par lanbe kad ki hai, jinake sir par khi dakiyaan, pag di, turre lage nirmit hai. chehara bhoora, moochhoan se dhaka hua, bhari maansal sharir, vishal vaksh par motiyoan ki kanthi, niche jama, kamar mean katar dupatte mean rakhi banaee gee hai.
• nari akritiyaan bhi jodhapur paranpara par lambi chharahari nayikaean, khanjan pakshi se tikhe netr, tang kanchuki, dharedar ghaghare, kasa hua sharir evan alankarik abhooshanoan se susajjit haian. bikaner ke raja adhikatar dakshini morchoan par mugaloan ke garvanar rahe, atah dakshin shaili ka prabhav bikaner shaili par adhik hai. lanbi ikahari nayikaean, saro, nariyal ke vrikshoan ka dakkani aankan, uchhalate phabbaroan, hare rang ka prayog vishesh darshaniy hai.
• bikaner shaili mean rekhaoan ki gatyatmakata, komalaankan evan barik rekhaankan darshaniy hai. rekhaoan ka sanyojan prabhavashali hai.
• chatak rangoan ke sthan par yahaan komal rangoan ka prayog hua hai. lal, baigani, jamuni, saleti, badami rangoan ka adhikadhik prayog is shaili ki pramukh visheshataean haian.
• bikaner shaili ke chitroan mean sri evan purushoan ke pahanave mean mugal evan rajapooti sammishran dekhane ko milata hai. motiyoan ke abhooshan bikaner chitr shaili mean atyadhik aankit kie ge haian.
• is shaili ke chitroan mean laghu chitr evan bhitti chitr donoan ka saman aankan hua hai.
• bikaner shaili ke chitroan ka mukhy vishay-vastu, mahabharat, ramayan, krishnalila evan nayak-nayika bhed hai. isake atirikt yahaan rasikapriya, ragamala, vyakti chitran, shikar ka drishy, shal-bhanjika, bhagavat puran evan rajasthani lok kathaoan ka aankan yahaan ke chitroan ka mukhy vishay-vastu tha.
• bikaner chitr shaili ke pramukh chitrakaroan mean munnalal, mukund (1699 ee.), ramakishan (1770 ee.), jayakishan matheran, chandoolal (1678 ee.) ka nam ullekhaniy hai. bikaner shaili ke chitran mean usta parivar ke chitrakaroan usta kayam, kasim, abuhamid, shah muhammad, ahamad ali evan shahabadin adi pramukh chitrakar the. inhoanne rasikapriya, barahamasa, rag-ragini, krishnalil, shikar, mahaphil tatha samanti vaibhav ka chitran kiya.
• yahaan bhavanoan ke gumbadoan ko vishesh rup se chitrit kiya gaya hai.
• prakriti chitran mean vishesh chhalledar badaloan, varsha rritu mean bijali ka aankan evan saras mugal ko sundarata se chitrit kiya gaya hai. akash mean nili, sunahari evan lal adi abhayukt varnika ka prayog hua hai.
• vyakti chitroan mean tiloan ka pratikatmak aankan hai. chitroan ki prishthabhoomi ka aankan komal evan vatavaran ke anusar pariprekshy ka chitraankan kiya gaya hai. shal bhanjika chitroan mean vrikshoan evan manav akritiyoan mean adhik loch v akarshan hai.
• kishanagadh shaili ke saman lanbi tanvangi nayikaaian, khanjan pakshi ke tikhe netr, tang kanchuki, gheredar ghaghare tatha bhe d, bakari, ooant, kutte, kuanj, saras or marusthal ka chitran 18 vian shatabdi ki bikaner shaili mean adhik milata hai. isake bad ki shaili mean jhalaradar badaloan ka aankan, chandramahal, lalanivas, saradar mahal adi ke bhitti-chitroan mean vishesh darshaniy hai. baloo ke tiloan ka aankan chini aur eerani kala se prabhavit megh-mandal, paha doan aur phool-pattiyoan ka alekhan ullekhaniy hai.
• bikaner shaili mean sarvadhik chitr chitrakaroan ke nam sanvath ke sath banae ge haian.

uparokt vivechan se spasht hai ki bikaner chitr shaili ke aranbhik chitroan mean jodhapur ka prabhav darshaniy hai, lekin kalaantar me mugal kala ke samanvay se rajasthani evan mugal chitrakaroan ne hiandoo-kathaoan evan rajasthani kavyoan ko adhar banakar kala ka jo svaroop prastut kiya hai vah ullekhaniy hai. yahaan ke chitrakar musalaman the, jinhoanne hiandoo vishayoan par chitran karake udar drishtikon ka parichay diya. bikaner chitr shaili barik rekhaankan, komal evan gatyatmak rekhaoan, chatak evan komal rangoan ke samanvay se rajasthani chitrakala mean apana vishisht sthan evan mahatv rakhati hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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