भारत का इतिहास

pratiksha|left is panne par sampadan ka kary chal raha hai. kripaya pratiksha karean yadi 10 din ho chuke hoan to yah 'soochana saancha' hata dean ya dobara lagaean. soochana saancha lagane ka samay → 12:45, 22 agast 2010 (IST)

bharat aur vishv ka paridrishy

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

athavian shatabdi ke bad yoorop aur eshiya mean kee mahatvapoorn parivartan hue. inase n keval yoorop aur eshiya ke sambandhoan mean, balki logoan ke rahan-sahan aur unaki vicharadhara par bhi, dooragami prabhav p de. prachin roman samrajy aur bharat ke bich b di matra mean vyapar hone ke karan in parivartanoan ka prabhav aparoksh roop se bharat par bhi p da. is samay vishv ka paridrishy is prakar tha- yoorop mean chhathi shatabdi ke uttarardh ke arambh mean shaktishali roman samrajy do hissoan mean bant gaya tha. pashchimi bhag mean, jisaki rajadhani rom thi, roos aur jarmani ki or se bahut b di sankhya mean slav aur jarman qabile ke logoan ke akraman hue. pashchimi yoorop mean roman samrajy ke vighatan ke bad ek naye prakar ke samaj aur ek nee shasan vyavastha ka janm hua. is nayi vyavastha ko samantavad kaha jata hai. islam ke uday se arab mean hamesha apas mean l dane vale qabile ekajut hokar ek shaktishali samrajy ke roop mean age ae. chin mean athavian aur nauvi shatabdi mean taang shasan ke kal mean vahaan ki sabhyata aur sanskriti apane shikhar par thi.

tin samrajyoan ka yug athavian se dasavian shatabdi

sat sau pachas aur ek hazar eesvi ke bich uttar tatha dakshin bharat mean kee shaktishali samrajyoan ka uday hua. nauanvian shatabdi tak poorvi aur uttari bharat mean pal samrajy tatha dasavian shatabdi tak pashchimi tatha uttari bharat mean pratihar samrajy shaktishali bane rahe. rashtrakootoan ka prabhav dakkan mean to tha hi, kee bar unhoanne uttari aur dakshin bharat mean bhi apana prabhutv qayam kiya. yadyapi ye tinoan samrajy apas mean l date rahate the tathapi inhoanne ek b de bhoo-bhag mean sthirata qayam rakhi aur sahity tatha kalaoan ko protsahit kiya.

is yug ki ek aur mahatvapoorn bat rajy aur dharm ke bich sambandh hai. is yug ke kee shasak shaiv aur vaishnav aur kee bauddh aur jain dharm ko manane vale the. ve brahmanoan, bauddh biharoan aur jain mandiroan ko udaratapoorvak dan dete the, lekin ve kisi bhi vyakti ke prati usake dharmik vicharoan ke lie bhedabhav nahian rakhate the aur sabhi matavalanbiyoan ko sanrakshan pradan karate the. rashtrakoot nareshoan ne bhi musalamanoan tak ka svagat kiya aur unhean apane dharm prachar ki svikriti di. sadharanatah koee bhi raja dharmashastroan ke niyamoan tatha any paramparaoan mean hastakshep nahian karata tha aur in mamaloan mean vah purohit ki salah par chalata tha. lekin isase yah nahian samajha jana chahie ki purohit rajy ke karyoan mean hastakshep karata tha athava raja par usaka kisi prakar ka dabav tha. is yug ke dharmashastroan ke mahan vyakhyakar medhatithi ka kahana hai ki raja ke adhikar vyanjit karane vale srot ved sahit dharmashastroan ke alava 'arthashastr' bhi hai. usaka 'rajadharm' arthashastr mean nihit siddhaantoan ke anusar hona chahie. isaka vastavik arth yah tha ki raja ko rajaniti aur dharm ko bilkul alag-alag rakhana chahie aur dharm ko raja ka vyaktigat kartavy samajha jana chahie. is prakar us yug ke shasakoan par n to purohitoan aur n hi unake dvara pratipadit dharm-qanoon ka koee prabhav tha. is arth mean ham kah sakate haian ki us yug mean rajy moolatah dharm nirapeksh the.

in tinoan samrajyoan mean rashtrakoot samrajy sabase adhik dirghajivi raha. yah n keval apane samay ka sabase shaktishali samrajy tha, varan isane arthik tatha saanskritik mamaloan mean uttar aur dakshin bharat ke bich setu ka kary kiya.

pal samrajy

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

harsh ke samay ke bad se uttari bharat ke prabhutv ka pratik kannauj mana jata tha. bad mean yah sthan dilli ne prapt kar liya. pal samrajy ki nianv 750 ee0 mean 'gopal' namak raja ne dali. bataya jata hai ki us kshetr mean phaili ashanti ko dabane ke lie kuchh pramukh logoan ne usako raja ke roop mean chuna. is prakar raja ka nirvachan ek abhootapoorv ghatana thi. isaka arth shayad yah hai ki gopal us kshetr ke sabhi mahatvapoorn logoan ka samarthan prapt karane mean saphal ho saka aur isase use apani sthiti mazaboot karan mean kaphi sahayata mili.

pratihar samrajy

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

devapal ke shasan ke antim dinoan mean pratihar samrajy ki shakti badhane lagi. pratiharoan ka gujarat athava dakshin-pashchim rajasthan se sambandh hone ke karan unhean gurjar pratihar bhi kaha jata hai. ye pal vansh se kuchh samay pahale hi shaktishali bane. arambh mean sambhavatah ye keval sthaniy adhikari the, lekin kalantar mean unhoanne madhy tatha poorvi rajasthan ke kee kshetroan par apana adhikar prapt kar liya. inaki khyati tab badhi jab inhoanne rajasthan aur gujarat mean siandh ke arabi shasakoan ke akraman ka virodh kiya. gujarat ke ek yuddh mean 738 ee0 mean chalukyoan ne 'mlachchhoan' ko nirnayak roop se parajit kiya. bataya jata hai ki isake bad arab kabhi bhi gujarat mean apana prabhav qayam nahian kar sake. is yuddh mean bhag lene vala ek mukhy vyakti dantidurg tha jo badami ke chalukyoan ka ek samant tha aur jo is samay dakshin mean shasak ban baitha tha. bad mean dantidurg ne chalukyoan ko parajit kar rashtrakoot samrajy ki nianv dali.

rashtrakoot samrajy

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

jab uttari bharat mean pal aur pratihar vanshoan ka shasan tha, dakkan mean rashtookoot rajy karate the. is vansh ne bharat ko kee yoddha aur kushal prashasak die haian. is samrajy ki nianv 'dantidurg' ne dali. dantidurg ne 750 ee0 mean chalukyoan ke shasan ko samapt kar aj ke sholapur ke nikat apani rajadhani 'manyakhet' athava 'manakhe d' ki nianv rakhi. shighr hi maharashtr ke uttar ke sabhi kshetroan par rashtrakootoan ka adhipaty ho gaya. gujarat aur malava ke prabhutv ke lie inhoanne pratiharoan se bhi loha liya. yadyapi in hamaloan ke karan rashtrakoot apane samrajy ka vistar ganga ghati tak nahian kar sake tathapi inamean unhean bahut b di matra mean dhan rashi mili aur unaki khyati badhi. vangi (vartaman aandhr pradesh) ke poorvi chalukyoan aur dakshin mean kaanchi ke pallavoan tatha maduree ke paandyoan ke sath bhi rashtrakootoan ka barabar sangharsh chalata raha.

chol samrajy nauvian se barahavian shatabdi

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

chol samrajy ka abhyuday nauvian shatabdi mean hua aur dakshin pray:dvip ka adhikaansh bhag isake adhikar mean tha. chol shasakoan ne shrilanka par bhi vijay prapt kar li thi aur maladiv dvipoan par bhi inaka adhikar tha. kuchh samay tak inaka prabhav kaliang aur tuangabhadr doab par bhi chhaya tha. inake pas shaktishali nausena thi aur ye dakshin poorvi eshiya mean apana prabhav qayam karane mean saphal ho sake. chol samrajy dakshin bharat ka niahsandeh sabase shaktishali samrajy tha. apani prarambhik kathinaiyoan par vijay prapt karane ke bad qarib do shatabdiyoan tak arthat barahavian eesvi ke madhy tak chol shasakoan ne n keval ek sthir prashasan diya, varan kala aur sahity ko bahut protsahan diya. kuchh itihasakaroan ka mat hai ki chol kal dakshin bharat ka 'svarn yug' tha. chol samrajy ki sthapana vijayalay ne ki jo arambh mean pallavoan ka ek samanti saradar tha. usane 850 ee0 mean tanjavur ko apane adhikar mean kar liya aur paandy rajy par chadhaee kar di. chol 897 tak itane shaktishali ho ge the ki unhoanne pallav shasak ko harakar usaki hatya kar di aur sare tauand mandal par apana adhikar kar liya. isake bad pallav, itihas ke pannoan se vilin ho ge, par chol shasakoan ko rashtrakootoan ke viruddh bhayanak sangharsh karana p da. rashtrakoot shasak krishna tritiy ne 949 ee0 mean chol samrat parantak pratham ko parajit kiya aur chol samrajy ke uttari kshetr par adhikar kar liya. isase chol vansh ko dhakka laga lekin 965 ee0 mean krishna tritiy ki mrityu aur rashtrakootoan ke patan ke bad ve ek bar phir uth kh de hue.

chhathi shatabdi ke madhy ke bad dakshin bharat mean pallavoan, chalukyoan tatha paandy vanshoan ka rajy raha. pallavoan ki rajadhani kaanchi, chalukyoan ki badami tatha paandyoan ki rajadhani maduree thi, jo adhunik tanjavur zile mean hai aur dakshin arthat keral mean, cher shasak the. karnatak kshetr mean kadamb tatha gangavanshoan ka shasan tha. is yug ke adhikatar samay mean ganga shasak rashtrakootoan ke adhin the ya unase milate hue the. rashtrakoot is samay maharashtr kshetr mean sabase adhik prabhavashali the. pallav, paandy tatha cher apas mean tatha milakar rashtrakootoan ke viruddh sangharsharat the. inamean se kuchh shasakoan visheshakar pallavoan ke pas shaktishali nausenaean bhi thian. pallavoan ke dakshin poorv eshiya ke sath b de paimane par vyaparik sambandh the aur unhoanne vyapar tatha saanskritik sambandhoan ko badhane ke lie kee rajadoot bhi chin bheje. pallav adhikatar shaiv mat ke anuyayi the aur inhoanne adhunik madras ke nikat mahabalipuram mean kee mandiroan ka nirman kiya.

arthik samajik jivan, shiksha tatha dharm _{800 ee0 se 1200 ee0}

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

is kal mean bharatiy samaj mean kee mahatvapoorn parivartan hue. inamean se ek yah tha ki vishisht varg ke logoan ki shakti bahut badhi jinhean 'samant', 'ranak' athava 'rautt' (rajapoot) adi pukara jata tha. is kal mean bharatiy dastakari tatha khanan kary uchch star ka bana raha tatha krishi bhi unnatishil rahi. bharat ane vale kee arab yatriyoan ne yahaan ki zamin ki urvarata aur bharatiy kisanoan ki kushalata ki charcha ki hai. pahale se chali a rahi varn vyavastha is yug mean bhi qayam rahi. smritiyoan ke lekhakoan ne brahmanoan ke visheshadhikaroan ke bare mean badha-chadha kar to kaha hi, shoodroan ki samajik aur dharmik ayogyata ko uchit thaharane mean to ve pichhale lekhakoan se kahian age nikal ge.

is kal mean bhi striyoan ko manasik star par nicha mana jata tha. inaka kartavy moolatah bina kuchh soche samajhe apane pati ki ajna ka palan tha. ek lekhak ne stri ke apane pati ke prati kartavy ke bare mean kaha hai ki use apane pati ke pairoan ko dhona chahie aur naukar ki tarah usaki poori seva karani chahie. lekin usane pati ke kartavy ke bare mean bhi kaha hai ki use dharm ke path par chalana chahie aur apani patni ke prati ghrina tatha eershya ke bhav se mukt rahana chahie. vivah ke bare mean smritiyoan mean kaha gaya ki maan-bap ko apani l dakiyoan ka vivah chhah aur ath varsh se bich ki ayu, arthat yauvanarambh, ke pahale hi kar dena chahie. pati dvara patni ke tyag (arthat jab usaka kuchh ata-pata nahian chalata ho), usaki (pati ki) mrityu, usake dvara sanyas grahan, samaj dvara bahishkar tatha usake napuansak hone jaisi kuchh vishesh sthitiyoan mean stri ko punarvivah ki svikriti thi.

is kal mean purushoan aur striyoan ke pahanave mean koee vishesh parivartan nahian hua. pahale ki tarah ab bhi purush am taur par dhoti tatha striyaan sa di pahanati thian. isake atirikt uttar bharat mean purush jaiket tatha striyaan choli pahanati thian. us samay ki moortiyoan ko dekhane se pata chalata hai ki uttari bharat mean uchch varg ke log lambe kot, paiant tatha joote pahanate the. un dinoan samoohik shiksha ki dharana ne janm nahian liya tha aur log vahi sikhate the jo unake jivanayapan ke lie avashyak tha. padhana-likhana kuchh hi logoan mean simit tha. jinamean adhikatar brahman ya uchch varg ke log the. gaanv me padhana likhana vahaan ka brahman sikhata tha. bachche adhikatar mandiroan mean padhate the jo bhoomi-anudan par nirbhar karate the. jnani brahmanoan ko bhoomi dan mean dena dharmik krity mana jata tha.

sangharsh ka yug lagabhag 1000 ee0 se 1200 ee0 tak

pashchim ke sath-sath madhy eshiya tatha uttar bharat mean bhi 1000 ee. tatha 1200 ee. ke bich tezi ke sath parivartan hue. inhian parivartanoan ke parinamasvaroop is kal ke ant mean uttar bharat mean turkoan ke akraman hue. nauvian shatabdi ke ant tak abbasi khalifoan ka patan arambh ho gaya tha. unaka samrajy ab chhote-chhote rajyoan mean bant gaya tha, jin par musalaman turkoan ka shasan tha. turk, abbasi samrajy mean mahal rakshakoan tatha peshevar sainikoan ke roop mean ae the. lekin shighr hi itane shaktishali ban ge ki niyukti par bhi unaka adhikar ho gaya. jaise-jaise kendriy sarakar ki shakti kam hoti gee, prantiy shasak apani svatantrata ki ghoshana karane lage, yadyapi kuchh samay tak is par ekata ka parda p da raha, kyoanki saphal saradaroan ko, jo kisi kshetr mean apana adhikar jamane mean saphal ho jate the, khalifa hi aupacharik roop se 'amir-ul-umara' (senapatiyoan ka senapati) ki padavi deta tha. ye shasak pahale 'amir' ki, par bad mean 'sultan' ki padavi grahan karane lage.

is yug mean ashanti aur sangharsh ke kee karan the. madhy eshiya se turk qabiloan ke barabar akraman ho rahe the. adhikatar turk sainik peshevar the jo asaphal shasak ka sath chho d dene mean zara bhi hichakichate nahian the. isake alava vibhinn kshetroan tatha musalamanoan ke vibhinn sampradayoan mean bhi barabar sangharsh chalata rahata tha. ek ke bad ek samrajy sthapit hote ge aur utani hi jaldi unaka patan hota gaya. aisi sthiti mean keval aisa vyakti ubhar kar a sakata tha jo yoddha aur neta hone ke sath-sath sh dayantr mean bhi atyant kushal ho.

turk qabile apane sath beraham lootapat tatha yuddh ki aisi pratha lae jisamean har prakar ke sh dayantr aur chal ko uchit samajha jata tha. inhoanne ek nayi prakar ki yuddhaniti shuroo ki. jisamean pramukh bhoomika bhari astrashastroan se lais ghu dasavar sainikoan ki hoti thi, jo tezi se age-pichhe sarak sakate the aur gho de ki pith se hi tiroan ki bauchhar kar sakate the. yah lohe ki raqaboan se hi sambhav tha. 'lohe ki raqaboan' tatha ek ne tarah ki 'lagam' ke karan yuddhaniti mean is tarah ka parivartan aya. isi bich gurjar-pratiharoan ke samrajy ke vighatan se uttari bharat kee chhot-chhote rajyoan mean bant gaya jinake shasakoan ke pas is nee yuddh niti ke mahatv ko samajhane tatha usaka muqabala karane ke n to sadhan the aur n hi ichchha thi.

mahamood gazanavi

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

isi prakriya ke dauran gazani ke sianhasan par mahamood (998-1030) baitha. madhyayugin itihasakaroan ne madhy eshiya ke qabilaee akramanakariyoan se virata se sangharsh karane ke karan mahamood ko islam ka yoddha mana hai. isake alava is samay eerani sanskriti ka jo punarjagaran hua, usake sath mahamood ka gahara sampark tha. garvile eeraniyoan ne kabhi bhi araboan ki bhasha aur sanskriti nahian apanayi. samani samrajy mean farasi bhasha aur sahity ko bhi protsahan diya gaya. 'firadausi' ki 'shahanama' ke sath eerani sahity apane shikhar par pahuanch gaya. firadausi mahamood ke darabar mean raj kavi tha. usane yah dikhane ki cheshta ki ki eeran aur tooran ka sangharsh bahut prachin yug mean bhi tha aur usane eerani yoddhaoan ko apane sahity mean gauravashali banaya. is kal mean eerani deshaprem ka itana ubhar hua ki mahamood ne bhi svayan ko prachin eerani kianvadantiyoan mean charchit raja 'afarasiyab' ka vanshaj hone ka dava kiya. farasi bhasha sare gazanavi samrajy ki bhasha ban gee. is prakar turk n keval musalaman varan farasi bhi ban ge. isi sanskriti ko do shatabdiyoan ke bad ve bharat lae.

mana jata hai ki mahamood ne n keval turk qabiloan ke viruddh islami rajy ki raksha ki varan eerani sanskriti ke punarjagaran mean bhi mahatvapoorn bhoomika nibhaee. lekin bharat mean vah keval ek lutere ke roop mean yad kiya jata hai. kaha jata hai ki mahamood ne bharat par satrah bar akraman kiya. arambh mean usane peshavar aur panjab ke hindoo shahi shasakoan ke khilaf yuddh kiya. usane multan ke muslim shasakoan ke viruddh bhi yuddh kiya kyoanki ve islam ke us sampraday ko manane vale the jinaka mahamood kattar virodhi tha. hindushahi rajy panjab se lekar adhunik afaganistan tak phaila hua tha aur unake shasak gazani mean ek svatantr shaktishali rajy se utpann hone vale khataroan ko bakhoobi samajhate the. hindushahi shasak jayapal ne samani shasan ke aantargat bhootaparv gavarnar ke putr ke sath milakar gazani par chadhaee bhi ki thi, lekin use har ka samana karana p da. usane agale varsh phir chadhaee ki aur phir parajit hua. in l daiyoan mean yuvaraj ke roop mean mahamood ne sakriy bhag liya tha.

shaktishali samrajy selajuk

mahamood ki mrityu ke bad ek any shaktishali samrajy 'selajuk' ka abhyuday hua. selajuk samrajy mean siriya, eeran tatha traans-aksiyana shamil the, ise khurasan par adhikar zamane ke lie gazaniyoan ka muqabala karana p da. ek prasiddh l daee mean mahamood ka putr 'masood' buri tarah se parajit hua aur sharan ke lie lahaur bhaga. gazanavi samrajy ab gazani tatha panjab tak simit ho gaya. yadyapi gazanavi ganga ghati tatha rajapootana mean akar loot-pat karate rahe, phir bhi bharat ko unase koee b da sainik khatara nahian rah gaya tha. isake sath-sath uttar bharat mean kee naye rajy sthapit hue, jo gazanaviyoan ke akramanoan ka muqabala kar sakate the.

rajapoot rajy

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

rajapoot nam ke naye varg ke uday ke sath hi pratihar samrajy ke vighatan ke bad uttar bharat mean kee rajapoot rajyoan ki nianv p di. inamean sabase pramukh kannauj ke gahadaval, malava ke paramar tatha ajamer ke chauhan the. desh ke any kshetroan mean aur bhi chhote-chhote rajy the. jaise adhunik jabalapur ke nikat kalachuri, buandelakhand mean chandel, gujarat mean chaluky tatha dilli mean tomar vanshoan ka shasan tha. bangal par pahale pal vansh ka adhikar tha, bad mean sen vansh ka adhikar hua.

bhavyoan mandiroan ka nirman

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

athavian shatabdi ke bad aur visheshakar dasavian se barahavian shatabdi ke bich ka kal mandir nirman kala ka charamotkarsh mana ja sakata hai. aj ham jin bhavyoan mandiroan ko dekhate haian, unamean se adhikatar usi kal mean banaye ge the. is kal ki mandir nirman kala ki mukhy shaili 'nagar' nam se jani jati hai. yadyapi is shaili ke mandir sare bharat mean pae jate haian tathapi inake mukhy kendr uttar bharat aur dakkan mean the.

uttar bharat par turkoan ki vijay

panjab mean gazanaviyoan ke bad hindoo aur musalamanoan ke bich do vibhinn prakar ke sambandh sthapit hue. ek to loot ki lalasa thi jisake parinam svaroop mahamood ke uttaradhikariyoan ne ganga ghati aur rajapootana mean kee bar akraman kie. rajapoot shasakoan ne in akramanoan ka dat kar muqabala kiya aur kee bar turkoan ko parajit bhi kiya. lekin ab tak gazanavi samrajy ki shakti kshin ho chuki thi aur turkoan ko kee bar parajit kar rajapoot shasak chain se baith ge. doosare star par musalaman vyapariyoan ko n keval svikriti di gee varan unaka svagat bhi kiya gaya kyoanki unake madhyam se madhy aur pashchim eshiya ke sath bharat ke vyapar ko bahut badhava milata tha aur isase in rajyoan ki ay bhi badhati thi. is karan uttar bharat ke kuchh nagaroan mean musalaman vyapariyoan ki kee bastiyaan sthapit ho geean. vyapariyoan ke pichhe-pichhe kee musalaman dharm pracharak bhi ae jinhoanne yahaan soofi mat ka prachar kiya. is prakar islam aur hindoo samaj tatha aur dharmoan mean sampark sthapit hua aur ve donoan ek doosare se prabhavit hue. lahaur, arabi tatha farasi bhasha aur sahity ka kendr ban gaya. tilak jaise hindoo senapatiyoan ne gazanaviyoan ki sena ka netritv kiya. gazanaviyoan ki sena mean hindoo, sipahi bhi bharti hote the.

ye donoan prakriyaean barabar jari rahatian, yadi isi bich madhy eshiya ki rajanitik sthiti mean ek bahut b da parivartan n hota. barahavian shatabdi ke madhy tak turki qabiloan ke ek aur dal ne, jo kuchh had tak bauddh aur kuchh had tak vidharmi tha, selajuk turkoan ko ukha d ka. is prakar jo sthan rikt hua usamean do nayi shaktiyaan - khvarizami aur gori ka uday hua. khvarizami samrajy ka adhar eeran tha tatha gori samrajy ka adhar uttar-pashchim afaganistan. gori arambh mean gazani ke 'samant' the, par shighr hi ye is bojh ko utha pheankane mean saphal ho ge. goriyoan ki shakti sultan alauddin ke samay bahut badhi. use 'sansar ko jalane vala' kaha jata tha. kyoanki usane bhaiyoan ke sath kie ge durvyavahar ke badale ke roop mean sari gazani ko jalakar khak mean mila diya tha. khvarizami shasakoan ke karan gori madhy eshiya mean apane paanv jamane ki ichchha ko poora nahian kar sake. un donoan ke bich jhag de ki j d - khurasan par khvarizami shah ne adhikar kar liya. isase goriyoan ke lie bharat ki or badhane ke alava aur koee rasta nahian bacha tha.

muijjuddin muhammad bin kasim

shahabuddin muhammad (jise muijjuddin muhammad-bin-kasim ke nam se jana jata hai) 1173 ee. mean gazani ki gaddi (1173-1206) par baitha. in dinoan usaka b da bhaee gore ka shasak tha. gomal darre se hota hua muijjuddin muhammad sultan aur uchchh tak aya aur un sthanoan ko apane adhin kar liya. usane 1178 ee0 mean rajapootana registan ke raste gujarat pahuanchane ki koshish ki, lekin gujarat ke shasak ne aboo paha d ke nikat hue yuddh mean use itani buri tarah haraya ki muijjuddin muhammad ki jan par ban aee, is yuddh ke parinamasvaroop usane mahasoos kiya ki bharat mean akraman ke lie panjab ko adhar banana avashyak hai. parinamasvaroop usane panjab mean gazanaviyoan ke adhikar ko samapt karane ki cheshta ki aur 1179-80 mean peshavar par qabza kar liya. isake bad usaka lakshy lahaur tha. lahaur ko bhi usane kee abhiyanoan ke bad 1186 mean jit liya. isake bad usane debal tatha syalakot ke qiloan par bhi qabza kiya. is prakar 1190 tak muijjuddin muhammad bin sam dilli aur ganga doab par b de akraman ke lie taiyar ho gaya. lekin is bich uttar bharat mean bhi ghatanaean sthir nahian thi. yahaan chauhanoan ki shakti dhire-dhire badh rahi thi. unhoanne rajasthan par panjab ki or se hamala karane vale turkoan ko b di sankhya mean mar diya aur unake hamaloan ko nakam kar diya. ve is shatabdi ke madhy tak tomaroan se dilli chhinane mean bhi saphal ho ge the. panjab ki badhati chauhanoan ki shakti se is kshetr ke gazanavi shasakoan ke sath unaka sangharsh hona tay hi tha.

prithviraj chauhan

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

jab muijjuddin muhammad multan aur uchchh par adhikar karane ki cheshta kar raha tha, ek chaudah sal ka l daka, prithviraj ajamer ki gaddi par baitha. prithviraj ke bare mean kee kahaniyaan mashahoor haian.

yuva prithviraj ne arambh se hi samrajy vistar ki niti apanaee. pahale apane sage-sambandhiyoan ke virodh ko samapt kar usane rajasthan ke kee chhote rajyoan ko apane qabze mean kar liya. phir usane buandelakhand par chadhaee ki tatha mahoba ke nikat ek yuddh mean chadeloan ko parajit kiya. isi yuddh mean prasiddh bhaiyoan, alha aur oodal ne mahoba ko bachane ke lie apani jan de di. prithviraj ne unhean parajit karane ke bavajood unake rajy ko nahian h dapa. isake bad usane gujarat par akraman kiya, par gujarat ke shasak 'bhim dvitiy' ne, jo pahale muijjuddin muhammad ko parajit kar chuka tha, prithviraj ko mat di. is parajay se badhy hokar prithviraj ko panjab tatha ganga ghati ki or mu dana p da.

qutubuddin aibak

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

tarain ke yuddh ke bad muijjuddin gazani laut gaya aur bharat ke vijit kshetroan ka shasan apane vishvaniy gulam qutubuddin aibak ke hathoan mean chho d diya. prithviraj ke putr ko ranathambhaur sauanp diya gaya jo terahavian shatabdi mean shaktishali chauhanoan ki rajadhani bana. agale do varshoan mean aibak ne, oopari doab mean merath, baran tatha koil (adhunik aligadh) par qabza kiya. is kshetr ke shaktishali dor-rajapootoan ne aibak ka muqabala kiya, lekin ashchary ki bat hai ki gahadavaloan ko turki akraman se sabase adhik nukasan ka khatara tha aur unhoanne n to dor-rajapootoan ki koee sahayata ki aur n hi turkoan ko is kshetr se bahar nikalane ka koee prayas hi kiya. muijjuddin 1194 ee0 mean bharat vapas aya. vah pachas hazar ghu dasavaroan ke sath yamuna ko par kar kannauj ki or badha. itava zile mean kannauj ke nikat chhandava d mean muijjuddin aur jayachandr ke bich bhishan l daee huee. bataya jata hai ki jayachandr jit hi gaya tha jab use ek tir laga aur usaki mrityu ho gee. usake marane ke sath hi sena ke bhi paanv ukh d ge. ab muijjuddin banaras ki or badha aur us shahar ko tahas-nahas kar diya. usane vahaan ke mandiroan ki bhi nahian chho da. yadyapi is kshetr ke ek bhag par tab bhi gahadavaloan ka shasan raha aur kannauj jaise kee gadh, turkoan ka virodh karate rahe tathapi bangal ki sima tak ek b da bhoobhag unake qabze mean a gaya.

tarain aur chhandava d ke yuddhoan ke parinamasvaroop uttar bharat mean turki samrajy ki nianv p di. is shasan ki j dean mazaboot karana kathin kam tha aur lagabhag 50 varshoan tak turk isaka prayas karate rahe. muijjuddin 1206 ee0 tak jivit raha. is avadhi mean usane dilli ki dakshin sima ki suraksha ke lie bayana tatha gvaliyar ke qiloan par qabza kiya. usake bad aibak ne chandel shasakoan se kalianjar, mahoba tatha khajuraho ko chhin liya.

doab ko apana adhar banakar turkoan ne asapas ke kshetroan par akraman arambh kar diya. aibak ne gujarat tatha anahilava da ke shasak bhim dvitiy ko parajit kiya aur kee nagaroan mean lootapat machaee. yahaan yadyapi ek musalaman shasak ko niyukt kiya gaya tha par use shighr hi gaddi se utar diya gaya. isase pata chalata hai ki turk itane door daraj kshetroan mean shasan karane ke layak shakti nahian bane the.

bakhtiyar khilaji

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

poorv mean turk adhik saphal rahe. ek khilaji adhikari, bakhtiyar khilaji, jisake chacha ne tarain ki l daee mean bhag liya tha, banaras ke par kuchh kshetroan ka shasak hua. usane is bat ka labh uthaya aur bihar mean kee akraman kie. bihar mean abhi koee shaktishali raja nahian tha. in akramanoan ke dauran usane nalanda aur vikramashila jaise bauddh mathoan ko dhvans kar diya. in bauddh sansthanoan ko ab sanrakshan dene vala koee nahian tha. bakhtiyar khilaji ne kafi sampatti aur isake sath samarthakoan ko bhi ikattha kar liya. in akramanoan ke dauran usane bangal ke marg ke bare mean bhi soochana ikatthi ki. bangal apane atirikt aantarik sadhanoan aur videshi vyapar ke karan apani sampatti ke lie prasiddh tha.

gori samrajy ka vistar

jab aibak aur turki aur khilaji saradar uttar bharat mean ne kshetroan ko jitane aur apani sthiti mazaboot karane ki cheshta kar rahe the, muijjuddin aur usaka bhaee madhy eshiya mean gori samrajy ka vistar karane lage the. goriyoan ki vistar ki akaanksha ne unhean shaktishali khvarizam samrajy se takkar lene par mazaboor kar diya. khvarizam shasak ne muijjuddin ko 1203 mean karari mat di. lekin yah parajay ek prakar se unake lie labhadayak siddh huee. kyoanki isake karan unhean eshiya mean vistar ki akaanksha ko tyagana p da aur unhoanne bharat mean vistar ki or apana poora dhyan laga diya. lekin is yuddh ka tatkalik parinam yah hua ki muijjuddin ki har se sahas pa kar bharat mean usake kee virodhiyoan ne bagavat kar di. pashchim bangal ki l dakoo jati khokar ne lahaur aur gazani ke bich sampark sadhanoan ko kat diya. muijjuddin ne bharat mean apana aantim akraman khokaroan ke vidroh ko dabane ke lie kiya jisamean vah saphal bhi hua. gazani lautate samay vah ek virodhi muslim sampraday ke kattar samarthak dvara mara gaya.

mohammad bin kasim aur mahamood gazanavi

muijjuddin mohammad bin kasim ki tulana aksar mahamood gazanavi se ki jati hai. yoddha ke roop mean mahamood gazanavi adhik saphal tha kyoanki bharat athava madhy eshiya ke ek bhi abhiyan mean vah parajit nahian hua. vah bharat ke bahar bhi ek b de samrajy par shasan karata tha. lekin hamean yah bhi yad rakhana chahie ki mahamood ki apeksha muijjuddin ko bharat mean aur b de tatha sansangathit rajyoan ka samana karana p da. yadyapi vah madhy eshiya mean utana saphal nahian ho saka, bharat mean usaki rajanitik upalabdhiyaan aur b di thian. un donoan ko vibhinn paristhitiyoan ka samana karana p da. atah in donoan ki tulana se koee vishesh labh nahian hoga. isake alava bharat mean rajanitik aur sainik drishti se in donoan ka lakshy kee batoan mean bilkul bhinn tha.

in donoan mean se kisi ko bhi islam mean vishesh dilachaspi nahian thi. yadi ek bar koee shasak unake prabhutv ko svikar kar leta to use apane kshetr mean shasan karane diya jata. keval vishesh paristhitiyoan mean usake poore rajy athava usake kisi hisse ko poori tarah apane adhikar mean lena avashyak ho jata. mahamood tatha muijjuddin donoan ki senaoan mean hindoo sainik aur adhikari the aur donoan mean se kisi ne apane svarthoan ko siddh karane tatha bharatiy shaharoan aur mandiroan ki loot ko uchit thaharane ke lie islam ke naroan ka sahara lene mean hichakichahat mahasoos nahian ki. pandrah varshoan ki chhoti avadhi mean uttar bharat ke pramukh rajyoan ne turki senaoan ke samane ghutane tek die. isake karan bhi janana avashyak hai. yah ek niyam ke roop mean svikar kiya ja sakata hai ki ek desh doosare se tabhi parajit hota hai jab vah samajik aur rajanitik drishti se kamazor p d gaya ho tatha apane p dosiyoan ki tulana mean arthik aur sainik roop se pichhe p d gaya ho.

bharat ka doosare rashtroan se alag-thalag rahana, yahaan ke buddhijiviyoan, visheshakar brahmanoan ka sankirn drishtikon aur dastakaroan tatha shramikoan ko nichi drishti se dekha jana isake karan the. yadi aisa nahian hota to rajapoot rajyoan ko parajit nahian hona p data jo gazanavi aur gori rajyoan se yadi aur b de nahian to unase chhote bhi nahian the aur jinake pas adhik manaviy aur prakritik sadhan the.

gho doan ka ayat

sainik drishti se turk log kee karanoan se adhik labhadayak sthiti mean the. ooanchi jati ke gho de madhy eshiya, eeran tatha arab mean hote the jabaki bharat ko unaka ayat karana p data tha. bharatiy log achchhi qismoan ke gho doan ko bharat mean hi paida n kar sakane ka karan samajh mean nahian ata. jo bhi ho achchhe gho doan ka ayat bahut manhaga p data tha aur unake yahaan ane mean kisi bhi samay badha dali ja sakati thi. gazani shasakoan dvara afaganistan ki vijay tatha samudr marg par araboan ke niyantran se bharat ko achchhe gho doan ke lie musalaman vyapariyoan par nirbhar rahana p data tha. bakhtaband ghu dasavar tatha ghu dasavar dhanurdhariyoan ke karan dasavian shatabdi ke bad madhy eshiya aur yoorop mean yuddh ke tarikoan mean poori tarah parivartan a gaya tha. turk is prakar ke naye yuddh mean kushalata prapt kar chuke the. jabaki bharatiyoan ke sath aisi bat nahian thi. unhean abhi bhi hathiyoan aur paidal sainikoan par nirbhar rahana p data tha. gho doan ka keval poorak ke roop mean istemal kiya jata tha. bharatiy sainik vipatti p dane par turant gho de se utar p date the aur paidal hi l date the. unaki is adat se unake shatru achchhi tarah parichit ho chuke the aur parajay hone par unaka b di sankhya mean qatl hota tha.

bharatiy sena ka kamazor sangathan

samantavad ke vikas se bharatiy sena ka sangathan kamazor p d gaya tha. vibhinn saradar aur raje l daee mean samanvit tariqe se l d nahian sakate the aur parajay ke bad jaldi-jaldi apane kshatroan mean laut jate the. udhar turkoan ne ek sangathit sena ka vikas kar liya tha. ve sainikoan ko ek jagah bharti karate the, unhean naqad vetan dete the aur is prakar se unaki sena mean maidan mean adhik der tak tikane ki adat thi, unake sainik kafi samay tak maidan mean tik sakate the aur dushman se loha le sakate the. isaka adhar 'iqata' vyavastha thi.

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