विजय नगर साम्राज्य
vijayanagar ka shabdik arth hai- ‘jit ka shahar’. prayah is nagar ko madhyayug ka pratham hindoo samrajy mana jata hai. 14 vian shatabdi mean utpann vijayanagar samrajy ko madhyayug aur adhunik aupaniveshik kal ke bich ka sankranti-kal kaha jata hai. is samrajy ki sthapana 1336 ee. mean dakshin bharat mean tugalaq satta ke viruddh hone vale rajanitik tatha saanskritik andolan ke parinamasvaroop sangam putr harihar evan bukka dvara tuangabhadra nadi ke uttari tat par sthit aneguandi durg ke sammukh ki gayi. apane is sahasik kary mean unhean brahman vidvan madhav vidyarany tatha vedoan ke prasiddh bhashyakar sayan se prerana mili. vijayanagar samrajy ka nam tuangabhadra nadi ke dakshin kinare par sthit usaki rajadhani ke nam par p da. usaki rajadhani vipul shakti evan sampada ki pratik thi. vijayanagar ke vishay mean farasi yatri abdul rajjak ne likha hai ki, "vijayanagar duniya ke sabase bhavy shaharoan mean se ek laga, jo usane dekhe ya sune the".
utpatti matabhed
vijayanagar samrajy ke sansthapakoan ki utpatti ke bare mean spasht janakari ke abhav mean itihasakaroan mean vivad hai. kuchh vidvan ‘telugu andhr’ athava kakatiy utpatti manate haian, to kuchh 'karnata' (karnatak) ya hoyasal tatha kuchh 'kampili' utpatti manate haian. harihar aur bukka ne apane pita sangam ke nam par sangam rajavansh ki sthapana ki. vijayanagar samrajy ki rajadhaniyaan kramash: aneguandi ya anegondi, vijayanagar, penugonda tatha chandragiri thian. hampi (hastinavati) vijayanagar ki purani rajadhani ka pratinidhitv karata hai. vijayanagar ka vartaman nam 'hampi' (hastinavati) hai.
| shasak | shasanakal |
|---|---|
| harihar pratham | (1336-1356 ee.) |
| bukka pratham | (1356-1377 ee.) |
| harihar dvitiy | (1377-1404 ee.) |
| virupaksh pratham | (1404 ee.) |
| bukka dvitiy | (1404-1406 ee.) |
| devaray pratham | (1406-1422 ee.) |
| devaray dvitiy | (1422-1446 ee.) |
| vijayaray dvitiy | (1446-1447 ee.) |
| mallikarjun | (1447-1465 ee.) |
| virupaksh dvitiy | (1465-1485 ee.) |
vijayanagar ke rajavansh
vijayanagar samrajy par jin rajavanshoan ne shasan kiya, ve nimnalikhit haian-
- sangam vansh - 1336-1485 ee.
- saluv vansh - 1485-1505 ee.
- tuluv vansh - 1505-1570 ee.
- aravidu vansh - 1570-1650 ee.
vijayanagar ka prashasan
vijasanagar samrajy ke rajanitik svaroop ke bare mean do prakar ke mat milate haian. e.ke. shastri ke anusar- ‘vijayanagar samrajy ek kendrikrit rajy tha. isake viparit bartanasten vijayanagar ko khandit rajy ka darja dete haian. kul milakar vijayanagar samrajy ka rajanitik svaroop khandit hone ke bajay atyadhit vistrit evan sanbhajit tha.
kendriy vyavastha
vijayanagar samrajy ki shasan paddhati rajatantratmak thi. rajy evan shasan ke mool ko raja, jise 'ray' kaha jata tha, hota tha. is kal mean prachin rajy ki ‘saptaang vicharadhara’ ka anusaran kiya jata tha. raja ke chunav mean rajy ke mantri evan nayak mahattvapoorn bhoomika ka nirvah karate the. vijayanagar mean sanyukt shasak ki bhi parampara thi. raja ko rajyabhishek ke samay prajapalan evan nishtha ki shapath leni p dati thi. rajyabhishek ke avasar par darabar mean atyant bhavy ayojan hota tha, jisamean nayak, adhikari tatha janata ke pratinidhi sammilit hote the. achyutadev ray ne apana rajyabhishek tirupati veankateshvar mandir mean sampann karaya tha. raja ke bad ‘yuvaraj’ ka pad hota tha. yuvaraj raja ka b da putr v rajy parivar ka koee bhi yogy purush ban sakata tha. yuvaraj ke rajyabhishek ko 'yuvaraj pattabhishek' kahate the. vijayanagar mean sanyukt shasan ki parampara bhi vidyaman thi, jaise - harihar pratham evan bukka pratham. yuvaraj ke alpayu hone ki sthiti mean raja apane jivan kal mean hi svayan kisi mantri ko usaka sanrakshak niyukt karata tha. is kal mean kuchh mahattvapoorn sanrakshak the - vir narasianh, narasa nayak evan ramaray adi. kalantar mean yahi sanrakshak vyavastha hi vijayanagar ke patan mean bahut kuchh zimmedar rahi. vijayanagar ke rajaoan ne apane vyaktigat dharm ke bad bhi dharmik sahishnuta ki niti ka anusaran kiya. yadyapi rajy nirankush hota tha, par barbar nahian. usaki nirankushata par niyantran tatha prashasanik karyoan mean sahayog karane ke lie ek ‘mantriparishad’ hoti thi, jisamean pradhanamantri, mantri, upamantri, vibhagoan ke adhyaksh tatha rajy ke kuchh nazadik ke sambandhi hote the.
| shasak | karyakal |
|---|---|
| saluv narasianh | (1485-1491 ee.) |
| timma ray | (1491 ee.) |
| immadi narasianh | (1491-1505 ee.). |
mantriparishad
mantriyoan ke chayan mean anuvanshikata ki parampara ka palan hota tha. mantriparishad ke mukhy adhikari ko ‘pradhani’ ya ‘mahapradhani’ kaha jata tha. isaki sthiti pradhanamantri jaisi thi. isaki tulana maratha kalin peshava se ki ja sakati hai. yah raja evan yuvaraj ke bad tisare sthan par hota tha. mantriparishad mean kul 20 sadasy hote the. mantriparishad ke adhyaksh ko ‘sabhanayak’ kaha jata tha. kabhi-kabhi pradhanamantri adhyakshata bhi karata tha. ti.vi. mahaliangam ne vijayanagar prashasan ki rajaparishad aur mantriparishad mean antar spasht kiya hai. rajaparishad prantoan ke nayakoan, samant shasakoan, viddhanoan v rajyoan ke rajadootoan ko shamil karake gathit kiya gaya ek vishal sangathan hota tha. vijayanagar kalin mantriparishad ki tulana kautily ke mantriparishad ke sath ki ja sakati hai.
kendr mean 'dandanayak' nam ka uchch adhikari hota tha. usaka yah pad padabodhak n hokar vibhinn adhikariyoan ki vishesh shreni ko iangit karata tha. dandanayak ka arth, ‘prashasan ka pramukh’ aur ‘senaoan ka nayak’ hota tha. kahian-kahian mantriyoan ko bhi dandanayak ki upadhi pradan kiye jane ka ullekh milata hai. dandanayak ko nyayadhish, senapati, garvanar ya prashasakiy adhikari adi ka karyabhar sauanpa ja sakata tha. kuchh any adhikariyoan ko ‘karyakarta’ kaha jata tha. kendr mean ek sachivalay ki vyavastha hoti thi, jisamean vibhagoan ka vargikaran kiya jata tha. in vibhagoan mean ‘rayasam’ ya sachiv, karnikam ya ekaunteant hote the. rayasam raja ke maukhik adhikaroan ko lipibaddh karata tha. any vibhag evan unake adhikari ‘maniy pradhan’, grihamantri, mudrakarta, shahi-mudra ko rakhane vala adhikari adi the.
praantiy prashasan
| shasak | karyakal |
|---|---|
| vir narasianh | (1505-1509 ee.) |
| krishnadev ray | (1509-1529 ee.) |
| achyutadev ray | (1529-1542 ee.) |
| veankat pratham | (1542 ee.) |
| sadashiv ray | (1542-1570 ee.) |
vijayanagar samrajy ka vibhajan prant, rajy ya mandal mean kiya gaya tha. krishnadev ray ke shasanakal mean prantoan ki sankhya sarvadhik 6 thi. prantoan ke garvanar ke roop mean raj parivar ke sadasy ya anubhavi dandanayakoan ki niyukti ki jati thi. inhean sikkoan ko prasarit karane, naye kar lagane, purane kar maph karane evan bhoomidan karane adi ki svatantrata prapt thi. prant ke garvanar ko 'bhoo-rajasv' ka ek nishchit hissa kendr sarakar ko dena hota tha.
prant ko ‘mandal’ evan mandal ko ‘kotm’ ya ‘zile’ mean vibhajit kiya gaya tha. kottam ko ‘valanadu’ bhi kaha jata tha. kottam ka vibhajan ‘naduoan’ mean hua tha, jisaki sthiti aj ke paragana evan talluka jaisi thi. naduoan ko ‘meanlagram’ mean baanta gaya tha. ek melagram ke antargat lagabhag 50 gaanv hote the. ‘ur’ ya ‘gram’ prashasan ki sabase chhoti eekaee thi. is sam gaanvoan ke samooh ko ‘sthal’ evan ‘sima’ bhi kaha jata tha. vibhajan ka kram is prakar tha.
- prant - mandal-kottam ya valanadu
- prakottam - nadu-melagram-ur ya gram.
samanyatah prantoan mean rajaparivar ke vyaktiyoan (kumar ya rajakumar) ko hi niyukt kiya jata tha. garvanaroan ko sikke jari karane, naye kar lagane, purane karoan ko maph karane, bhoomidan dene jaise adhikar prapt the. sangam yug mean garvanaroan ke roop mean shasan karane vale rajakumaroan ko 'uraiyar' ki upadhi mili huee thi. chol yug aur vijayanagar yug ke rajatantr mean sabase b da antar 'nayankar vyavastha' thi.
| shasak | karyakal |
|---|---|
| tirumal | (1570-1572 ee.) |
| shrirang | (1572-1585 ee.) |
| veankat pratham | (1585-1614 ee.) |
| shrirang pratham | (1614 ee.) |
| ramadev | (1614-1630 ee.) |
| veankat dvitiy | (1630-1642 ee.) |
| shrirang dvitiy | (1642-1652 ee.) |
nayankar vyavastha
is vyavastha ki utpatti ke bare mean itihasakaroan mean matabhed haian. kuchh ka manana hai ki, vijayanagar samrajy ki sena ke senanayakoan ko ‘nayak’ kaha jata tha, kuchh ka manana hai ki, nayak bhoo-samant hote the, jinhean vetan ke badale evan sthaniy sena ke kharch ko chalane ke lie vishesh bhoo-khand, jise ‘amaram’ kaha jata tha, diya jata tha. chooanki ye amaram bhoomi ka prayog karate the, isalie inhe ‘amaranayak’ bhi kaha jata tha. amaram bhoomi ki ay ka ek hissa kendriy sarakar ke kosh ke lie dena hota tha. nayak ko amaram bhoomi mean shaanti, suraksha evan aparadhoan ko rokane ke dayitv ka bhi nirvah karana hota tha. isake atirikt use jangaloan ko saph karavana evan krishi yogy bhoomi ka vistar bhi karana hota tha. nayankaroan ke aantarik mamaloan mean raja hastakshep nahian kar sakata tha. inaka pad anuvanshik hota tha. nayakoan ka sthanantaran nahian hota tha. rajadhani mean nayakoan ke do sampark adhikari - ek nayak ki sena ka senapati aur doosara prashasanik abhikarta ‘sthanapati’ rahate the. achyutadev ray ne nayakoan ki uchchhriankhata ko rokane ke lie ‘manhamandaleshvar’ ya 'vishesh kamishnaroan' ki niyukt ki thi. nayankar vyavastha mean paryapt roop mean samantavadi lakshan the, jo vijayanagar samrajy ke patan ka karan bani.
ayangar vyavastha
prashasan ko sucharoo roop se sanchalit karane ke lie pratyek gram ko ek svatantr ikaee ke roop mean sangathit kiya gaya tha. in sangathit gramin ikaiyoan par shasan hetu ek 12 prashasakiy adhikariyoan ki niyukti ki jati thi, jinakoan samoohik roop se ‘ayangar’ kaha jata tha. ye avaitanik hote the. inaki sevaoan ke badale sarakar inhe poornatah kar mukt evan lagan mukt bhoomi pradan karati thi. inaka pad ‘anuvanshik’ hota tha. yah apane pad ko kisi doosare vyakti ko bech ya giravi rakh sakata tha. gram star ki koee bhi sampatti ya bhoomi in adhikariyoan ki ijajat ke bagair n to bechi ja sakati thi, aur n hi dan di ja sakati thi. 'karnik' namak ayangar ke pas zamin ke kray evan vikray se sambandhit samast dastavej hote the. is vyavastha ne gramin svatantrata ka gala ghoant diya.
sthaniy prashasan
vijayanagar kal mean chol kalin sabha ko kahian-kahian 'mahasabha', 'ur' evan 'mahajan' kaha jata tha. gaanv ko anek vardoan ya muhalloan mean vibhajit kiya gaya tha. ‘sabha’ mean vichar-virmash ke lie gaanv ya kshetr vishesh ke log bhag lete the. ‘sabha’ nee bhoomi ya any prakar ki sampatti upalabdh karane, gaanv ki sarvajanik bhoomi ko bechane, gramin ki taraf se samoohik nirnay lene, gaanv ki bhoomi ko dan mean dene ke adhikar apane pas surakshit rakhati thi. yadi koee bhoomi svami lambe samay tak lagan nahian de pata tha to, gram sabhaean usaki zamin jabt kar leti thian. nyayik adhikaroan ke antargat sabha ke pas divani mukaddamoan evan faujadari ke chhote-chhote mamaloan ka nirnay karane ka adhikar hota tha. ‘nadu’ gaanv ki b di rajanitik ikaee ke roop mean prachalit thi. nadu ki sabha ko nadu evan sadasyoan ko ‘natvar’ kaha jata tha. adhikar kshetr kafi vistrit hote the, par shasakiy niyantran mean rahana p data tha. vijayanagar ke shasan kal mean in sthaniy ikaiyoan ka hmas hua. ‘seneteova’ gaanv ke ay-vyay ki dekhabhal karata tha, ‘talari’ gaanv ke chaukidar ko kahate the. ‘begara’ gaanv mean begar, majadoori adi ki dekhabhal karata tha. brahmadev gramoan (brahmanoan ko bhoomi-anudan ke roop mean prapt gram) ki sabhaoan ko 'chaturvedimangalam' kaha gaya hai. gair brahmadev gram ki sabha 'ur' kahalati thi.
is samay ay ke pramukh srot the - lagan, sampatti kar, vyavasayik kar, udyagoan par kar, sianchaee kar, charagah kar, udyan kar evan anek prakar ke arth dand.
| adhikari | pramukh |
|---|---|
| nayak | b de senanayak |
| mahanayakachary | gram sabhaoan ka nirikshak adhikari |
| dandanayak | sainik vibhag pramukh tatha senapati |
| pradhani athava mahapradhani | mantriparishad ka pramukh |
| rayasam | sachiv |
| karnikam | lekhadhikari |
| amaranayak | sainy madad dene vala samantoan ka varg |
| ayangar | vanshanugat gramin adhikari |
| palaiyagar (paligar) | zamidar |
| sthanik | mandiroan ki vyavastha karane vala |
| senantova | gram ka lekhadhikari |
| talar | gram ka rakhavala |
| gaud | gram prashasak |
| aantrimar | gram prashasan ka ek adhikari |
| paroopatyagar | raja ya garvanar ka pratinidhi |
bhoo-rajasv vyavastha
vijayanagar samrajy dvara vasool kiye jane vale vividh karoan ke nam the - 'kadamaee', 'magamai', 'kanikkee', 'kattanam', 'kanam', 'varam', 'bhogam', 'varipattam', 'iraee' aur 'kattayam'. ‘shisht’ namak bhoomikar vijayanagar rajy ki ay ka pramukh evan sabase b da srot tha. rajy upaj ka 1/6 bhag kar ke roop mean vasool karata tha. krishnadev ray ke shasan kal mean bhoomi ka ek vyapak sarvekshan karavaya gaya tatha bhoomi ki urvarata ke anusar upaj ka 1/3 ya 1/6 bhag kar ke roop mean nirdharit kiya gaya. sambhavatah rajasv ki dar vibhinn prantoan mean alag-alag thi. ay ka ek any srot tha - sianchaee kar, jise tamil pradesh mean ‘dasavanda’ evan andhr pradesh v karnatak mean ‘kattakodej’ kaha gaya. yah kar un vyaktiyoan se liya jata tha, jo sianchaee ke sadhanoan ka upayog karate the. brahmanoan ke adhikar vali bhoomi se upaj ka 20 vaan bhag tatha mandiroan ki bhoomi se upaj ka 30vaan bhag lagan ke roop mean vasoola jata tha. vijayanagar samrajy mean koee aisa varg nahian tha, jisase vyavasayik kar nahian liya jata ho. ramaray ne keval naiyoan ko vyavasayik kar se mukt kar diya. kendriy rajasv vibhag ko athanave (ayavan) kaha jata tha.
bhoomi ke prakar v kar
samajik evan samudayik kar ke roop mean vivah kar liya jata tha. vidhava se vivah karane vale is kar se mukt hote the. krishnadev ray ne vivah kar ko samapt kar diya tha. rajy ka rajasv vastu evan nakad donoan hi roopoan mean vasool kiya jata tha. vijayanagar kal mean mandiroan ki mahattvapoorn bhoomika hoti thi. ve sianchaee pariyojanaoan ke sath-sath baiankig gatividhiyoan ka sanchalan bhi karate the. inake pas surakshit bhoomi ko devadan anudan kaha jata tha. ek shilalekh ke ullekh ke adhar par mana jata hai ki, is samay mandiroan mean lagabhag 370 naukar hote the. bhandaravad gram ve gram the, jinaki bhoomi sidhe rajy ke niyantran mean thi. yahaan ke kisan rajy ko kar dete the.
- uanbali - gram mean vishesh sevaoan ke badale di jani vali kar mukt bhoomi ki bhoo-dharan paddhati ‘uanbali’ thi.
- ratt (khatt) ko dage - yuddh mean shaury ka pradarshan karane vale ya anuchit roop se yuddh mean mrit logoan ke parivar ko di gee bhoomi.
- kuttagi - brahman, mandir evan b de bhoo-svami, jo svayan kheti nahian kar sakate the, ve kheti ke lie kisanoan ko patte par bhoomi dete the. is tarah ki patte par li gayi bhoomi ‘kuttagi’ kahalati thi.
- kudi - ve krishak majadoor hote the, jo bhoomi ke kray-vikray ke sath hi hastaantarit ho jate the, parantu inhean ichchhapoorvak kary se vilag nahian kiya ja sakata tha.
vyapar
vijayanagar kal mean malaya, barma, chin, arab, eeran, afrika, abisiniya evan purtagal se vyapar hota tha. mukhy niryatak vastuaian thian - kap da, chaval, ganna, ispat, masale, itr, shora, chini adi. ayat ki jane vali vastuaian thian - achchhi nasl ke gho de, hathi daant, moti bahumooly patthar, nariyal, p aaum, namak adi. moti faras ki kha di se tatha bahumooly patthar pegoo se mangaye jate the. noonij ne hiroan ke aise bandaragah ki charcha ki hai, jahaan vishv bhar mean sarvadhik hiroan ki khanean payi jati thian. vyapar mukhyatah chettiyoan ke hathoan mean kendrit tha. dastakar varg ke vyapariyoan ko 'vir paanchal' kaha jata tha.
| rachana | rachanakar |
|---|---|
| iroosalay vilakkam | haridas |
| dharmanath puran | madhur |
| amukt-malyad | krishnadev ray |
| svarochit sambhav | peddan |
| manucharit | tenaliram |
| pandurang mahatmy | tenaliram |
| ramkrishna kathe | visheshvar |
| rasavarn sudharak | lakanna |
| shivatatv chiantamani | jakkanarth |
| noorodusthal | hathy |
| buddharay charit | vishveshvar |
| chamatkar-chandrika | hathy |
| parijataharan | visheshvar |
| jambavati kalyan | krishnadev ray |
| pramuliang lile | chamaras |
| bhachiantaratn | mallanarth |
| satyendr cholakathe | mallanarth |
| vir shaivamrit | mallanarth |
mudra vyavastha
vijayanagar mean svarn ka sarvadhik prasiddh sikka 'varah' tha, jisaka vazan 52 gren tha, aur jise videshi yatriyoan ne hoon, paradaus ya pago da ke roop mean ullikhit kiya hai. chaandi ke chhote sikke ‘tar’ kahalate the. sone ke chhote sikke ko 'pratap' tatha 'phanam' kaha jata tha. vijayanagar samrajy ke sansthapak harihar pratham ke svarn sikkoan (varah) par hanuman evan garu d ki akritiyaan aankit hai. tuluv vansh ke sikkoan par garu d, uma, maheshvar, veankatesh aur krishna ki akritiyaan evan sadashiv ray ke sikkoan par lakshmi, narayan ki akriti aankit hai. aravidu vansh ke shasak vaishnav dharmanuyayi the, atah unake sikkoan par veankatesh, shankh evan chakr aankit haian.
sainy vyavastha
vijayanagar ki sena mean paidal, ashvarohi, hathi tatha ooant shamil the. sainy vibhag ko ‘kandachar’ kaha jata tha. is vibhag ka uchch adhikari ‘dandanayak’ ya ‘senapati’ hota tha.
nyay vyavastha
rajy ka pradhan nyayadhish raja hota tha. bhayankar aparadh ke lie sharir ke aang vichchhedan ka dand diya jata tha. prantoan mean prantapati tatha gaanvoan mean 'ayangar' nyay karata tha. nyay vyavastha hindoo dharm par adharit thi. pulis vibhag ka kharch veshyaoan par lagaye gaye kar se chalata tha.
samajik dasha
vijayanagar samrajy mean samaj char vargoan mean vibhajit tha, jo is prakar the -
- viprul
- rajalu
- motikiratalu aur
- nalavajative
inaka sanbandh kramashah brahman, kshatriy, vaishy tatha shoodr se tha. samaj mean brahmanoan ko charoan varnoan mean sarvochch sthan prapt tha. kshatriyoan ke bare mean vijayanagar kalin samaj mean koee janakari nahian milati. brahmanoan ko aparadh ke lie koee saja nahian milata thi. madhyavargiy logoan mean shettiyoan evan chettiyoan ka mahattvapoorn sthan tha. adhikaansh vyapar inhian ke dvara kiya jata tha. vyapar ke atirikt ye log lipik evan lekhakaryoan mean bhi nipun the. chettiyoan ki tarah vyapar mean nipun dastakar varg ke logoan ko ‘vir paanchal’ kaha jata tha. uttar bharat se dakshin bharat mean akar base logoan ko ‘badava’ kaha gaya. nimn v chhote samooh ke antargat lohar, badhee, moortikar, svarnakar v any dhatukarmi tatha julahe ate the. julahe mandir kshetr mean rahate the aur sath hi mandir prashasan v sthaniy gharoan ke aropan mean unaka sahayog hota tha.
das pratha
is dauran das pratha ka bhi prachalan tha. mahila evan purush donoan varg ke log das hua karate the. manushyoan ke kharide evan beche jane vale ko ‘bes-vag’ kaha jata tha. liye gaye rrin ko n de pane evan divaliya hone ki sthiti mean rrin lene valoan ko das banana p data tha.
striyoan ki sthiti
vijayanagar kalin samaj mean striyoan ki sammanajanak sthiti thi. sanpoorn bharatiy itihas mean vijayanagar hi aisa ekamatr samrajy tha, jisane vishal sankhya mean striyoan ko rajakiy padoan par niyukt kiya tha. kintu samaj mean bal vivah, devadasi evan sati pratha jaisi kuprathaean bhi vidyaman thi. raja ki aangarakshikaoan ke roop mean striyoan ki niyukti hoti thi. mandiroan mean devapooja ke lie rahane vali striyoan ko devadasi kaha jata tha, jo ajivan kuanvari rahati thian. ganikaoan ka samaj mean mahattvapoorn sthan tha. ye do tarah ki hoti thian-
- mandiroan se sambandhit aur
- svatantr dhang se jivan-yapan karane vali.
ye paryapt shikshit tatha visheshadhikari sampann hoti thian. raja evan samant log bina kisi apatti ke inase sambandh banate the.
sati pratha ka prachalan
vijayanagar kalin samaj mean sati pratha ka prachalan nayakoan evan rajaparivar tak hi simit tha. edavard barbosa bhi vijayanagar mean prachalit sati pratha ka ullekh karata hai. rajy ne vyavaharik drishti se sati pratha ko pashray nahian diya. yuddh mean shaury ka pradarshan karane ke karan un vyaktiyoan ko samman ke roop mean pair mean ‘gandapedr’ ka k da pahanaya jata tha. bad mean yah samman asainik samman ke roop mean mantriyoan, viddhanoan sainikoan evan any sammaniy vyaktiyoan ko diya jane laga. vijayanagar naresh shiksha ko pratyaksh protsahan nahian dete the. mandir, math evan agrahar mukhy shiksha ke kendr the. agraharoan mean mukhy roop se vedoan ki shiksha di jati thi. tuluv vansh ne shiksha ko paryapt protsahan diya.
manoranjan ke kshetr mean natak evan sangitamay abhinay (yakshagan) ka prachalan tha. bomaghat (chhaya-natak) natak kafi saraha jata tha. shataranj, jua v pase ke khel ke prachalan mean hone ka ullekh milata hai. krishnadev ray svayan shataranj ke khila di the.
dharmik evan saanskritik sthiti
vijayanagar kalin shasakoan ne hindoo dharm tatha sanskriti ko protsahit kiya. yah dakshin bharat ka ek matr hindoo rajy tha, jisane hindoo dharm ki sanskriti ko akshunn banaye rakha. vijayanagar ke shasakoan ne sthapatyakala, natyakala, pratimakala evan bhasha aur sahity ke kshetr mean bhi vishesh roochi dikhaee.
bhasha aur sahity
vijayanagar samrajy mean dakshin bharatiy bhashaoan - telugoo, kann d, tamil ke atirikt sanskrit bhasha ka bhi vikas hua. vedoan ke prasiddh bhashyakar sayan tatha madhav vidyarany vijayanagar ke the.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh