अपभ्रंश भाषा

apabhransh bhasha madhy bharatiy-ary bhashaoan (lagabhag 12 vian shatabdi) ke tisare aur aantim charan ki sahityik bhasha hai.

• sahityik bhasha hone ke bavazood apabhransh mean aise parivartan parilakshit hue haian, jo uttari bharat mean boli jane vali boliyoan mean hue hoange.
• madhy bharatiy-ary bhasha mean sanskrit se kafi svaravaijnanik aur roopatmak aantar drishtigochar hota hai. roodh vyakaranavadi aise sabhi aantaroan ko apabhransh ki sanjna dete haian, jisaka arth vipath hona hai. aranbhik kal mean is prachalan ko bhrasht mana jata tha. shauraseni prakrit ko apabhransh ka aranbhik charan mana jata hai. jab sahityik upayog ke lie prakrit ko aupacharik roop diya gaya (sootrabaddh kiya gaya), to isake boligat prakaroan ko apabhransh ke roop mean pahachana jane laga.
• tisari shatabdi mean bharat muni ne naty vidya par apane granth natyashastr mean do prakar ki sthaniy boliyoan ka ullekh kiya hai, prakrit (bhashaean) aur usake bhransh (vibhashaean).
• satavian shatabdi ke kavi dandi ne abhir jaisi kavyatmak bhashaoan ko apabhransh kaha hai. is tarah is nishkarsh par pahuancha ja sakata hai, ki tisari shatabdi mean nishchit roop se apabhransh ke nam se jnat boliyaan thian, jo kramashah sahityik star tak vikasit hueean.
• chhathi shatabdi mean bhamah ne kavita ko sanskrit, prakrit tatha apabhransh ke roop mean vargikrit kiya. chhathi shatabdi tak apabhransh ko sahityik bhasha ke roop mean manyata mil chuki thi aur yah ek roodhibaddh shaili mean qayam rahi, yahaan tak ki navin bharatiy-ary bhashaoan ke sath bhi isaka astitv bana raha.
• ab bhi apabhransh sirf kavita ki bhasha ke roop mean jnat hai, kyoanki koee gady ya naty rachana is bhasha mean nahian hai.
• adhikaansh vartaman sahity jain pauranik kathaoan aur kianvadantiyoan par adharit hai. is bhasha ki kuchh shastriy rachanaean haian, athavian shatabdi mean svayanbhoodev dvara rachit, ramayan ka jain sanskaran pum chariu; 10 vian shatabdi ke pushpadant dvara likhit mahapuran (63 jain, charitroan ke jivan par adharit) aur nay kumar chariu; 10vian shatabdi ke dhanapal ki bhavisayattakaha; aur 11vian shatabdi ke padmakirti ki pasanah chariu hai.
• doha chhand, jinamean se pratyek apane ap mean sanpoorn hai aur ek svatantr avadharana ko moortiman karata hai, apabhransh ka lokapriy sahityik svaroop hai. dohoan ke kuchh ullekhaniy sankalan haian, satavian shatabdi mean devasen ki rachana savay- dhammadoha aur athavian shatabdi mean kanh ki rachana doha kosh.
• hemachandr ne 12 vian shatabdi mean prakrit vyakaran par apane granth mean apabhransh ki vyapak vivechana ki hai. kaha jata hai ki unaki tippaniyaan pashchimi boliyoan par adharit thian. sanbhavana hai ki inhian boliyoan se apabhransh kavy ka aranbh hua hoga.

apabhransh ke kaviyoan ne apani bhasha ko keval 'bhasa', 'desi bhasa' athava 'gamell bhasa' (gramin bhasha) kaha hai, parantu sanskrit ke vyakaranoan aur alankaragranthoan mean us bhasha ke lie pray: 'apabhransh' tatha kahian-kahian 'apabhrasht' sanjna ka prayog kiya gaya hai. is prakar apabhransh nam sanskrit ke acharyoan ka diya hua hai, jo apatat:tiraskarasoochak pratit hota hai. mahabhashyakar patanjali ne jis prakar 'apabhransh' shabd ka prayog kiya hai usase pata chalata hai ki sanskrit ya sadhu shabd ke lokaprachalit vividh roop apabhransh ya apashabd kahalate the. is prakar pratiman se chyut, skhalit, bhrasht athava vikrit shabdoan ko apabhransh ki sanjna di gee aur age chalakar yah sanjna poori bhasha ke lie svikrit ho gee. dandi (satavian shati) ke kathan se is tathy ki pushti hoti hai. unhoanne spasht likha hai ki shastr arthath‌ vyakaran shastr mean sanskrit se itar shabdoan ko apabhransh kaha jata hai; is prakar pali-prakrit-apabhransh sabhi ke shabd 'apabhransh' sanjna ke aantargat a jate haian, phir bhi pali prakrit ko 'apabhransh' nam nahian diya gaya.

dandi ne is bat ko spasht karate hue age kaha hai ki kavy mean abhir adi boliyoan ko apabhransh nam se smaran kiya jata hai; isase yah nishkarsh nikala ja sakata hai ki apabhransh nam usi bhasha ke lie roodh hua jisake shabd sanskritetar the aur sath hi jisaka vyakaran bhi mukhyat: abhiradi lok boliyoan par adharit tha. isi arth mean apabhransh pali-prakrit adi se vishesh bhinn thi.

apabhransh ke sanbandh mean prachin alankaragranthoan mean do prakar ke paraspar virodhi mat milate haian. ek or rudrat ke kavyalankar (2-12) ke tikakar namisadhu (106 ee.) apabhransh ko prakrit kahate haian to doosari or bhamah (chhathi shati), dandi (satavian shati) adi achary apabhransh ka ullekh prakrit se bhinn svatantr kavyabhasha ke roop mean karate haian. in virodhi matoan ka samadhan karate hue yakogi (bhavissayatt kaha ki jarman bhoomika, aangreji anuvad, b dauda orieantal ianstityoot jarnal, joon 1955) ne kaha hai ki shabdasamooh ki drishti se apabhransh prakrit ke nikat hai aur vyakaran ki drishti se prakrit se bhinn bhasha hai.

is prakar apabhransh ke shabdakosh ka adhikaansh, yahaan tak ki nabbe pratishat, prakrit se grihit hai aur vyakaranik gathan prakritik roopoan se adhik vikasit tatha adhunik bhashaoan ke nikat hai. prachin vyakaranoan ke apabhransh sanbandhi vicharoan ke kramabaddh adhyayan se pata chalata hai ki chhah sau varshoan mean apabhransh ka kramash: vikas hua. bharat (tisari shart) ne ise shabar, abhir, gurjar adi ki bhasha bataya hai. chand (chhathi shati) ne 'prakritalakshanam' mean ise vibhasha kaha hai aur usi ke asapas balabhi ke raj dhruvasen dvitiy ne ek tamrapatt mean apane pita ka gunagan karate hue unahean sanskrit aur prakrit ke sath hi apabhransh prabandharachana mean nipun bataya hai. apabhransh ke kavyasamarth bhasha hone ki pushti bhamah aur dandi jaise acharyoan dvara age chalakar satavian shati mean ho gee. kavyamimaansakar rajashekhar (dasavian shati) ne apabhransh kaviyoan ko rajasabha mean sammanapoorn sthan dekar apabhransh ke rajasamman ki or sanket kiya to tikakar purushottam (11vian shati) ne ise shishtavarg ki bhasha batalaya. isi samay achary hemachandr ne apabhransh ka vistrit aur sodaharan vyakaran likhakar apabhransh bhasha ke gauravapoorn pad ki pratishtha kar di. is prakar jo bhasha tisari shati mean abhir adi jatiyoan ki lokaboli thi vah chhathi shati se sahityik bhasha ban gee aur 11vian shati tak jate-jate shishtavarg ki bhasha tatha rajabhasha ho gee.

apabhransh ke kramash: bhaugolik vistarasoochak ullekh bhi prachin granthoan mean milate haian. bharat ke samay (tisari shati) tak yah pashchimottar bharat ki boli thi, parantu rajashekhar ke samay (dasavian shati) tak panjab, rajasthan aur gujarat arthath‌ samooche pashchimi bharat ki bhasha ho gee. sath hi svayanbhoo, pushpadant, dhanapal, kanakamar, sarahapa, kanhapa adi ki apabhransh rachanaoan se pramanit hota hai ki us samay yah samooche uttar bharat ki sahityik bhasha ho gee thi.

vaiyakaranoan ne apabhransh ke bhedoan ki bhi charcha ki hai. markandey (17vian shati) ke anusar isake nagar, upanagar aur brachad tin bhed the aur namisadhu (11vian shati) ke anusar upanagar, abhir aur gramy. in namoan se kisi prakar ke kshetriy bhed ka pata nahian chalata. vidvanoan ne abhiroan ko vraty kaha hai, is prakar 'brachad' ka sanbandh 'vraty' se mana ja sakata hai. aisi sthiti mean abhiri aur brachad ek hi boli ke do nam hue. kramadishvar (13vian shati) ne nagar apabhransh aur shasak chhand ka sanbandh sthapit kiya hai. shasak chhandoan ki rachana pray: pashchimi pradeshoan mean hi huee hai. is prakar apabhransh ke sabhi bhedopabhed pashchimi bharat se hi sanbaddh dikhaee p date haian. vastut: sahityik apabhransh apane parinishthit roop mean pashchimi bharat ki hi bhasha thi, parantu any pradeshoan mean prasar ke sath-sath usamean svabhavat: kshetriy visheshataean bhi ju d geean. prapt rachanaoan ke adhar par vidvanoan ne poorvi aur dakshini do any kshetriy apabhranshoan ke prachalan ka anuman lagaya hai.

apabhransh bhasha ka dhaancha lagabhag vahi hai jisaka vivaran hemachandr ke 'siddhahemashabadanushasanamh‌' ke athavean adhyay ke chaturth pad mean milata hai. dhvaniparirvan ki jin pravrittiyoan ke dvara sanskrit shabdoan ke tadbhav roop prakrit mean prachalit the, vahi pravritiyaan adhikaanshat: apabhransh shabdasamooh mean bhi dikhaee p dati hai, jaise anadi aur asanyukt k,g,ch,j,t,d,p,y, aur v ka lop tatha inake sthan par udvrit svar a athava y shruti ka prayog. isi prakar prakrit ki tarah ('kt', 'kv', 'dv') adi sanyukt vyanjanoan ke sthan par apabhransh mean bhi 'kt', 'kk', 'dd' adi dvittavyanjan hote the. parantu apabhransh mean kramash: samitavarti udvrit svaroan ko milakar ek svar karane aur dvittavyanjan ko saral karake ek vyanjan surakshit rakhane ki pravritti badhati gee. isi prakar apabhransh mean prakrit se kuchh aur vishisht dhvaniparivartan hue. apabhransh karakarachana mean vibhaktiyaan prakrit ki apeksha adhik ghisi huee milati haian, jaise tritiya ekavachan mean 'en' ki jagah 'ean' aur shashthi ekavachan mean 'ss' ke sthan par 'h'. isake atirikt apabhransh nirvibhaktik sanjna roopoan se bhi karakarachana ki gee. sahuan, kehian, tehian, desi, tanen, kera,majjhi adi parasarg bhi prayukt hue. kridantaj kriyaoan ke prayog ki pravritti badhi aur sanyukt kriyaoan ke nirman ka aranbh hua. sankshep mean apabhransh ne ne subantoan aur tinantoan ki srishti ki. apabhransh sahity ki prapt rachanaoan ka adhikaansh jain kavy hai arthath‌ rachanakar jain the aur prabandh tatha muktak sabhi kavyoan ki vastu jain darshan tatha puranoan se prerit hai. sabase prachin aur shreshth kavi svayanbhoo (navian shati) haian jinhoanne ram ki katha ko lekar 'pum-chariu' tatha 'mahabharat' ki rachana ki hai. doosare mahakavi pushpadant (dasavian shati) haian jinhoanne jain paranpara ke trishashthi shalakapurushoan ka charit 'mahapuran' namak vishal kavy mean chitrit kiya hai. isamean ram aur krishna ki bhi katha sammilit hai. isake atirikt pushpadant ne 'nayakumarachariu' aur 'jasaharachariu' jaise chhote-chhote do charitakavyoan ki bhi rachana ki hai. tisare lokapriy kavi dhanapal (dasavian shati) haian jinaki 'bhavissayatt kaha' shrutapanchami ke avasar par kahi janevali lokaprachalit prachin katha hai. kanakamar muni (11vian shati) ka 'karakanduchariu' bhi ullekhaniy charitakavy hai.

apabhransh ka apana dulara chhand doha hai. jis prakar prakrit ko 'gatha' ke karan 'gahabandh' kaha jata hai, usi prakar apabhransh ko 'dohabandh'. phutakal dohoan mean anek lalit apabhransh rachanaean huee haian, jo iandu (athavian shati) ka 'paramatmaprakash' aur 'yogasar', ramasianh (dasavian shati) ka 'pahud doha', devasen (dasavian shati) ka 'savayadhamm doha' adi jain muniyoan ki jnanopadeshaparak rachanaean adhikashant: doha mean haian. prabandhachiantamani tatha hemachandrarachit vyakaran ke apabhransh dohoan se pata chalata hai ki shrriangar aur shaury ke aihik muktak bhi kaphi sankhya mean likhe ge haian. kuchh rasak kavy bhi likhe ge haian jinamean kuchh to 'upadesh rasayan ras' ki tarah nitaant dharmik haian, parantu addahaman (13vian shati) ke sandesharasak ki tarah shrriangar ke saras romaans kavy bhi likhe ge haian.

jainoan ke atirikt bauddh siddhoan ne bhi apabhransh mean rachana ki hai jinamean sarahapa, kanhapa adi ke dohakosh mahatvapoorn haian. apabhransh gady ke bhi namoone milate haian. gady ke tuk de udyotan soori (satavian shati) ki 'kuvalayamal kaha' mean yatratatr bikhare hue haian.

navin khojoan se jo samagri samane a rahi hai, usase pata chalata hai ki apabhransh ka sahity atyant samriddh hai. dedh sau ke asapas apabhransh granth prapt ho chuke haian jinamean se lagabhag pachas prakashit haian.

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• prophesar mahavir saran jain ka alekh - apabhranshah bhashik vaividhy, sampark bhasha evan bhashik visheshataean