प्राचीन कुशीनगर के पुरावशेष

kushinagar bhagavan gautam buddh ke 'mahaparinirvan' ka sthan hai. poorvi uttar pradesh ke gorakhapur zile se 51 ki.mi. ki doori par yah sthit hai.

kianvadanti

ek kianvadanti ke anusar yah nagar shri ramachandr ke jyeshth putr kush dvara basaya gaya tha. bauddh granth 'mahavansh' mean kushinagar ka nam isi karan 'kushavati' bhi kaha gaya hai. bauddh kal mean yahi nam 'kushinagar' ya pali mean 'kusinara' ho gaya. ek any bauddh kianvadanti ke anusar takshashila ke ikshvaku vanshi raja taleshvar ka putr takshashila se apani rajadhani hatakar kushinagar le aya tha. usaki vansh parampara mean barahavean raja sudinn ke samay tak yahaan rajadhani rahi. inake bich mean kush aur mahadarshan namak do pratapi raja hue, jinaka ullekh gautam buddh ne kiya tha.

prachin nagar ke avashesh

kushinagar ke bauddh smaran vastut: do sthanoan mean keandrit haian. shalavan, jahaan buddh ko parinirvan prapt hua tha aur mukut bandhan chaity, jahaan unaka dah sanskar hua tha. parinirvan sthal ko ab "matha kuanvar ka kot" nam se jana jata hai, jabaki mukut bandhan chaity ka pratinidhitv adhunik ramabhar ka tila karata hai. "matha kuanvar ka kot" ke garbh mean parinirvan mandir evan mukhy stoop chhipe hue the. ye donoan stoop kushinagar ke sarvadhik mahattvapoorn smarak the. inake charoan or samay-samay par anek stoopoan, chaityoan tatha viharoan ka nirman hota raha.

mukhy-stoop

is stoop ki khudaee sarvapratham karlail ne 1879 ee. mean ki thi. us samay yah bahut jirn-shirn dasha mean tha. is stoop ke shikhar tatha khand bhag poornat: nasht ho chuke the.^[1] keval adhobhag hi avashisht tha. chini yatri hvenasaang ne is stoop ki ooanchaee 200 phut bataee thi aur isake nirman ka shrey maury samrat ashok ko diya tha.^[2] parantu karlail ne shikhar sahit isaki ooanchaee 150 phut bataee hai. isaki nianv jis par stoop aur mandir nirmit hue the, prithvi ki satah se 2.74 mitar ooanchaee par thi. is stoop mean prayukt eeantean vibhinn akar ki thian. karlail ke anusar is stoop ke niche any prachin stoopoan ke dhvansavashesh dabe hue the.

stoop ki khudaee

1910 ee. mean hiranand shastri ke nirdeshan mean is stoop ki khudaee pun: aranbh huee. oopar ke guanbad ko hatane par golakar bhitti mean sabase oopar kuchh naqqashidar eeantean tatha jayagupt namak raja ka ek taanbe ka sikka mila. aisa pratit hota hai ki in naqqashidar eeantoan ko any prachin smarakoan se liya gaya tha.^[3] khudaee karane par 14 phut (2.74 mi.) niche eeantoan ka ek vrittakar kaksh mila.^[4] isaki ooanchaee aur vyas 0.64 mitar (2 phut 1 ianch) tha. isake aandar tamrapatr dvara band ek tamraghat rakha tha. is tamraghat mean baloo, lak di ke koyale, mimati patthar, kau diyaan aur do tamr naliyaan mili haian. isake atirikt kumaragupt pratham ke kuchh rajat sikke tatha ek chhoti svarn evan rajat nali bhi mili hai. svarn nali mean bhoore rang ka koee padarth tatha kisi taral padarth ki do booandean rakhi huee thian. mukhachchhadan ke roop mean prayukt tamrapatr par sanskrit bhasha mean ‘nidanasootr’ likha gaya hai. parinirvan chaity mean haribal svami ne ise sthapit kiya tha.^[5] phlit ne pratima par aankit lipi ko 5vian shatabdi ka mana hai.^[6] kumaragupt pratham ke sikkoan ki prapti se yah nishchit ho jata hai ki oopari stoop ki sanrachana bhi isi shatabdi mean huee thi.

is stoop ke 10.36 mitar niche khodane par 2.82 mitar ooanche ek chhote stoop ka avashesh mila. isake pashchimi parshv mean pratham shatabdi mean nirmit buddh ki ek dhyanavasthit mrinamoorti sthapit ki gee thi.^[7] stoop ke bhitar ek mitti ke patr mean kuchh jala hua koyala rakha tha. sanbhavat: yah koyala kisi bhikshu ki chita ka tha, jise isamean rakh diya gaya tha. yah stoop achchhi dasha mean tha, at: hiranand shastri ne is stoop ko mukhy stoop se bahut poorv ka mana hai.^[8] uparyukt vivaran se spasht hai ki is stoop ka kee bar parivardhan evan jirnoddhar kiya gaya. yahaan sarvapratham ek chhote-se stoop ka nirman hua aur kalaantar mean usake akar mean nirantar abhivriddhi hoti rahi. paanchavian shatabdi mean haribal svami ne isaka jirnoddhar karavaya aur paravarti kal mean bhi usaki avashyak marammat hoti rahi. 75 phut ooancha stoop ka vartaman kalevar 1927 mean bhaktoan ke lie ge kary ka suphal hai.

parinirvan mandir

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'parinirvan mandir' uttar pradesh ke sarvadhik prachin nagaroan mean se ek kushinagar mean sthit hai. sarvapratham karlail ne 1876 ee. mean is mandir aur parinirvan pratima ko khoj nikala tha. pratima ko eeantoan ke bane ek sianhasan par sthapit kiya gaya tha. yah sianhasan 24 phut lanba tatha 5 phut 6 ianch chau da tha. karlail ne 1876 ee. mean mandir aur parinirvan pratima ki khoj ki thi. karlail ko ooanchi divarean to mili thian, parantu chhat ke avashesh nahian mile the. isamean keval garbhagrih aur usake age ek pravesh kaksh tha. is tile ke garbhagrih mean khudaee karate samay karlail ko ek ooanche sianhasan par tathagat ki 20 phut (lagabhag 6.1 mitar) lanbi parinirvan mudra ki pratima mili thi. yah pratima chittidar balua patthar ki hai. isamean buddh ko pashchim ki taraph mukh karake lete hue dikhaya gaya hai. isaka sir uttarabhimukh hai, dahina hath sir ke niche aur bayaan hath janghe par sthit hai. pair ek-doosare ke oopar haian. isamean koee sandeh nahian ki parinirvan pratima ki sthapana 5vian shatabdi mean huee thi, parantu yah mandir itana prachin nahian pratit hota. moorti par prayukt paravarti plastar is bat ka soochak hai ki yah mandir kee shatabdiyoan tak parivartit hota raha. uttari aur dakshini divaroan ke niche, moorti se yukt poorvavarti mandir ke avashesh us sthan se mile haian, jahaan se karlail ko parinirvan mandir ke avashesh mile the.

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panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

↑ karlail ke samay aand ke niche ka golakar bhag 25 phut ooancha tha aur usaki paridhi 56 phut thi.
↑ thamas vatars, an yuvan chvaangs traivels in iandiya, jild do, pri. 28
↑ arkiyolajikal sarve aph iandiya (varshik riport), 1910-11, pri. 64
↑ debala mitra, buddhisth manumeants, (kalakatta, 1971), pri. 70
↑ yah haribal svami vahi tha jisane parinirvan pratima ko sthapit kiya tha.
↑ arkiyolajikal sarve aph iandiya, (varshik riport), 1910-11, pri. 64
↑ debala mitra buddhisth manumeants (kalakatta, 1971), pri. 70
↑ arkiyolajikal sarve aph iandiya, varshik riport, 1910-11,, pri. 64-65

aitihasik sthanavali | vijayendr kumar mathur | vaijnanik tatha takaniki shabdavali ayog | manav sansadhan vikas mantralay, bharat sarakar

bahari k diyaan

sanbandhit lekh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

a a i ee u oo e ai o au aan k kh g gh n ch chh j jh n t th d dh n t th d dh n p ph b bh m y r l v sh sh s h ksh tr jn rri rri aau shr aah

[1] rlail ke samay aand ke niche ka golakar bhag 25 phut ooancha tha aur usaki paridhi 56 phut thi.

[2] thamas vatars, an yuvan chvaangs traivels in iandiya, jild do, pri. 28

[3] rkiyolajikal sarve aph iandiya (varshik riport), 1910-11, pri. 64

[4] tra, buddhisth manumeants, (kalakatta, 1971), pri. 70

[5] yah haribal svami vahi tha jisane parinirvan pratima ko sthapit kiya tha.

[6] rkiyolajikal sarve aph iandiya, (varshik riport), 1910-11, pri. 64

[7] tra buddhisth manumeants (kalakatta, 1971), pri. 70

[8] rkiyolajikal sarve aph iandiya, varshik riport, 1910-11,, pri. 64-65

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