आत्मवाद
atmavad 1-atmavad kya hai? darshanik vivechan ka uddeshy tatv ka jnan prapt karana hai. saty jnan mean sandeh ka aansh nahian hota . par kya aise jnan ki sanbhavana bhi hai. dekart ne vyapak sandeh se aranbh kiya, parantu shighr hi use rukana p da. svayan sandeh ke astitv mean sandeh nahian kar saka. sandeh chetana hai, isalie chetana asandigdh tathy hai. chetana mean chetan aur vishay, jnata au jney, ka sanpark hota hai. kuchh log kahate aur isaka hamean adhikar nahian. isake viparit, dravyavad jnan ke sath jnata aur jney ko bhi tatv ka pad deta hai.
dravyavadiyoan mean jnata aur jnan vishay ki sthiti ke sanbandh mean tivr matabhed he. prakritivadiyoan ke vicharanusar yahaan satta keval prakriti ki hai, chetana aur chetan isake vikas mean prakat ho jate haian. atmavad ke anusar sari satta abhautik hai, prakrit padarth chetanavasthaean hi haian.jo vicharak bahm jagath ki satta ko svikar karate haian, unamean bhi kuchh kahate haian ki sv-itar sv mean pravisht nahian ho sakata, jnata ka jnan usaka apani avasthaoan tak hi simit rahata hai. donoan dashaoan mean chetan ki prathamikata atmavad ki maulik dharana hai.
2. atmavad aur prakritivad drishtikonoan ka bhed
- prakritivad ke lie maulik satta maulik drisht vastuoan ki hai, atmavad drisht ke sath, balki isase adhik, adrisht ko mahatv deta hai. 'chetana hai', 'maian hooan'-yah tathy drisht akar nahian rakhate, parantu chetana aur chetan ki satta mean sandeh nahian ho sakata. inake sath hi 'saty' ki satta bhi asandigdh hai.
- prakritivad ke lie iandrijany jnan saty jnan ka namoona hai, any sab jnan isi par adharit hote haian. atmavad buddhi ko iandriyoan se bahut ooancha pad deta hai. iandriyaan se bahut ooancha pad deta hai iandriyaan to prakatanoan ke kshetr se pare dekh nahian sakatian , satta ka jnan buddhi ki kriya hai.
- prakritivad tathyoan ki duniya mean rahata hai, isake lie 'mooly' ka koee astitv nahian. atmavad 'mooly' ka vishesh mahatv deta hai. prakritivad ghatanaoan ke rang roop ki bat batata hai, atmavad unake mooly ki jaananch karata haian.
- prakritivad ke anusar jo kuchh jagath mean ho raha hai, prakrit niyam ke anusar ho raha hai, atmavad rachana mean 'prayojan' ko dekhata hai. yantravad prakritivad ka many siddhaant haian, apitu isake aant ki or dekhata hai.
- prakativad ke lie manav jivan kalakram matr hai atmavad ke lie jivan ka uddeshy kalakram mean nahian, apitu isake bahar, isake oopar hai. jivan ki saphalata isaki 'lanbaee aur chau daee' mean hi nahian, apitu isaki 'gaharaee' mean bhi hai.
3. atmavad ke roop-prachin yoonan mean pormanaidis ne pahale pahal darshanik vivechan mean 'dravy' aur 'abhas' , 'sath' aur 'asath' ke bhed mean pravesh kiya. isake sath hi buddhi aur iandriyoan ke bhed ne bhi mahatv prapt kiya. afalatoon ne in bhedoan ki nianv par apane darshan ka nirman kiya. afalatoon se pahale, kuchh vicharak ekaras sath mean vishvas karate the, kuchh pravah mean hi satta ka roop dekhate the. afalatoon ne in donoan vicharadhaoan ko milane ka yatn kiya aur kaha ki drisht jagatri ke padartho ki sthiti to abhas ya chhayamatr hai, vastavik sath pratyayoan ki duniya hai. ham koee nirdosh sidhi rekha nahian khianch sakate, isapar bhi rekhaganit ka astitv to hai hi. sansar mean poorn nyay vidyaman nahian, isapar bhi niti mean nyay ke pratyay par vichar ho sakata he.
afalatoon (pleto) ne aantim satta ko paralok mean rakha tha, adhunik atmavadi ise poothvi par le ae. inamean jarj barkale, phikhate aur hegal ke nam prasiddh haian. barkale se pahale jan lak ne pradhan aur apradhan gunoan mean bhed kiya tha or apradhan gunoan ko man ki sthiti di thi. karbale ne donoan prakar ke gunoan ke bhed ko mitakar prakriti ke svatantr astitv ko asvikar kar diya. usake anusar sari satta chetan atmaoan aur unake bodhoan ki hai. in bodhoan mean upalabdh paramatma ki kriya ka phal hai. phikhate ne ek dag or bhara or kaha ki ham hi apani manasik kriyake lie bahm jagath ki rachana kar lete haian. yah vichar 'manaviatmavad' (sabjektiv aeediyalijm) kahalata hai. 'vastugat atmavad' (aaubjektiv aeediyalijm') ke anusar ham jagath ko nahian banate, bahm jagath hamean banata hai. sari satta vyapak chetana ki hai. chetana ka jitana bhag kisi vishesh kshetr mean apane apako simit kar leta hai, use jivatma kahate haian. adhunik atmavadiyoan mean sabase pramukh nam hegal ka hai. usaka siddhaant 'nirapeksh atmavad' ke nam se prasiddh hai. hegal ke vichar mean kursi ke pratyay ka astitv utana hi asandigdh hai jitana kursi ka haian; usake lie 'vicharayukt' aur 'vastavik' abhinn haian. spinoza ki tarah hegal ne bhi ek hi mool tatv ko mana, parantu jahaan spinoza ne ise dravy (sabsteans) ke roop mean dekha, vahaan hegal ne ise man (sabjekt) ke roop mean dekha. hegal ka nirapeksh chetanaroop hai. nirapeksh apane apako tin manjiloan mean abhivyakt karata hai. pahali manjil mean vah j d (nechar) ka roop dharan karata hai, doosari manjil mean jivan prakat hota hai aur aant mean, manushy ke roop mean, atmachetan prakat hota hai. is pragati mean 'virodh' mahatvapoorn bhag leta hai. pratyek vastu mean usake virodh ka aansh vidyaman hota hai, virodhi aanshoan ka 'samanvay' sari unnati ka tatv hai.
4. ekavad aur anekavad-sankhya ki drishti se atm ekavad aur anekavad mean vibhakt hota hai. hegal ekavadi hai. laibanits ke anusar sari satta chith-bianduoan se bani hai. pratyek prakrit padarth asankhy chith-bianduoan ka samooh hai jinhean ek doosare ka pata nahian. manushy mean ek keandriy chith-biandu bhi vidyaman hai jise jivatma kahate haian. paramatma samagr ka keandriy chith-biandu hai.
'vaiyaktik atmavad' (parsanal aeediyalijm) pratyek jiv ko nity aur svadhin tatv ka pad deta hai.
5. kaant ka adhyatmavad-kaant ne tatvajnan ke sthan mean jnanamimaansa ko apane vivechan ka vishay banaya. usase pahale pramukh prashn yah tha - anubhav hamean kya batata hai? kaant ne poochha-'anubhav banata kaise hai? usake vichar mean anubhav ki samagri bahar se prapt hoti hai, samagri ko vishesh akriti dena man ki kriya hai. anubhav ki banavat mean hi chetan ki prathamikata prakat hoti hai.[1]
tatvajnan mean kaant vastuvadi tha, jnanamimaansa mean adhyatmavadi tha.[2]
|
|
|
|
|
|