भारतेन्दु युग
bharatendu yug
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| vivaran | 'bharatendu yug' adhunik hindi kavy ke pratham charan ko kaha gaya hai. is kal mean nibandh, natak, upanyas tatha kahaniyoan ki rachana huee. |
| any nam | navajagaran kal |
| samay | 1869 se 1900 |
| pramukh kavi v lekhak | bharatendu harishchandr, pratap narayan mishr, radhakrishnadas, aanbikadatt vyas, thakur jagamohan sianh, balkrishna bhatt, devakinandan khatri aur kishori lal gosvami adi. |
| vishesh | bharatendu yug ke kaviyoan ki sabase b di sahityik den keval yahi mani ja sakati hai ki unhoanne kavita ko ritikalin parivesh se mukt karake samasamayik jivan se jo d diya. |
| any janakari | bharatendu yug mean paranparagat dharmikata aur bhakti bhavana ko apekshat: gaun sthan prapt hua. bharatendu ne kavy kshetr ko adhunik vishayoan se sanpann kiya aur riti ki bandhi-bandhayi paripati se kavita-sundari ko mukt karake taji hava mean saans lene ka suavasar pradan kiya. |
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adhunik hiandi kavy ke pratham charan ko "bharatendu yug" ki sanjna pradan ki gee hai. bharatendu harishchandr ko hindi sahity ke adhunik yug ka pratinidhi mana jata hai. unhoanne 'kavivachan sudha', 'harishchandr maigazin' aur 'harishchandr patrika' bhi nikali. isake sath hi anek natakoan adi ki rachana bhi ki. bharatendu yug mean nibandh, natak, upanyas tatha kahaniyoan ki rachana huee.
navajagaran kal
bharateandu kal ko 'navajagaran kal' bhi kaha gaya hai. hiandi sahity ke adhunik kal ke sankrati kal ke do paksh haian. is samay ke daramyan ek aur prachin paripati mean kavy rachana hoti rahi aur doosari or samajik rajanitik kshetroan mean jo sakriyata badh rahi thi aur paristhitiyoan ke badalav ke karan jin naye vicharoan ka prasar ho raha tha, unaka bhi dhire-dhire sahity par prabhav p dane laga tha. praranbh ke 25 varshoan (1843 se 1869) tak sahity par yah prabhav bahut kam p da, kintu san 1868 ke bad navajagaran ke lakshan adhik spasht roop se dikhaee dene lage the. vicharoan mean is parivartan ka shrey bharatendu harishchandr ko hai. isalie is yug ko "bharatendu yug" bhi kahate haian. bharatendu ke pahale brajabhasha mean bhakti aur shrriangar parak rachanaean hoti thian aur lakshan granth bhi likhe jate the. bharatendu ke samay se kavy ke vishay chayan mean vyapakata aur vividhata aee. shrriangarikata, ritibaddhata mean kami aee. rashtr-prem, bhasha-prem aur svadeshi vastuoan ke prati prem kaviyoan ke man mean bhi paida hone laga. unaka dhyan samajik samasyaoan aur unake samadhan ki or bhi gaya. is prakar unhoanne samajik rajanitik kshetroan mean gatishil navajagaran ko apani rachanaoan ke dvara protsahit kiya.[1]
pramukh kavi
bharatendu harishchandr, baba sumer sianh, badari narayan premaghan (1855-1923), pratap narayan mishr (1856-1894), radhakrishna das (1865-1907), aanbika datt vyas (1858-1900) aur thakur jagamohan sianh (1857-1899) is yug ke pramukh kavi the. any kaviyoan mean ramkrishna varma, shri nivasadas, lala sitaram, ray devi prasad, balamukuand gupt, navanit chaube adi haian. is kal ke lekhakoan mean balkrishna bhatt, radha charan gosvami, upadhyay badarinath chaudhari 'premaghan', lala shrinivas das, devakinandan khatri aur kishori lal gosvami adi ullekhaniy haian. inamean se adhikaansh lekhak hone ke sath-sath patrakar bhi the.
bharatendu harishchandr ka yogadan
bharatendu yug ke poorv kavita mean ritikalin pravrittiyaan vidyaman thian. atishay shrriangarikata, alankar moh, riti niroopan evan chamatkarapriyata ke karan kavita jan-jivan se kat gee thi. deshi riyasatoan ke sanrakshan mean rahane vale kavigan ritikal ke vyamoh se n to ubarana chahate the aur n hi ubarane ka prayas kar rahe the. aisi paristhitiyoan mean bharatendu ji ka kavy-kshetr mean padarpan vastutah adhunik hindi kavy ke liye varadan siddh hua. unhoanne kavy kshetr ko adhunik vishayoan se sanpann kiya aur riti ki bandhi-bandhayi paripati se kavita-sundari ko mukt karake taji hava mean saans lene ka suavasar pradan kiya. bharatendu yug mean paranparagat dharmikata aur bhakti bhavana ko apekshat: gaun sthan prapt hua, phir bhi is kal ke bhakti kavy ko tin vargauan mean vibhajit kiya ja sakata haian-[2]
- nirgun bhakti
- vaishnav bhakti
- svadeshanurag-samanvit eeshvar-bhakti
is yug mean hasy-vyangyatmak kavitaoan ki bhi prachur parinam mean rachana huee.
bharatendu yug ke kaviyoan ki sabase b di sahityik den keval yahi mani ja sakati hai ki unhoanne kavita ko ritikalin parivesh se mukt karake samasamayik jivan se jo d diya. bharatendu adhunik kal ke janak the aur bharatendu yug ke any kavi unake prabhamandal mean vicharan karane vale aise nakshatr the, jinhoanne apani khuli aankhoan se jan-jivan ko dekhakar use apani kavita ka vishay banaya. is kal mean kavita aur jivan ke nikat ka sanbandh sthapit hua aur yahi is kavita ka mahatv hai.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ bharatendu kal ya navajagaran kal (1869 se 1900) (hindi) aanchalik. abhigaman tithi: 09 janavari, 2016.
- ↑ bharateandu yug ke sahityik mahattv (hindi) nayakashri. abhigaman tithi: 09 janavari, 2016.