लॉर्ड कर्ज़न

thumb|220px|l aaurd karzan l aaurd elagin dvitiy ke bad 1899 ee. mean l aaurd karzan bharat ka vaisaray banakar aya. bharat ka vaisaray banane ke poorv bhi karzan char bar bharat a chuka tha. bharat mean vaisaray ke roop mean usaka karyakal kafi uthal-puthal ka raha hai. l aaurd karzan ke vishay mean pi.rabatars ne likha hai ki, "bharat mean kisi any vaisaray ko apana pad sambhalane se poorv bharat ki samasyaoan ka itana thik jnan nahian tha, jitana ki l aaurd karzan ko. karzan ne janamanas ki akaankshaoan ki poornaroop se avahelana karate hue bharat mean british hukoomat ko patthar ki chattan par kh da karane ka prayas kiya". l aaurd karzan ne bharat mean shiksha aur arthik sudharoan ke lie mukhy roop se kary kiye the. bhoomi par liye jane vale bhoomikar ko aur adhik udar banaye jane hetu usane 'bhoomi prastav' bhi parit kiya tha.

sudhar kary

l aaurd karzan ke dvara kiye gaye kuchh mahattvapoorn sudhar kary is prakar haian :-

pulis sudhar

pulis sudhar ke antargat karzan ne 1902 ee. mean 'sar endrayoo frejar' ki adhyakshata mean ek 'pulis ayog' ki sthapana ki. 1903 ee. mean prastut apani riport mean ayog ne pulis vibhag ki alochana karate hue kaha ki, yah vibhag poornatah aksham, prashikshan se rahit, bhrasht evan damanakari hai. ayog dvara diye gaye sujhavoan ke adhar par sabhi staroan mean vetan ki vriddhi , prashikshan ki vyavastha, prantiy pulis ki sthapana v kendriy guptachar vibhag ki sthana ki vyavastha ki gee.

shaikshik sudhar

shaikshik sudharoan ke antargat karzan ne 1902 ee. mean 'sar t aaumas raile' ki adhyakshata mean 'vishvavidyalay ayog' ka gathan kiya. ayog dvara diye ge sujhavoan ke adhar par vishvavidyalay adhiniyam, 1904 ee. parit kiya gaya. is adhiniyam ke adhar par vishvavidyalay par sarakari niyantran badh gaya. vishvavidyalay ki sinet mean manonit sadasyoan ki sankhya badha di gee. gair sarakari k aaulejoan ka vishvavidyalayoan se sambandhit hona atyadhik kathin bana diya gaya.

arthik sudhar

arthik sudharoan ke antargat karzan ne 1899-1990 ee. mean p de akal v sookhe ki sthiti ke vishleshan ke lie 'sar entani maikad aaunal' ki adhyakshata mean ek 'akal ayog' ki niyukti ki. ayog ne kaha ki, akal sahayata v anudan mean di gee sahayata par anavashyak bal diya gaya. ayog ne kaha ki, kary karane mean saksham logoan ko unake kary mean hi sahayog karana chahie.

any ayogoan ki sthapana

bhoomikar ko adhik udar banane hetu l aaurd karzan dvara 16 janavari, 1902 ko 'bhoomi prastav' laya gaya. karzan ne 1901 ee. mean 'sar k aaulin sk aaut m aaunakrif' ki adhyakshata mean ek 'sianchaee ayog' ka bhi gathan kiya aur ayog ke sujhav par sianchaee ke kshetr mean kuchh mahattvapoorn sudhar kiye. 1904 ee. mean 'sahakari udhar samiti adhiyim' pesh hua, jisamean kam byaj dar par udhar ki vyavastha ki gayi. isake atirikt ek 'samrajyiy krishi vibhag' sthapit kiya gaya, jisamean krishi, pashudhan evan krishi ke vikas ke lie vaijnanik pranali ke prayog ko protsahit kiya gaya. vanijy evan udyog ke kshetr mean sudhar hetu ek navin vibhag khola gaya, jo dak tar, relave prashasan, karakhane, bandaragahoan adi par nazar rakhata tha.

• 1899 ee. mean parit kiye gaye 'bharat tankan v patr mudran adhiniyam' dvara aangrezi paund ko bharat mean vidhigrahy bana diya gaya. ek any yojana 'svarn vinimay pramap yojana' ke antargat sarakar ko sone ke badale rupaye dene hote the.

relave ka vikas

bharatiy relave ke vikas ke kshetr mean sarvadhik relave lainoan ka nirman l aaurd karzan ke samay mean hi hua. ianglaind ke rel visheshajn 'rabatarsan' ko bharat bulaya gaya. unhoanne vanijy upakram ke adhar par rel lainoan ke vikas par bal diya. nyayik sudharoan ke antargat karzan ne 'kalakatta uchch nyayalay' mean nyayadhishoan ki sankhya ko badhaya. usane uchch nyayalay evan adhinasth nyayalayoan ke nyayadhishoan ke vetan evan peanshan mean vriddhi ki. usane bharatiy nagarik prakriya sanhita ko sanshodhit karate hue parivartit kar diya.

sainik sudhar

sainik sudharoan ke antargat l aaurd karzan ne senapati 'kichanar' ke sahayog se sena ka punargathan kiya. bharatiy sena ko uttari v dakshini kamanoan mean baanta gaya. uttari kaman ne apana karyalay 'mari' mean evan 'prahar kendr' peshavar mean tatha dakshini kaman ne apana karyalay 'poona' mean evan 'prahar kendr' kveta mean sthapit kiya. sainy adhikariyoan ke prashikshan ke lie 'kembarale k aaulej' ke namoone par kveta mean ek k aaulej ki sthapana ki. tatkalin sainy tuk diyoan ko ek mahattvapoorn parikshan 'kichanar parikshan' se guzarana hota tha. is sainy punargathan ke karan karzan ke samay mean sena par kharch atyadhik badh gaya tha.

kalakatta nigam adhiniyam

thumb|l aaurd karzan l aaurd karzan ne 'kalakatta nigam adhiniyam' 1899 ee. ke dvara chune jane vale sadasyoan ki sankhya mean kami kar di, parantu nigam evan usaki samitiyoan mean aangrez logoan ki sankhya badha di gee. parinam yah hua ki kalakatta (vartaman kolakata) nagar nigam matr ek 'aianglo-indiyan' sabha ke roop mean hi rah gaya. 28 chune gaye sadasyoan dvara isaka virodh karane par bhi l aaurd karzan vichalit nahian hua, aur 1903 ee. mean ek bhoj ke dauran apane udgar mean usane kaha, "maian vaisaray pad se nivrit hone ke pashchath kalakatta nagar nigam ka mahapaur hona pasand karooanga".

prachin smarak sanrakshan adhiniyam

'prachin smarak sanrakshan adhiyam', 1904 ee. ke dvara l aaurd karzan ne bharat mean pahali bar aitihasik imaratoan ki suraksha evan marammat ki or dhyan dete hue 50,000 paund ki dhanarashi ka abantan kiya. is kary ke lie l aaurd karzan ne 'bharatiy puratattv vibhag' ki sthapana ki.

bangal vibhajan

l aaurd karzan ke virodhi karyoan mean sarvadhik mahattvapoorn kary tha- 1905 ee. mean 'bangal ka vibhajan'. usane rashtriy aandolan ko dabane v kamazor karane ke udeshy se, prashasanik asuvidhaoan ka arop lagakar bangal ko do bhagoan mean baant diya. poorvi bhag mean bangal aur asam ke chatagaanv, dhaka, rajashahi ko milakar ek naya prant banaya gaya. is prant ka mukhy karyalay dhaka mean tha. pashchimi bhag mean pashchim bangal, bihar evan u disa ko sammilit kiya gaya. l aaurd karzan ka yah vibhajan 'phoot dalo aur rajy karo' ki niti par adharit tha. usane is kary ke dvara hindoo aur musalamanoan mean matabhed paida karane ka prayatn kiya. vibhajan ka yah kary antim roop se 16 aktoobar, 1905 ee. ko sampann hua, parantu is vibhajan ke virodh mean itani avazean uthian ki, 1911 ee. mean is vibhajan ko samapt karane ki ghoshana karani p di, jo 1912 ee. mean karyaroop mean parinit hua.

videsh niti

l aaurd karzan ne apani videsh niti ke antargat 'faras ki kha di' mean adhik sakriyata dikhaee. usane tibbat ke guru 'dalaee lama' par roos ki or jhukav ka arop lagakar, tibbat mean hastakshep kiya. 'karnal yang hasbaiand' ke netritv 1903 ee. mean gee sena ne tibbatiyoan se ek sandhi ki, jisake anusar tibbat ne ek lakh rupaya varshik dar se 75 lakh rupaya yuddh ki kshati poorti ke roop mean dena svikar to kar liya, kintu isaki jamanat ke roop mean bharat sarakar ne sikkim evan bhootan ke bich sthit 'chumbi ghati' par 75 varshoan ke lie apana adhikar kar liya.

istifa

1902 ee. mean l aaurd kichanar ke bharat ke sainy pramukh ke pad par niyukt hone par l aaurd karzan ka kichanar se sainik sadasyoan ko lekar matabhed hua, jisake karan 1905 ee. mean l aaurd karzan ne apane pad se istifa de diya.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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sanbandhit lekh

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