बहमनी साम्राज्य

bahamani samrajy ki sthapana muhammad bin tugalaq ke shasan kal ke antim dino mean dakkan mean 'amiran-e-sadah' ke vidroh ke parinamasvaroop 1347 ee. mean huee. dakkan ke saradaroan ne daulatabad ke qile par adhikar kar' ismail' afagan ko' nasirooddin shah' ke nam se dakkan ka raja ghoshit kiya. ismail boodha aur aram talab hone ke karan is pad ke ayogy siddh hua. shighr hi use adhik yogy neta hasan gangoo, jisaki upadhi 'jafar khaan' thi, ke paksh mean gaddi chho dani p di. jafar khaan ko saradaroan ne 3 agast, 1347 ko 'alauddin bahamanashah' ke nam se sultan ghoshit kiya. usane apane ko eeran ke 'isphandiyar' ke vir putr 'bahamanashah' ka vanshaj bataya, jabaki farishta ke anusar vah praranbh mean ek brahman gangoo ka naukar tha. usake prati samman prakat karane ke uddeshy se shasak banane ke bad bahamanashah ki upadhi li. alauddin hasan ne gulabarga ko apani rajadhani banaya tatha usaka nam badalakar 'ahasanabad' kar diya. usane samrajy ko char prantoan- gulabarga, daulatabad, barar aur bidar mean baanta. 4 faravari, 1358 ko usaki mrityu ho gayi. isake uparant sianhasanaroodh hone vale shasako mean firozashah (1307-1422) hi sabase yogy shasak tha.

shreshth shasak

bahamani rajy ke utthan aur devaray dvitiy ki mrityu (1446) tak vijayanagar samrajy ke sath usake sangharsh achchhe tatha bure donoan prakar ke rahe the. bahamani rajy mean sashaktam vyakti firojashah bahamani hua. vah dharmashastr arthath quran ki vyakhyaoan aur nyayashastr se poorn parichit tha. vanaspati vijnan, prakritik vijnan, rekha ganit, tark shastr adi mean usaki vishesh ruchi thi. vah achchha khushakhatavis aur kavi bhi tha, aur batachit karate-karate kavitaoan ki rachana kar diya karata tha. farishta ke anusar vah farasi, arabi aur turki hi nahian, telugu, kann d aur marathi bhi bhalibhaanti janata tha. usake pas kafi b di sankhya mean patniyaan thi. ve alag-alag dharmoan aur deshoan ki thi. usaki kee hindoo patniyaan bhi thian. kaha jata hai ki vah unamean se pratyek se usi ki bhasha mean batachit karata tha.

firojashah ka sankalp

firojashah bahamani dakkan ko bharat ka saanskritik kendr banane ke lie krit-sankalp tha. dilli saltanat ke vighatan se isamean use bahut sahayata mili, kyoanki bahut se vidvanh dilli se dakkan mean a base the. raja ne eerani aur eeraki vidvanoan ko bhi protsahan diya. vah kaha karata tha ki raja ko pratyek desh ke vidvanoan aur shreshth logoan ko samman dena chahie. kyoanki isase unake samajoan ki janakari milati hai, aur duniya mean ghoomane se prapt unake anubhavoan se kuchh labh ho sakata hai. vah adhikatar adhi rat tak sadhuoan, kaviyoan, itihas-vartakaroan aur apane darabariyoan mean se shreshthatam vidvanoan aur buddhimanoan ke sath rahata tha. usane purane aur naye testameannt ka adhyayan kiya tha aur sab dharmoan ki shikshaoan ka adar karata tha. farishta ne use aisa puratan panthi musalaman kaha hai, jisamean keval sharab pine aur sangit sunane ki hi kamazoriyaan thian.

prashasan

firojashah bahamani ka sabase achchha kary prashasan mean b de star par hinduoan ko sammanit karana tha. kaha jata hai ki isi samay se dakkani brahman rajy ke prashasan mean mahattvapoorn bhoomika ada karane lage. yah bhoomika bhoomi rajasv ke kshetr mean pramukh rahi. dakkani hinduoan ne videshi nivesh mean ek santulan banaye rakha. firojashah bahamani ne khagolashastr ko protsahan diya aur daulatabad mean ek bedhashala bhi banavaee. usane apane rajy ki pramukh bandaragahoan, chol aur dabhol par kafi dhyan diya, jahaan faras ki kha di aur lal sagar se ane vale vyapari jahaz duniya bhar se sukh-suvidhaoan ka saman lekar ate the.

samrajy ka vistar

kherala ke goand raja narasianh ray ko parajit karake firojashah bahamani ne barar ki or apane rajy ka vistar karana shuroo kiya. ray ne use chalis hathi, paanch man sona aur pachas man chaandi ka upahar diya. ray ne apani ek beti ki shadi bhi usase kar di. kherala narasianh ko vapas mil gaya aur use rajy ka ek amir bana diya gaya. sath hi use kadhaee vali topi sahit rajy ki poshak di gee. devaray pratham ki kanya ki firojashah bahamani ke sath aur vijayanagar ke sath usaki bad ki l daiyoan bhi pramukh hai. krishnaa-godavari ke maidanoan ke adhikar ke lie sangharsh phir bhi jari raha. bahamani rajy ko 1417 mean ek dhakka laga. firojashah bahamani devaray pratham ke hathoan parajit hua. is har se firoz ki sthiti kamazor ho gee. vah boodha ho chala tha aur usake do gulam bahut shaktishali ho ge the. unhoanne sultan ke bhaee ahamad ki hatya ki yojana banaee, jo sab l daiyoan mean sultan ke sath raha tha. isase grih yuddh chhi d gaya. isamean ahamad ko dakkan ke soofi sant gesoo daraz ka samarthan mila.

gesoo daraz kuchh samay poorv hi dilli se dakkan aya tha. hindoo aur musalaman donoan usaka adar karate the. parantu apane purane vicharoan ke karan, vishesh roop se vijnan ko lekar, usaka sultan se matabhed ho gaya. sena ne sultan ka sath chho d diya aur use apane bhaee ke haq mean gaddi chho dani p di. usake kuchh samay bad hi usaki mrityu ho gee. ahamadashah pratham, jise gesoo daraz ke sath ke karan 'vali' kaha jata tha, dakshin bharat mean poorvi tat ke adhikar ke lie sangharsh karata raha. vah is bat ko nahian bhool saka ki pichhali do l daiyoan mean bahamaniyoan ki har huee thi. badala lene ke lie usane varangal par chadhaee ki. raja ko harakar mar dala aur varangal ka adhikaansh h dap liya. naye pradesh mean apana shasan sudridh karane ke lie vah apani rajadhani gulabarga se bidar le aya. isake bad usaka dhyan malava, goandavana aur koankan ki or gaya.

varangal vijay

varangal par bahamani vijay se dakshin mean shakti santulan badal gaya. bahamani rajy dhire-dhire vistrit hone laga. mahamood gavaan (1448) ki divani ke samay yah unnati ke uchchatam shikhar par pahuanch gaya. mahamood gavaan ka arambhik jivan andharamay tha. vah janm se eerani tha aur pahale vah vyapari tha. kisi ne sultan se usaka parichay karaya aur shighr hi vah usaka priy patr ban gaya aur use vyapariyoan ka raja (malik-uth-tujjar) ki upadhi mili.

mahamood gavaan ka prabhav

nau ya das sal ki ayu mean 1463 mean muhammad bahamani shah tritiy gaddi par baitha. tin sadasyoan ki ek shasan samiti bana di gee. isaka ek sadasy mahamood gavaan tha. doosara sadasy rajamata naragis begam thi. vah ek medhavi mahila thi aur dakkan ke rajakaj par usaka tab tak adhikar raha, jab tak ki lagabhag do varsh pashchath tarun raja ki mrityu n ho gee. isake bad mahamood gavaan rajy ka sarvadhik shaktishali vyakti ho gaya. naye raja ne use apana vazir ya peshava bana diya. usake bad 20 sal tak mahamood gavaan rajakaj mean sabase adhik prabhavashali bana raha. usane kee poorvi pradeshoan ko jit kar bahamani rajy ki simaoan ka vistar kiya. vijayanagar par kaanchi tak akraman se siddh hota hai ki bahamani sena shaktishali thi. mahamood gavaan ka pramukh sainik yogadan dabhol aur goa sahit pashchimi samudri tat par vijay thi. in bandaragahoan ka hath se nikal jana vijayanagar ke lie nuqasanadeh siddh hua. goa aur dabhol par adhikar hone se eeran aur eerak adi ke sath bahamani rajy ka samudri vyapar aur bhi badh gaya. aantarik vyapar aur utpadan ki bhi vriddhi huee.

mahamood gavaan ne rajy ki uttari sima nirdharit karane ka prayatn kiya. ahamadashah pratham ke samay se hi khalaji rajaoan dvara shasit malava rajy, goandavana, barar aur koankan par adhikar ka prayatn karata raha tha. is sangharsh mean bahamani sultanoan ne gujarat ke rajaoan ki sahayata li thi. kafi l daee ke bad yah phaisala hua ki goandavana mean sthit kherala, malava ke adhikar mean rahega aur barar bahamaniyoan ke pas. phir bhi, malava ke shasak barar ko chhinane ke avasar ki talash mean the. atah barar ke lie mahamood gavaan ko mahamood khilaji ke sath kee k di l daiyaan l dani p di. gujarat ke raja ki sakriy sahayata ke karan mahamood gavaan ka pal da bhari raha.

dakshin ki l daiyoan

dakshin ki l daiyoan ke is dhaanche se spasht hai ki vahaan dharmik adharoan par vibhajan nahian tha. usake mahattvapoorn karan the, rajanitik aur samarik karan aur vyapar par adhikar. doosari bat yah ki uttar aur dakshin donoan mean hi sangharsh ek-doosare se poori tarah alag-thalag nahian tha. pashchim ke malava aur gujarat dakshin ke sangharshoan mean lipt the. poorv mean u disa, bangal ke sath sangharsh mean vyast tha. koromandal tat par bhi usaki drishti thi. u disa ke shasakoan ne 1450 ke bad dakshin mean gahare akraman kie. unaki senaean dakshin mean maduree tak pahuanch geean. unaki sakriyata se vijayanagar samrajy aur kamazor ho gaya. devaray dvitiy ki mrityu ke bad aantarik sangharsh ke karan vah pahale hi kamazor p d raha tha.

aantarik sudhar

mahamood gavaan ne bahut se aantarik sudhar bhi kie. usane rajy ko ath prantoan ya 'tarafoan' mean vibhajit kiya. pratyek taraf par ek tarafadar hota tha, jo prashasan ka kam chalata tha. pratyek samant ka vetan aur kary nirdharit tha. 500 gho doan ka dal banaye rakhane ke lie pratyek ko 100,000 hoon milate the. vetan naqad bhi ho sakata tha aur jagir ke roop mean bhi. jinhean jagir ke roop mean vetan milata tha, unhean rajasv vasool karane ke lie kuchh rashi alag se bhi milati thi. pratyek prant mean zamin ka ek bhag (khalisa) sultan ke kharch ke lie surakshit hota tha. zamin ki napajokh ka prayatn bhi kiya gaya. pratyek kisan par kar-nirdharan ka prayatn bhi hua. mahamood gavaan kalaoan ka mahanh sanrakshak tha. usane rajadhani bidar mean bahut b da madarasa banavaya tha. is sundar bhavan mean rangin eetean lagi thian aur yah timanzila imarat thi. isamean ek hazar adhyapak aur vidyarthi rah sakate the. unhean bhojan aur kap da bhi rajy ki or se muft diya jata tha. mahamood gavaan ke amatrann par us samay prasiddh eerani aur iraki vidvanh bhi is madarase mean aye the.

bahamani samrajy ka vibhajan

bahamani rajy ki sabase b di samasyaoan mean se ek thi, saradaroan ka apasi sangharsh. ye saradar do vargoan mean vibhajit the- purane aur naye athava 'dakshini' aur 'aphaki'. mahamood gavaan bhi nayoan mean se tha aur use dakkaniyoan ka vishvas jitane ke lie bahut prayatn karana p da tha. yadyapi usane mel-milap ki udar niti apanayi, phir bhi dalagat sangharsh mitaya nahian ja saka. usake virodhi tarun sultan ke kan bharane mean saphal hue aur 1482 mean usane use phaansi par chadhava diya. us samay mahamood gavaan 70 varsh ka tha. dalagat sangharsh usaki mrityu ke pashchath aur bhi ugr ho gaya. kee prantiy shasak svatantr ho ge. shighr hi bahamani rajy paanch svatantr riyasatoan mean vibhajit ho gaya. ye thian- golakunda, bijapur, ahamadanagar, barar aur bidar. inamean se ahamadanagar, bijapur aur golakunda ne 17 vian shatabdi mean apane ko mugal samrajy mean vilay tak dakshin ki rajaniti mean pramukh bhoomika nibhaee.

bahamani rajy ne dakshin aur uttar ke madhy ek saanskritik setu ka kary kiya. is prakar jis sanskriti ka vikas hua, usamean kuchh aisi niji visheshataean thian, jo use uttar ki sanskriti se alag karati thian. bad ke rajaoan ne bhi in saanskritik paramparaoan ko surakshit rakha aur kalantar mean inhoanne mugal kal mean mugal-sanskriti ke vikas ko bhi prabhavit kiya.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

sanbandhit lekh

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